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Huerta-Ocampo JÁ, Batista-Roche LG, Morales-Amparano MB, Robles-Burgueño MDR, Ramos-Clamont Montfort G, Vázquez-Moreno L, Ramírez-Jiménez F, Terán LM. Identification of Allergenic Proteins in Velvet Mesquite ( Prosopis velutina) Pollen: An Immunoproteomics Approach. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1421. [PMID: 36143457 PMCID: PMC9502229 DOI: 10.3390/life12091421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina) is a native legume of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, contributing significantly to the desert ecosystem and playing key ecological roles. It is also an important cause of allergic respiratory disease widely distributed in the Sonoran, Chihuahuan, and Mojave Deserts. However, no allergens from velvet mesquite pollen have been identified to date. Pollen proteins were extracted and analyzed by one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis and immunoblotting using a pool of 11 sera from mesquite-sensitive patients as the primary antibody. IgE-recognized protein spots were identified by mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analysis. Twenty-four unique proteins, including proteins well known as pollen, food, airway, or contact allergens and four proteins not previously reported as pollen allergens, were identified. This is the first report on allergenic proteins in velvet mesquite pollen. These findings will contribute to the development of specific diagnosis and treatment of mesquite pollen allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ángel Huerta-Ocampo
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico City 03940, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Hermosillo, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Luz Vázquez-Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Hermosillo, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico
| | - Fernando Ramírez-Jiménez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Luis M. Terán
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
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Robledo-Retana T, Mani BM, Teran LM. Ligustrum pollen: New insights into allergic disease. World Allergy Organ J 2020; 13:100104. [PMID: 32055279 PMCID: PMC7005548 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory allergies are important medical conditions because they affect nearly 20% of the population worldwide, with higher prevalence in industrialized cities. Aeroallergens such as pollen are responsible for up to 40% of respiratory allergies. The pollen from Ligustrum (privet hedge) is a great source of inhalant allergens associated with allergic respiratory diseases around the world. However, it has been underestimated as a sensitization factor. Interestingly, over the last few years a number of novel allergens have been identified from Ligustrum using immunoproteomics technologies. Cross-linking of IgE and Ligustrum allergens could lead to the rapid release of inflammatory mediators by mast cells and basophils. These will promote a late response characterized by activation of T cells and overproduction of Th2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13. These inflammatory changes cause respiratory diseases like asthma and allergic rhinitis in sensitized subjects. Here, we review Ligustrum pollen allergens and focus on their clinical and immunological significance in allergic disease as well as the use of hypoallergenic derivatives in personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Robledo-Retana
- Biochemistry Department, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Blessy M Mani
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, C.P. 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis M Teran
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, C.P. 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
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3
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Proteomic Responses to Drought Vary Widely Among Eight Diverse Genotypes of Rice ( Oryza sativa). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21010363. [PMID: 31935846 PMCID: PMC6982093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice is a critically important food source but yields worldwide are vulnerable to periods of drought. We exposed eight genotypes of upland and lowland rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica and indica) to drought stress at the late vegetative stage, and harvested leaves for label-free shotgun proteomics. Gene ontology analysis was used to identify common drought-responsive proteins in vegetative tissues, and leaf proteins that are unique to individual genotypes, suggesting diversity in the metabolic responses to drought. Eight proteins were found to be induced in response to drought stress in all eight genotypes. A total of 213 proteins were identified in a single genotype, 83 of which were increased in abundance in response to drought stress. In total, 10 of these 83 proteins were of a largely uncharacterized function, making them candidates for functional analysis and potential biomarkers for drought tolerance.
