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Tréguier Y, Bull-Maurer A, Roingeard P. Apolipoprotein E, a Crucial Cellular Protein in the Lifecycle of Hepatitis Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073676. [PMID: 35409035 PMCID: PMC8998859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a multifunctional protein expressed in several tissues, including those of the liver. This lipoprotein component is responsible for maintaining lipid content homeostasis at the plasma and tissue levels by transporting lipids between the liver and peripheral tissues. The ability of ApoE to interact with host-cell surface receptors and its involvement in several cellular pathways raised questions about the hijacking of ApoE by hepatotropic viruses. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) was the first hepatitis virus reported to be dependent on ApoE for the completion of its lifecycle, with ApoE being part of the viral particle, mediating its entry into host cells and contributing to viral morphogenesis. Recent studies of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) lifecycle have revealed that this virus and its subviral envelope particles also incorporate ApoE. ApoE favors HBV entry and is crucial for the morphogenesis of infectious particles, through its interaction with HBV envelope glycoproteins. This review summarizes the data highlighting the crucial role of ApoE in the lifecycles of HBV and HCV and discusses its potential role in the lifecycle of other hepatotropic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Tréguier
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France; (Y.T.); (A.B.-M.)
| | - Anne Bull-Maurer
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France; (Y.T.); (A.B.-M.)
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France; (Y.T.); (A.B.-M.)
- Plateforme IBiSA des Microscopies, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-0247-366-232
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Glitscher M, Martín DH, Woytinek K, Schmidt B, Tabari D, Scholl C, Stingl JC, Seelow E, Choi M, Hildt E. Targeting Cholesterol Metabolism as Efficient Antiviral Strategy Against the Hepatitis E Virus. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:159-180. [PMID: 33601063 PMCID: PMC8099564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Hepatitis E virus hijacks the endosomal system for its release. These structures are highly dependent on cholesterol. Hence, this study investigates the impact of HEV on cholesterol-metabolism, the effect of intracellular cholesterol content on HEV-release and the potential of cholesterol-modulators to serve as antivirals. METHODS Intracellular cholesterol-content of cells was modulated and impacts on HEV were monitored using qPCR, Western blot, microscopy, virus-titration and density-gradient centrifugation. Blood-lipids and HEV-RNA were routinely quantified in chronically infected patients during follow-up visits. RESULTS In HEV-infected cells, decreased levels of cholesterol are found. In patients, HEV infection decreases serum-lipid concentrations. Importantly, statin treatment herein increases viral titers. Similarly, reduction of intracellular cholesterol via simvastatin treatment increases viral release in vitro. On the contrary, elevating intracellular cholesterol via LDL or 25-hydroxycholesterol strongly reduces viral release due to enhanced lysosomal degradation of HEV. Drug-induced elevation of intracellular cholesterol via fenofibrate or PSC833 impairs HEV release via the same mechanism. CONCLUSIONS This study analyses the crosstalk between HEV and intracellular cholesterol. The results highlight the importance of an intact cholesterol homeostasis for HEV-release and thereby identify a potential target for antiviral strategies. Especially fenofibrate is considered a promising novel antiviral against HEV. Beyond this, the study may help clinicians evaluating co-treatments of HEV-infected patients with statins, as this may be counter indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Denna Tabari
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany
| | - Catharina Scholl
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia C. Stingl
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Evelyn Seelow
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mira Choi
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Department Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany,Correspondence Address requests for correspondence to Eberhard Hildt, Department Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany. fax: +49610377772140.
