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Shava E, Lipira LE, Beauchamp GG, Donnell DJ, Lockman S, Ruan Y, Shao Y. Risky Sexual Behavior Among Individuals Receiving Buprenorphine/Naloxone Opiate Dependency Treatment: HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 058. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 78:300-307. [PMID: 29557855 PMCID: PMC5997518 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding the role of opiate dependency treatment in risky sexual behavior could help optimize interventions for people who inject drugs (PWID). OBJECTIVES We evaluated whether long-term medication-assisted treatment (LT-MAT) of opiate dependency with buprenorphine/naloxone influenced risky sexual behavior among HIV-uninfected PWID and identified predictors of risky sexual behavior. METHODS We used data from HPTN 058, a randomized controlled trial of LT-MAT vs. short-term medication-assisted treatment among PWID in China and Thailand. We evaluated associations between randomized opiate dependency treatment group and self-reported risky sexual behaviors within the past month: condomless sex with primary partner, condomless sex with nonprimary partner, multiple partners, and more than 3 sexual acts. We used generalized estimating equations to conduct intention-to-treat, as-treated, and exploratory analyses of these associations. RESULTS Of 1250 participants included in the analysis, 92% were male, with median age of 34 years (interquartile range 28-39). At baseline, referring to the past month, 36% of participants reported condomless sex with primary partner, 4% reported condomless sex with nonprimary partner, 6% reported multiple sex partners, and 30% reported more than 3 sexual acts. Risky sexual behaviors did not differ significantly between treatment groups at any point. Significant predictors (P < 0.05) of condomless sex with nonprimary partner were history of incarceration and noninjection drug use. Number of needle-sharing partners, noninjection drug use, and higher income were predictors for multiple sexual partners. CONCLUSIONS LT-MAT did not significantly modify risky sexual behavior among HIV-uninfected PWID. Interventions that reduce sexual risk should target PWID with history of incarceration, alcohol use, and needle sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Shava
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Lauren E Lipira
- HIV Prevention Trials Network, Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research & Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.,Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Geetha G Beauchamp
- HIV Prevention Trials Network, Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research & Prevention (SCHARP), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division (VIDD), Seattle, WA
| | - Deborah J Donnell
- HIV Prevention Trials Network, Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research & Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Shahin Lockman
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Initiative Partnership, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Yuhua Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (SKLID), Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (SKLID), Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
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Campeau L, Blouin K, Leclerc P, Alary M, Morissette C, Blanchette C, Serhir B, Roy E. Impact of sex work on risk behaviours and their association with HIV positivity among people who inject drugs in Eastern Central Canada: cross-sectional results from an open cohort study. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e019388. [PMID: 29391367 PMCID: PMC5829837 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were: (1) to examine the correlates of HIV positivity among participants who injected drugs and engaged in sex work (PWID-SWs) in the SurvUDI network between 2004 and 2016, after stratification by sex, and (2) to compare these correlates with those of sexually active participants who did not engage in sex work (PWID non-SWs). DESIGN AND SETTING This biobehavioural survey is an open cohort of services where participants who had injected in the past 6 months were recruited mainly through harm reduction programmes in Eastern Central Canada. PARTICIPANTS Data from 5476 participants (9223 visits in total; 785 not included in multivariate analyses due to missing values) were included. METHODS Participants completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire and provided saliva samples for anti-HIV antibody testing. Generalised estimating equations taking into account multiple participations were used. RESULTS Baseline HIV prevalence was higher among SWs compared with non-SWs (women: 13.0% vs 7.7%; P<0.001, and men: 17.4% vs 10.8%; P<0.001). PWID-SWs were particularly susceptible to HIV infection as a result of higher levels of vulnerability factors and injection risk behaviours. They also presented different risk-taking patterns than their non-SWs counterparts, as shown by differences in correlates of HIV positivity. Additionally, the importance of sex work for HIV infection varies according to gender, as suggested by a large proportion of injection risk behaviours associated with HIV among women and, conversely, a stronger association between sexual behaviours and HIV positivity observed among men. CONCLUSION These results suggest that sex work has an impact on the risk of HIV acquisition and that risk behaviours vary according to gender. Public health practitioners should take those specificities into account when designing HIV prevention interventions aimed at PWIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Campeau
- Unité sur les Infections Transmissibles Sexuellement et par le Sang, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- École de santé publique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Karine Blouin
- Unité sur les Infections Transmissibles Sexuellement et par le Sang, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pascale Leclerc
- École de santé publique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Direction régionale de Santé Publique - CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Alary
- Unité sur les Infections Transmissibles Sexuellement et par le Sang, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Axe Santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Quebec – Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Carole Morissette
- Direction régionale de Santé Publique - CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Caty Blanchette
- Axe Santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Quebec – Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bouchra Serhir
- Sérologie, Virologie et biologie moléculaire, Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Elise Roy
- Unité sur les Infections Transmissibles Sexuellement et par le Sang, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département des Sciences de la Santé Communautaire, Université de Sherbrooke - Campus de Longueuil, Longueuil, Québec, Canada
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The potential for bridging: HIV status awareness and risky sexual behaviour of injection drug users who have non-injecting permanent partners in Ukraine. J Int AIDS Soc 2014; 17:18825. [PMID: 24560341 PMCID: PMC3929068 DOI: 10.7448/ias.17.1.18825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To quantify potential bridging of HIV transmission between the injection drug using subpopulation to the non-injection drug using population through unprotected heterosexual sex. Design Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data. Methods A sub-sample of participants who reported having a permanent partner who are not injection drug users and have not injected drugs in the past (N=1379) was selected from a survey implemented in 26 Ukrainian cities in 2011. This study evaluates the association between consistent condom use and awareness of HIV status as measured by rapid testing during the study (known/unknown HIV+, known/unknown HIV− and undetermined) among a sub-sample of male injection drug users (IDUs) who have a non-injecting permanent partner. Poisson regression, with robust variance estimates, was utilized to identify associations while adjusting for other factors. Results Reported consistent condom use varied between 15.5% (unknown HIV−) and 37.5% (known HIV+); average use was 19.3%. In multivariate analysis, males who were aware of their HIV+ status were more likely to report recent consistent condom use compared to those who were unaware of their HIV+ status. This association remains after adjustment for age, region, education level, years of injection, alcohol use, self-reported primary drug use and being an NGO client (prevalence ratio=1.65; 95% CI 1.03–2.64). No such association was found for those who were HIV−. Conclusions Our results regarding HIV-positive male IDUs reinforce previous findings that HIV testing and counselling may be an effective means of secondary prevention. Further research is needed to understand how to effectively promote safer sex behaviours for IDUs who are currently HIV−.