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Nakamura H, Nakamura M, Shimizu N, Matsunaga K, Kondo Y. Analysis of allergens in corn-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019; 123:103-105. [PMID: 30978405 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masashi Nakamura
- Department of Integrative Medical Science for Allergic Disease, Fujita Health, University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; General Research and Development Institute, Hoyu Co., Ltd., Nagakute, Japan
| | - Norikazu Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kayoko Matsunaga
- Department of Integrative Medical Science for Allergic Disease, Fujita Health, University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuto Kondo
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University General Allergy Center, Nagoya, Japan
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Olivry T, Bexley J. Cornstarch is less allergenic than corn flour in dogs and cats previously sensitized to corn. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:207. [PMID: 29945608 PMCID: PMC6020376 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Corn appears to be an uncommon food source of allergens in dogs and cats. There is limited information on the nature of the corn allergens in dogs and cats and their presence in the various foodstuffs used in commercial pet foods. The aim of this study was to determine if serum IgE from corn-sensitized dogs and cats recognized proteins in corn flour and cornstarch, which are common sources of carbohydrates in pet foods. Results We selected archived sera from allergy-suspected dogs (40) and cats (40) with either undetectable, low, medium or high serum levels of corn-specific IgE. These sera were tested then by ELISA on plates coated with extracts made from corn kernels, corn flour, cornstarch and the starch used in the commercially-available extensively-hydrolyzed pet food Anallergenic (Royal Canin). Immunoblotting was then performed on the same extracts with some of the sera from moderate-to-high corn-sensitized dogs and cats. Using ELISA, it is mostly the dogs and cats with moderate and high corn-specific IgE levels that also had IgE identifying allergens in the flour (dogs: 20/30 sera, 67% - cats: 20/29, 69%). In contrast, none of the tested sera had measurable IgE against proteins isolated from the cornstarch. Immunoblotting confirmed the existence of numerous major corn allergens in the corn kernel extract, fewer in that of the corn flour, while such allergens were not detectable using this technique in the two cornstarch extracts. Conclusions In this study, ELISA and immunoblotting results suggest that IgE from corn-sensitized dogs are less likely to recognize allergens in cornstarch than in kernel and flour extracts. As corn is not a common allergen source in dogs and cats, and as its starch seems to be less allergenic than its flour, pet foods containing cornstarch as a carbohydrate source are preferable for dogs and cats suspected of suffering from corn allergy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1538-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 Willliam Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA. .,Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Ahsan N, Rao RSP, Gruppuso PA, Ramratnam B, Salomon AR. Targeted proteomics: Current status and future perspectives for quantification of food allergens. J Proteomics 2016; 143:15-23. [PMID: 27113134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Allergen levels in fresh and processed foods can vary dynamically. As different sources of foods can cause different types of allergic reactions, the food industry and regulatory bodies urgently require reliable detection and absolute quantitation methods for allergen detection in complex food products to effectively safeguard the food-allergic population. Recent advances of targeted proteomic technologies namely multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with isotope-labeled internal standard, also known as AQUA peptides offers absolute quantitation of food allergens even at 10ppb level in a multiplex fashion. However, development of successful AQUA-MRM assay relies on a number of pre and post MS criteria. In this review, we briefly describe how allergen levels could potentially change in plant and animal based foods, necessitating the development of a high throughput multiplexed allergen quantification methodology for successful AQUA-MRM assay. We also propose some future strategies that could provide better management of food allergy. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Given the rapid increases of food allergenicity, it has become imperative to know absolute allergen levels in foods. This essential information could be the most effective means of protecting humans suffering from allergies. In this review, we emphasize the significance of the absolute quantitation of food allergens using AQUA-MRM approach and discuss the likely critical steps for successful assay development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagib Ahsan
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; Center for Cancer Research and Development, Proteomics Core Facility, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
| | - R Shyama Prasad Rao
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Division, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya University, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Philip A Gruppuso
- Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Bharat Ramratnam
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; Center for Cancer Research and Development, Proteomics Core Facility, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Arthur R Salomon
- Center for Cancer Research and Development, Proteomics Core Facility, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Abstract
Pollen allergens from short ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) cause severe respiratory allergies in North America and Europe. To date, ten short ragweed pollen allergens belonging to eight protein families, including the recently discovered novel major allergen Amb a 11, have been recorded in the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS) allergen database. With evidence that other components may further contribute to short ragweed pollen allergenicity, a better understanding of the allergen repertoire is a requisite for the design of proper diagnostic tools and efficient immunotherapies. This review provides an update on both known as well as novel candidate allergens from short ragweed pollen, identified through a comprehensive characterization of the ragweed pollen transcriptome and proteome.