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Taunk K, Kalita B, Kale V, Chanukuppa V, Naiya T, Zingde SM, Rapole S. The development and clinical applications of proteomics: an Indian perspective. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:433-451. [PMID: 32576061 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1787157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proteomic research has been extensively used to identify potential biomarkers or targets for various diseases. Advances in mass spectrometry along with data analytics have led proteomics to become a powerful tool for exploring the critical molecular players associated with diseases, thereby, playing a significant role in the development of proteomic applications for the clinic. AREAS COVERED This review presents recent advances in the development and clinical applications of proteomics in India toward understanding various diseases including cancer, metabolic diseases, and reproductive diseases. Keywords combined with 'clinical proteomics in India' 'proteomic research in India' and 'mass spectrometry' were used to search PubMed. EXPERT OPINION The past decade has seen a significant increase in research in clinical proteomics in India. This approach has resulted in the development of proteomics-based marker technologies for disease management in the country. The majority of these investigations are still in the discovery phase and efforts have to be made to address the intended clinical use so that the identified potential biomarkers reach the clinic. To move toward this necessity, there is a pressing need to establish some key infrastructure requirements and meaningful collaborations between the clinicians and scientists which will enable more effective solutions to address health issues specific to India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushman Taunk
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science , Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal , Haringhata, West Bengal, India
| | - Bhargab Kalita
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science , Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vaikhari Kale
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science , Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Tufan Naiya
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal , Haringhata, West Bengal, India
| | - Surekha M Zingde
- CH3-53, Kendriya Vihar, Sector 11, Kharghar , Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Srikanth Rapole
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science , Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Fayazfar S, Zali H, Arefi Oskouie A, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Rezaei Tavirani M, Nazemalhosseini Mojarad E. Early diagnosis of colorectal cancer via plasma proteomic analysis of CRC and advanced adenomatous polyp. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2019; 12:328-339. [PMID: 31749922 PMCID: PMC6820836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM This paper aimed to identify new candidate biomarkers in blood for early diagnosis of CRC. BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most widespread malignancies increasing globally. The high mortality rate associated with colorectal cancer is due to the delayed diagnosis in an advanced stage while the metastasis has occurred. For better clinical management and subsequently to reduce mortality of CRC, early detection biomarkers are in high demand. METHODS A 2D-PAGE separation of proteins was performed followed by tandem mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-TOF) to discover potential plasma protein markers for CRC and AA (advanced adenomas). Furthermore, western blot method was used to confirm a part of the results in colorectal tissue samples. RESULTS The significantly altered proteins including HPR, HP, ALB, KRT1, APOA1, FGB, IGJ and C4A were down-regulated in polyp relative to normal, and CRC compare to polyp surprisingly, and inversely, ORM2 was up-regulated with the fold change ≥ 2 and p-value ≤ 0.05. We also surveyed APOA1, FGB, and C4A for further confirmation of their expression changes by western blotting. All three of them showed a decreasing trend from normal toward CRC tissue samples as it mentioned before, but just changes of FGB and C4A were significant. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that plasma proteins can be less invasive markers for the detection of CRC. FGB and C4A can be considered as plasma potential biomarkers to early diagnosis of CRC patients and understanding the underlying procedures in tumorigenesis. Undoubtedly, the additional study must be conducted on large scale cohorts to verify the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setareh Fayazfar
- Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hakimeh Zali
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Arefi Oskouie
- Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastroenterology Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Nazemalhosseini Mojarad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Subramani C, Nair VP, Anang S, Mandal SD, Pareek M, Kaushik N, Srivastava A, Saha S, Shalimar, Nayak B, Ranjith-Kumar CT, Surjit M. Host-Virus Protein Interaction Network Reveals the Involvement of Multiple Host Processes in the Life Cycle of Hepatitis E Virus. mSystems 2018; 3:e00135-17. [PMID: 29404423 PMCID: PMC5781259 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00135-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive knowledge of host-pathogen interactions is central to understand the life cycle of a pathogen and devise specific therapeutic strategies. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are key mediators of host-pathogen interactions. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of viral hepatitis in humans. Recent reports also demonstrate its extrahepatic manifestations in the brain. Toward understanding the molecular details of HEV life cycle, we screened human liver and fetal brain cDNA libraries to identify the host interaction partners of proteins encoded by genotype 1 HEV and constructed the virus-host PPI network. Analysis of the network indicated a role of HEV proteins in modulating multiple host biological processes such as stress and immune responses, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, energy and iron metabolism, and protein translation. Further investigations revealed the presence of multiple host translation regulatory factors in the viral translation/replication complex. Depletion of host translation factors such as eIF4A2, eIF3A, and RACK1 significantly reduced the viral replication, whereas eIF2AK4 depletion had no effect. These findings highlight the ingenuity of the pathogen in manipulating the host machinery to its own benefit, a clear understanding of which is essential for the identification of strategic targets and development of specific antivirals against HEV. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a pathogen that is transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Owing to the lack of an efficient laboratory model, the life cycle of the virus is poorly understood. During the course of infection, interactions between the viral and host proteins play essential roles, a clear understanding of which is essential to decode the life cycle of the virus. In this study, we identified the direct host interaction partners of all HEV proteins and generated a PPI network. Our functional analysis of the HEV-human PPI network reveals a role of HEV proteins in modulating multiple host biological processes such as stress and immune responses, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, energy and iron metabolism, and protein translation. Further investigations revealed an essential role of several host factors in HEV replication. Collectively, the results from our study provide a vast resource of PPI data from HEV and its human host and identify the molecular components of the viral translation/replication machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandru Subramani
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Vidya P. Nair
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Saumya Anang
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | | | - Madhu Pareek
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Nidhi Kaushik
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Akriti Srivastava
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sudipto Saha
- Bioinformatics Centre, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Shalimar
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gautam Nagar, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Baibaswata Nayak
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gautam Nagar, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - C. T. Ranjith-Kumar
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Milan Surjit
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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6
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ITIH4: Effective Serum Marker, Early Warning and Diagnosis, Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2017; 24:663-670. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-017-0285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Li B, Li B, Guo T, Sun Z, Li X, Li X, Wang H, Chen W, Chen P, Qiao M, Xia L, Mao Y. Application Value of Mass Spectrometry in the Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Liver Tumors. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:1636-1644. [PMID: 28376075 PMCID: PMC5388305 DOI: 10.12659/msm.901064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Differentiation of malignant from benign liver tumors remains a challenging problem. In recent years, mass spectrometry (MS) technique has emerged as a promising strategy to diagnose a wide range of malignant tumors. The purpose of this study was to establish classification models to distinguish benign and malignant liver tumors and identify the liver cancer-specific peptides by mass spectrometry. Material/Methods In our study, serum samples from 43 patients with malignant liver tumors and 52 patients with benign liver tumors were treated with weak cation-exchange chromatography Magnetic Beads (MB-WCX) kits and analyzed by the Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Then we established genetic algorithm (GA), supervised neural networks (SNN), and quick classifier (QC) models to distinguish malignant from benign liver tumors. To confirm the clinical applicability of the established models, the blinded validation test was performed in 50 clinical serum samples. Discriminatory peaks associated with malignant liver tumors were subsequently identified by a qTOF Synapt G2-S system. Results A total of 27 discriminant peaks (p<0.05) in mass spectra of serum samples were found by ClinPro Tools software. Recognition capabilities of the established models were 100% (GA), 89.38% (SNN), and 80.84% (QC); cross-validation rates were 81.67% (GA), 81.11% (SNN), and 86.11% (QC). The accuracy rates of the blinded validation test were 78% (GA), 84% (SNN), and 84% (QC). From the 27 discriminatory peptide peaks analyzed, 3 peaks of m/z 2860.34, 2881.54, and 3155.67 were identified as a fragment of fibrinogen alpha chain, fibrinogen beta chain, and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 (ITIH4), respectively. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that MS technique can be helpful in differentiation of benign and malignant liver tumors. Fibrinogen and ITIH4 might be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis of malignant liver tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Boan Li
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Tongsheng Guo
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiqiang Sun
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaohan Li
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland).,Graduate Student Team, Medical University of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoxi Li
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Han Wang
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Weijiao Chen
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Peng Chen
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Mengran Qiao
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Lifang Xia