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Mani BM, Huerta-Ocampo JA, Garcia-Sanchez JR, Barrera-Pacheco A, de la Rosa APB, Teran LM. Identification of Ligustrum lucidum pollen allergens using a proteomics approach. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:788-92. [PMID: 26562528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ligustrum spp. are members of the Oleaceae family, one of the most prominent allergic families worldwide. The genus Ligustrum contains approximately fifty species, including Ligustrum lucidum, which have been widely cultivated as ornamental plants, and its pollen is a source of inhalant allergens associated with respiratory allergic diseases. Little is known about the presence of allergenic proteins in L. lucidum. METHODS The L. lucidum pollen proteins were extracted by a modified phenolic extraction method. A pool of four sera from mono sensitive patients was analyzed by 2DE immunoblotting and mass spectrometric analysis was performed on 6 immunoreactive protein spots. RESULTS SDS-PAGE of L. lucidum pollen extract revealed proteins in ranges of 15-150 kDa. The 2DE gel profile of the L. lucidum pollen protein extract showed approximately 180 spots, and the 2DE immunoblots obtained using sera from Ligustrum monosensitive patients as the source of IgE antibodies revealed six allergen protein spots, corresponding to Profilin, Enolase, Fra e 9.01 (β-1,3-glucanase), Pollen-specific Polygalacturonases, Alanine aminotransferase, and two ATP synthase beta subunits. CONCLUSION We report for the first time the identification of IgE-reactive proteins from L. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessy Maruthukunnel Mani
- Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Casco de Santo Tomás, C.P.11340 México City, Mexico
| | - Jose Angel Huerta-Ocampo
- Centro de investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Apartado Postal 1735, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Jose Ruben Garcia-Sanchez
- Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Casco de Santo Tomás, C.P.11340 México City, Mexico
| | - Alberto Barrera-Pacheco
- División Biología Molecular, IPICyT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4a. Sección, 78216 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Ana Paulina Barba de la Rosa
- División Biología Molecular, IPICyT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4a. Sección, 78216 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Luis M Teran
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Calzada Tlalpan No. 4502, Sección XVI, C.P.14080 México City, Mexico.
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Identification of Novel Short Ragweed Pollen Allergens Using Combined Transcriptomic and Immunoproteomic Approaches. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136258. [PMID: 26317427 PMCID: PMC4552831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergy to short ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) pollen is a serious and expanding health problem in North America and Europe. Whereas only 10 short ragweed pollen allergens are officially recorded, patterns of IgE reactivity observed in ragweed allergic patients suggest that other allergens contribute to allergenicity. The objective of the present study was to identify novel allergens following extensive characterization of the transcriptome and proteome of short ragweed pollen. METHODS Following a Proteomics-Informed-by-Transcriptomics approach, a comprehensive transcriptomic data set was built up from RNA-seq analysis of short ragweed pollen. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic analyses and IgE reactivity profiling after high resolution 2D-gel electrophoresis were then combined to identify novel allergens. RESULTS Short ragweed pollen transcripts were assembled after deep RNA sequencing and used to inform proteomic analyses, thus leading to the identification of 573 proteins in the short ragweed pollen. Patterns of IgE reactivity of individual sera from 22 allergic patients were assessed using an aqueous short ragweed pollen extract resolved over 2D-gels. Combined with information derived from the annotated pollen proteome, those analyses revealed the presence of multiple unreported IgE reactive proteins, including new Amb a 1 and Amb a 3 isoallergens as well as 7 novel candidate allergens reacting with IgEs from 20-70% of patients. The latter encompass members of the carbonic anhydrase, enolase, galactose oxidase, GDP dissociation inhibitor, pathogenesis related-17, polygalacturonase and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase families. CONCLUSIONS We extended the list of allergens identified in short ragweed pollen. These findings have implications for both diagnosis and allergen immunotherapy purposes.