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yuanli Mao
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland).,Graduate Student Team, Medical University of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
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Challenges in biomarker discovery with MALDI-TOF MS. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 458:84-98. [PMID: 27134187 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
MALDI-TOF MS technique is commonly used in system biology and clinical studies to search for new potential markers associated with pathological conditions. Despite numerous concerns regarding a sample preparation or processing of complex data, this strategy is still recognized as a popular tool and its awareness has risen in the proteomic community over the last decade. In this review, we present comprehensive application of MALDI mass spectrometry with special focus on profiling research. We also discuss major advantages and disadvantages of universal sample preparation methods such as micro-SPE columns, immunodepletion or magnetic beads, and we show the potential of nanostructured materials in capturing low molecular weight subproteomes. Furthermore, as the general protocol considerably affects spectra quality and interpretation, an alternative solution for improved ion detection, including hydrophobic constituents, data processing and statistical analysis is being considered in up-to-date profiling pattern. In conclusion, many reports involving MALDI-TOF MS indicated highly abundant proteins as valuable indicators, and at the same time showed the inaccuracy of available methods in the detection of low abundant proteome that is the most interesting from the clinical perspective. Therefore, the analytical aspects of sample preparation methods should be standardized to provide a reproducible, low sample handling and credible procedure.
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Zhang L, Yesupriya A, Chang MH, Teshale E, Teo CG. Apolipoprotein E and protection against hepatitis E viral infection in American non-Hispanic blacks. Hepatology 2015; 62:1346-52. [PMID: 26096528 PMCID: PMC6686672 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis E viral (HEV) infection imposes a heavy health burden worldwide and is common in the United States. Previous investigations of risks addressed environmental and host behavioral/lifestyle factors, but host genetic factors have not been examined. We assessed strength of associations between antibody to HEV (anti-HEV) immunoglobulin G seropositivity indicating past or recent HEV infection and human genetic variants among three major racial/ethnic populations in the United States, involving 2434 non-Hispanic whites, 1919 non-Hispanic blacks, and 1919 Mexican Americans from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1991-1994. We studied 497 single-nucleotide polymorphisms across 190 genes (particularly those associated with lipid metabolism). The genomic control method was used to adjust for potential population stratification. Non-Hispanic blacks had the lowest seroprevalence of anti-HEV immunoglobulin G (15.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 12.3%-19.0%) compared with non-Hispanic whites (22.3%, 95% CI 19.1%-25.7%) and Mexican Americans (21.8%, 95% CI 19.0%-25.3%; P<0.01). Non-Hispanic blacks were the only population that showed association between anti-HEV seropositivity and functional ε3 and ε4 alleles of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, encoding the apolipoprotein E protein that mediates lipoprotein metabolism. Seropositivity was significantly lower in participants carrying APOE ε4 (odds ratio=0.5, 95% CI 0.4-0.7; P=0.00004) and ε3 (odds ratio=0.6, 95% CI 0.4-0.8; P=0.001) compared to those carrying APOE ε2. No significant associations were observed between other single-nucleotide polymorphisms and anti-HEV seropositivity in non-Hispanic blacks or between any single-nucleotide polymorphisms and anti-HEV seropositivity in non-Hispanic whites or Mexican Americans. CONCLUSION Both APOE ε3 and ε4 are significantly associated with protection against HEV infection in non-Hispanic blacks; additional studies are needed to understand the basis of protection so that preventive services can be targeted to at-risk persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyna Zhang
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ajay Yesupriya
- Research Data Center, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Man-Huei Chang
- Office of Directors, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Eyasu Teshale
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Chong-Gee Teo
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Influence of honeybee sting on peptidome profile in human serum. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1808-20. [PMID: 26008235 PMCID: PMC4448175 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the serum peptide profiles from honeybee stung and non-stung individuals. Two groups of serum samples obtained from 27 beekeepers were included in our study. The first group of samples was collected within 3 h after a bee sting (stung beekeepers), and the samples were collected from the same person a second time after at least six weeks after the last bee sting (non-stung beekeepers). Peptide profile spectra were determined using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry combined with Omix, ZipTips and magnetic beads based on weak-cation exchange (MB-WCX) enrichment strategies in the mass range of 1–10 kDa. The samples were classified, and discriminative models were established by using the quick classifier, genetic algorithm and supervised neural network algorithms. All of the statistical algorithms used in this study allow distinguishing analyzed groups with high statistical significance, which confirms the influence of honeybee sting on the serum peptidome profile. The results of this study may broaden the understanding of the human organism’s response to honeybee venom. Due to the fact that our pilot study was carried out on relatively small datasets, it is necessary to conduct further proteomic research of the response to honeybee sting on a larger group of samples.
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Kodera Y, Hido Y, Kato R, Saito T, Kawashima Y, Minamida S, Matsumoto K, Iwamura M. Establishment of a Strategy for the Discovery and Verification of Low-Abundance Biomarker Peptides in Plasma Using Two Types of Stable-Isotope Tags. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 3:S0044. [PMID: 26819888 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Serum and plasma contain thousands of different proteins and peptides, which can provide valuable information about the numerous processes that take place within the body. However, detailed analysis of proteins and peptides in serum and plasma remains challenging due to the presence of many high-abundance proteins, the large dynamic range of protein and peptide concentrations, the extensive complexity caused by posttranslational modifications, and considerable individual variability. In particular, detailed analysis and identification of native peptides is extremely difficult due to the tremendous variety of cleavage possibilities and posttranslational modifications, which results in extremely high complexity. Therefore, widely ranging searches based on peptide identification are difficult. Herein, we describe the highly accurate and sensitive quantitative analysis of over 2,500 peptides with the concentration limit of about 10 pM. The strategy combined isobaric tag labeling, amine-reactive 6-plex tandem mass tag labeling, and a modified differential solubilization method for high-yield peptide extraction [Saito, T. et al. J. Electrophoresis 2013 57: 1-9]. Using this strategy, we quantitatively analyzed six pooled plasma samples (three pre-surgery and three post-surgery) to discover potential candidate biomarker peptides of renal cell carcinoma. The concentrations of 27 peptides were found to be altered following surgery. A preliminary validation study was conducted using about 80 plasma samples to demonstrate the possibility that even unidentified potential candidate biomarker peptides can be verified using the isotope tag/dimethyl labeling method. We also discuss technical consideration and potential of this strategy for facilitating native peptide research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Kodera
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Kitasato University School of Science; Center for Disease Proteomics, Kitasato University School of Science
| | - Yuya Hido
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Kitasato University School of Science
| | - Rika Kato
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Kitasato University School of Science
| | - Tatsuya Saito
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Kitasato University School of Science
| | - Yusuke Kawashima
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Kitasato University School of Science; Center for Disease Proteomics, Kitasato University School of Science
| | - Satoru Minamida
- Department of Urology, Kitasato University School of Medicine
| | - Kazumasa Matsumoto
- Center for Disease Proteomics, Kitasato University School of Science; Department of Urology, Kitasato University School of Medicine
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Li B, Guo T, Qu F, Li B, Wang H, Sun Z, Li X, Gao Z, Bao C, Zhang C, Li X, Mao Y. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization: time of flight mass spectrometry-identified models for detection of ESBL-producing bacterial strains. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2014; 20:176-83. [PMID: 25390932 PMCID: PMC4242706 DOI: 10.12659/msmbr.892670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increase in the amount of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing gram-negative bacteria is seriously threatening human health in recent years. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a rapid and reliable method for identification of ESBLs. The purpose of this study was to establish a novel method to discriminate between ESBL-producing and non- ESBL-producing bacteria by using the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) technique. Material/Methods We detected hydrolyzed production of cefotaxime after incubation with 69 gram-negative bacteria by using MALDI-TOF-MS. Then we established genetic algorithm (GA), supervised neural networks (SNN), and quick classifier (QC) models using several peaks to identify ESBL-producing strains. To confirm the clinical applicability of the models established, a blinded validation test was performed in 34 clinical isolated strains. Results Using ClinPro Tools software, we identified 4 peaks (456 Da, 396 Da, 370 Da, and 371 Da) in mass