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Farnell EJ, Tyagi N, Ryan S, Chalmers IW, Pinot de Moira A, Jones FM, Wawrzyniak J, Fitzsimmons CM, Tukahebwa EM, Furnham N, Maizels RM, Dunne DW. Known Allergen Structures Predict Schistosoma mansoni IgE-Binding Antigens in Human Infection. Front Immunol 2015; 6:26. [PMID: 25691884 PMCID: PMC4315118 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The IgE response has been associated with both allergic reactions and immunity to metazoan parasites. Recently, we hypothesized that all environmental allergens bear structural homology to IgE-binding antigens from metazoan parasites and that this homology defines the relatively small number of protein families containing allergenic targets. In this study, known allergen structures (Pfam domains) from major environmental allergen families were used to predict allergen-like (SmProfilin, SmVAL-6, SmLipocalin, SmHSP20, Sm triosephosphate isomerase, SmThioredoxin, Sm superoxide dismutase, SmCyclophilin, and Sm phosphoglycerate kinase) and non-allergen-like [Sm dynein light chain (SmDLC), SmAldolase SmAK, SmUbiquitin, and Sm14-3-3] proteins in Schistosoma mansoni. Recombinant antigens were produced in Escherichia coli and IgG1, IgG4, and IgE responses against them measured in a cohort of people (n = 222) infected with S. mansoni. All allergen-like antigens were targeted by IgE responses in infected subjects, whilst IgE responses to the non-allergen-like antigens, SmAK, SmUbiquitin, and Sm14-3-3 were essentially absent being of both low prevalence and magnitude. Two new IgE-binding Pfam domain families, not previously described in allergen family databases, were also found, with prevalent IgE responses against SmDLC (PF01221) and SmAldolase (PF00274). Finally, it was demonstrated that immunoregulatory serological processes typically associated with allergens also occurred in responses to allergen-like proteins in S. mansoni infections, including the production of IgG4 in people responding with IgE and the down-regulation of IgE in response to increased antigen exposure from S. mansoni eggs. This study establishes that structures of known allergens can be used to predict IgE responses against homologous parasite allergen-like molecules (parallergens) and that serological responses with IgE/IgG4 to parallergens mirror those seen against allergens, supporting our hypothesis that allergenicity is rooted in expression of certain protein domain families in metazoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Farnell
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Nidhi Tyagi
- European Bioinformatics Institute , Cambridge , UK
| | - Stephanie Ryan
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Iain W Chalmers
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University , Aberystwyth , UK
| | | | - Frances M Jones
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Jakub Wawrzyniak
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | | | | | - Nicholas Furnham
- European Bioinformatics Institute , Cambridge , UK ; Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - David W Dunne
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
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11
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Ramavovololona, Sénéchal H, Andrianarisoa A, Rakotoarimanana V, Godfrin D, Peltre G, Poncet P, Sutra JP. High IgE sensitization to maize and rice pollen in the highlands of Madagascar. Pan Afr Med J 2014; 19:284. [PMID: 25870739 PMCID: PMC4391898 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2014.19.284.4654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Maize and rice are two crops constituting the main food supply in many under-developed and developing countries. Despite the large area devoted to the culture, the sensitization to the pollen from these plants is reported to be low and often considered as an occupational allergy. Methods Sixty five Malagasy pollen allergic patients were clinically and immunochemically investigated with regard to maize and rice pollen allergens. Pollen extracts were electrophoretically separated in 1 and 2 dimensions and IgE and IgG reactivities detected upon immunoblotting. Results When exploring the sensitization profile of Malagasy allergic patients to maize and rice pollen, it appears that a high proportion of these patients consulting during grass pollinating season were sensitized to both pollen as revealed by skin prick testing (62 vs. 59%) and IgE immunoblotting (85 vs. 40%). Several clinically relevant allergens were recognized by patients’ serum IgE in maize and rice pollen extracts. Conclusion The high levels of maize and rice pollen sensitization should be related, in this tropical region, to a specific environmental exposure including i) a proximity of the population to the allergenic sources and ii) a putative exacerbating effect of a highly polluted urban atmosphere on pollen allergenicity. Cross-reactivities between wild and cultivated grasses and also between rice and maize pollen are involved as well as some specific maize sensitizations. The presence of dense urban and peri-urban agriculture, in various African regions and worldwide, could be a high environmental risk factor for people sensitive to maize pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramavovololona
- Sciences University, Biology and Plant Ecology Department, BP 906, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Hélène Sénéchal
- Armand Trousseau Children's Hospital, Biochemistry Department, Allergy & Environment, 26 avenue du Dr Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France ; Inserm, 101 rue de Tolbiac, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Ange Andrianarisoa
- Medical University, Medecine and Medical Specialities Department, BP 375, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | | | - Dominique Godfrin
- Laboratory of Scientific Police, 31 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 69130, Ecully, France
| | - Gabriel Peltre
- Armand Trousseau Children's Hospital, Biochemistry Department, Allergy & Environment, 26 avenue du Dr Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France ; CNRS, 75794, Paris cedex 16, France
| | - Pascal Poncet
- Armand Trousseau Children's Hospital, Biochemistry Department, Allergy & Environment, 26 avenue du Dr Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France ; Pasteur Institute, Infections & Epidemiology Department, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Sutra
- Armand Trousseau Children's Hospital, Biochemistry Department, Allergy & Environment, 26 avenue du Dr Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France
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