spectra of cefotaxime solution that have high enough specificity to discriminate ESBL-producing from non- ESBL-producing strains. Recognition capability of models established were 97.5% (GA), 92.5% (SNN), and 92.5% (QC), and cross validation rates were 90.15% (GA), 97.62 (SNN), and 97.62% (QC). The accuracy rates of the blinded validation test were 82.4% (GA), 88.2% (SNN), and 82.4% (QC). Conclusions Our results demonstrate that identification of ESBLs strains by MALDI-TOF-MS has potential clinical value and could be widely used in the future as a routine test in clinical microbiology laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Graduate Student Team, Chinese PLA Postgraduate Medical School, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Tongsheng Guo
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Fen Qu
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Boan Li
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Haibin Wang
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiqiang Sun
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaohan Li
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiqiang Gao
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Chunmei Bao
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoxi Li
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yuanli Mao
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
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13
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Quantitative proteomics identifies host factors modulated during acute hepatitis E virus infection in the swine model. J Virol 2014; 89:129-43. [PMID: 25320303 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02208-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes acute enterically transmitted hepatitis. In industrialized countries, it is a zoonotic disease, with swine being the major reservoir of human HEV contamination. The occurrence and severity of the disease are variable, with clinical symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to self-limiting acute hepatitis, chronic infection, or fulminant hepatitis. In the absence of a robust cell culture system or small-animal models, the HEV life cycle and pathological process remain unclear. To characterize HEV pathogenesis and virulence mechanisms, a quantitative proteomic analysis was carried out to identify cellular factors and pathways modulated during acute infection of swine. Three groups of pigs were inoculated with three different strains of swine HEV to evaluate the possible role of viral determinants in pathogenesis. Liver samples were analyzed by a differential proteomic approach, two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis, and 61 modulated proteins were identified by mass spectroscopy. The results obtained show that the three HEV strains replicate similarly in swine and that they modulate several cellular pathways, suggesting that HEV impairs several cellular processes, which can account for the various types of disease expression. Several proteins, such as heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K, apolipoprotein E, and prohibitin, known to be involved in other viral life cycles, were upregulated in HEV-infected livers. Some differences were observed between the three strains, suggesting that HEV's genetic variability may induce variations in pathogenesis. This comparative analysis of the liver proteome modulated during infection with three different strains of HEV genotype 3 provides an important basis for further investigations on the factors involved in HEV replication and the mechanism of HEV pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for acute hepatitis, with clinical symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to self-limiting acute hepatitis, chronic infection, or fulminant hepatitis. In industrialized countries, HEV is considered an emerging zoonotic disease, with swine being the principal reservoir for human contamination. The viral and cellular factors involved in the replication and/or pathogenesis of HEV are still not fully known. Here we report that several cellular pathways involved in cholesterol and lipid metabolism or cell survival were modulated during HEV infection in the swine model. Moreover, we observed a difference between the different swine strains, suggesting that HEV's genetic variability could play a role in pathogenesis. We also identified some proteins known to be involved in other viral cycles. Our study provides insight into the mechanisms modulated during HEV infection and constitutes a useful reference for future work on HEV pathogenesis and virulence.
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Bharti RK, Srivastava S, Thakur IS. Proteomic analysis of carbon concentrating chemolithotrophic bacteria Serratia sp. for sequestration of carbon dioxide. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91300. [PMID: 24619032 PMCID: PMC3949746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A chemolithotrophic bacterium enriched in the chemostat in presence of sodium bicarbonate as sole carbon source was identified as Serratia sp. by 16S rRNA sequencing. Carbon dioxide sequestering capacity of bacterium was detected by carbonic anhydrase enzyme and ribulose-1, 5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO). The purified carbonic anhydrase showed molecular weight of 29 kDa. Molecular weight of RuBisCO was 550 kDa as determined by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), however, sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed presence of two subunits whose molecular weights were 56 and 14 kDa. The Western blot analysis of the crude protein and purified sample cross reacted with RuBisCO large-subunit polypeptides antibodies showed strong band pattern at molecular weight around 56 kDa regions. Whole cell soluble proteins of Serratia sp. grown under autotrophic and heterotrophic conditions were resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/MS for differential expression of proteins. In proteomic analysis of 63 protein spots, 48 spots were significantly up-regulated in the autotrophically grown cells; seven enzymes showed its utilization in autotrophic carbon fixation pathways and other metabolic activities of bacterium including lipid metabolisms indicated sequestration potency of carbon dioxide and production of biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randhir K. Bharti
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Shaili Srivastava
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Indu Shekhar Thakur
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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15
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Pérez V, Ibernón M, López D, Pastor MC, Navarro M, Navarro-Muñoz M, Bonet J, Romero R. Urinary peptide profiling to differentiate between minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87731. [PMID: 24498182 PMCID: PMC3907468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minimal change disease (MCD) and primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) are the main causes of primary idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children and adults, with diagnosis being essential for the appropriate choice of therapy and requiring renal biopsy. However, the presence of only normal glomeruli on renal biopsy of FSGS patients may lead to the misclassification of these patients as having MCD. The aim of this study was to (i) compare the peptide profile of MCD and FSGS patients with that of a group of healthy subjects, (ii) generate and validate a class prediction model to classify MCD and FSGS patients and (ii) identify candidate biomarkers of these glomerular entities by analysis of the urinary peptidome. METHODS The urinary peptide profile was analyzed by magnetic bead-based technology combined with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in 44 patients diagnosed of MCD (n = 22) and FSGS (n = 22). The resulting spectra were compiled and analyzed using ClinProTools software. RESULTS A class prediction model was developed to differentiate MCD and FSGS patients. The validation of this model correctly classified 81.8% (9/11) of MCD patients and 72.7% (8/11) of FSGS patients. Moreover, the signal with m/z 1913.60, identified as a fragment of uromodulin, and the signal with m/z 2392.54, identified as a fragment of alpha-1-antitrypsin, showed higher and lower peak areas, respectively, in FSGS patients compared with MCD patients. CONCLUSIONS The simple, non-invasive technique described in the present study may be a useful tool to help clinicians by confirming diagnoses achieved by renal biopsy, thereby reducing misdiagnoses and avoiding the implementation of inappropriate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Pérez
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Esfera UAB, Badalona, Spain
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Esfera UAB, Badalona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Ibernón
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Esfera UAB, Badalona, Spain
| | - Dolores López
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Esfera UAB, Badalona, Spain
| | - María Cruz Pastor
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Esfera UAB, Badalona, Spain
| | - Maruja Navarro
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Esfera UAB, Badalona, Spain
| | - Maribel Navarro-Muñoz
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Esfera UAB, Badalona, Spain
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Esfera UAB, Badalona, Spain
| | - Josep Bonet
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Esfera UAB, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ramón Romero
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Esfera UAB, Badalona, Spain
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Esfera UAB, Badalona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Esfera UAB, Badalona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Saito T, Kawashima Y, Minamida S, Matsumoto K, Araki K, Matsui T, Satoh M, Nomura F, Iwamura M, Maeda T, Baba S, Kodera Y. Establishment and application of a high-quality comparative analysis strategy for the discovery and small-scale validation of low-abundance biomarker peptides in serum based on an optimized novel peptide extraction method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2198/jelectroph.57.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Ornellas P, Ornellas AA, Chinello C, Gianazza E, Mainini V, Cazzaniga M, Pereira DA, Sandim V, Cypriano AS, Koifman L, Silva PCBD, Alves G, Magni F. Downregulation of C3 and C4A/B complement factor fragments in plasma from patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Int Braz J Urol 2012; 38:739-49. [DOI: 10.1590/1677-553820133806739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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18
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Abstract
Ricin toxin has been regarded as one of the most potent poisons in the plant kingdom, and there is no effective therapeutic countermeasure or licensed vaccine against it. Consequently, early detection of ricin intoxication is necessary. In this study, we took mice as test subjects, and used the technique of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) and ClinProt™ microparticle beads to set up an effective detection model with an accuracy of almost 100%. Eighty-two peaks in the mass range 1000-10,000 m/z were detected by ClinProTools software, and five different peaks with m/z of 4982.49, 1333.25, 1537.86, 4285.05 and 2738.88 had the greatest contribution to the accuracy and sensitivity of this model. They may therefore provide biomarkers for ricin intoxication.
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Li J, Jin H, Li L, Shang L, Zhao Y, Wei F, Liu Y, Liu Q, Qian J. Detection of murine toxoplasmosis using magnetic bead-based serum peptide profiling by MALDI-TOF MS. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012; 12:462-6. [PMID: 22448678 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment of a rapid, highly specific, and accurate method for diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection is essential to control and prevent zoonotic toxoplasmosis. In this study, a novel diagnostic strategy using magnetic bead-based serum peptide profiling by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was developed. The serum peptides (samples I, II, and III) from T. gondii RH strain-infected mice at days 3, 6, and 9 post-infection (p.i.), and healthy mice were enriched by the optimized magnetic bead-based hydrophobic interaction (MB-HIC8). The mass spectrograms were acquired by MALDI-TOF MS, and analyzed by ClinProTools bioinformatics software from Bruker Daltonics. The diagnostic models from T. gondii RH-infected serum peptide profiling of samples I, II, and III were produced by genetic algorithms, and verified by cross-validation. The sample II model could correctly recognize T. gondii RH strain infection in mice at days 3, 6, and 9 p.i. with a sensitivity of 91.1% and a specificity of 96.7%., and also detect T. gondii ME49 strain-infected serum samples at days 3, 6, 9, and 12 p.i. with a sensitivity of 91.7%. The results of the present study suggest that serum peptide profiling by MALDI-TOF MS is a novel potential tool for the clinical diagnosis of acute T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Li
- Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
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Li L, Li J, Jin H, Shang L, Li B, Wei F, Liu Q. Detection of Leishmania donovani infection using magnetic beads-based serum peptide profiling by MALDI-TOF MS in mice model. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:1287-90. [PMID: 21850454 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an important parasitic disease, and definite diagnosis using a specific and sensitive method is the first step to cure the disease. Here, we present a novel diagnostic strategy based on serum peptide profiling by magnetic beads and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The serum peptides from the Leishmani donovani-infected and healthy mice were enriched by the optimized magnetic beads. The mass spectrograms were acquired by MALDI-TOF MS and analyzed by the ClinProTools bioinformatics software from Bruker Daltonics. The diagnostic model of serum peptide profiling produced by the ClinProTools software could correctly detect L. donovani infection in mice from the third day post-infection, with the accuracy of 94.1%, sensitivity of 92.4%, and specificity of 97.1%, respectively. The results of the present study suggested that the serum peptide profiling by MALDI-TOF MS is a novel potential tool for the clinical diagnosis of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Li
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, 666 Liuying Xilu, Changchun 130122 Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
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Ahmad I, Holla RP, Jameel S. Molecular virology of hepatitis E virus. Virus Res 2011; 161:47-58. [PMID: 21345356 PMCID: PMC3130092 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review details the molecular virology of the hepatitis E virus (HEV). While replicons and in vitro infection systems have recently become available, a lot of information on HEV has been generated through comparisons with better-studied positive-strand RNA viruses and through subgenomic expression of viral open reading frames. These models are now being verified with replicon and infection systems. We provide here the current knowledge on the HEV genome and its constituent proteins--ORF1, ORF2 and ORF3. Based on the available information, we also modify the existing model of the HEV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ahmad
- Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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