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Fazito E, Cuchi P, Mahy M, Brown T. Analysis of duration of risk behaviour for key populations: a literature review. Sex Transm Infect 2013; 88 Suppl 2:i24-32. [PMID: 23172343 PMCID: PMC3512397 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2012-050647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this paper is to review literature in order to calculate regional estimates of the average duration of time individuals maintain a specific high-risk behaviour. Methods The review targeted the key populations of female sex workers (FSW), male clients of female sex workers (MCFSW), people who inject drugs (injecting drug users (IDU)) and high-risk men who have sex with men (MSM). To be included in the review the study had to provide information on (1) the time a person spent at risk until death or cessation of the risk behaviour, (2) the percentage of the sample who initiated the risk behaviour in less than a year or (3) the mean or median duration of the behaviour from a representative sample. Results 49 papers were found for the FSW population describing the period of time FSW stay in sex work to be between 2.9 years (Asia) and 12 years (Latin America). Eight papers were found for MCFSW showing the duration of the risk behaviour in this category varying from 4.6 years in Africa to 32 years in Asia. 86 papers were reviewed for the population of IDU showing that the average time a person injects illegal drugs varies from 5.6 years (Africa) to 21 years (South America). No information was found for duration of high-risk behaviour among MSM; instead, the definitions found in the literature for high- and low-risk behaviour among MSM were described. Conclusions There is high variability of estimates of duration of high-risk behaviours at regional level. More research is needed to inform models and prevention programmes on the average duration of time individuals maintain a specific high-risk behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Fazito
- University of Brasília, 26 Chemin Colladon, 1209 Genève, Suisse, Brasília, Brazil.
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Abstract
General hospital clinicians frequently deal with injecting drug users because substance use has diverse medical and psychiatric complications. Non-specialist clinicians often initiate management when specialist consultation is not available or accepted by the patient. Here, we summarise evidence for the management of hospitalised injecting drug users. The first challenge is to engage a drug user into medical care. A non-judgmental approach towards patients and acceptance of their lifestyle choices facilitates engagement. Pragmatic clinical goals can be negotiated and achieved. We also describe common conditions of injecting drug users. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate management focus on common issues such as intoxication, withdrawal, pain management, drug seeking, psychological comorbidity, behavioural difficulties, and pregnancy. Effective management can reduce the medical and social effect of these conditions and is not difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Haber
- Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, and University of Sydney, Discipline of Addiction Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Azim T, Chowdhury EI, Reza M, Ahmed M, Uddin MT, Khan R, Ahmed G, Rahman M, Khandakar I, Khan SI, Sack DA, Strathdee SA. Vulnerability to HIV infection among sex worker and non-sex worker female injecting drug users in Dhaka, Bangladesh: evidence from the baseline survey of a cohort study. Harm Reduct J 2006; 3:33. [PMID: 17109763 PMCID: PMC1665448 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7517-3-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very little is known about female injecting drug users (IDU) in Bangladesh but anecdotal evidence suggests that they are hidden and very vulnerable to HIV through both their injection sharing and sexual risk behaviors. In order to better understand the risks and vulnerability to HIV of female IDU, a cohort study was initiated through which HIV prevalence and risk behaviors was determined. METHODS All female IDU (those who had injected in the last six months and were 15 years or older) who could be identified from three cities in the Dhaka region were enrolled at the baseline of a cohort study. The study was designed to determine risk behaviors through interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire and measure prevalence of HIV, hepatitis C and syphilis semiannually. At the baseline of the cohort study 130 female IDU were recruited and female IDU selling sex in the last year (sex workers) versus those not selling sex (non-sex workers) were compared using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. RESULTS Of the 130 female IDU enrolled 82 were sex workers and 48 were non-sex workers. None had HIV but more sex workers (60%) had lifetime syphilis than non-sex workers (37%). Fewer sex worker than non-sex worker IDU lived with families (54.9% and 81.3% respectively), but more reported lending needles/syringes (29.3% and 14.6% respectively) and sharing other injection paraphernalia (74.4% and 56.3% respectively) in the past six months. Although more sex workers used condoms during last sex than non-sex workers (74.4% and 43.3% respectively), more reported anal sex (15.9% and 2.1% respectively) and serial sex with multiple partners (70.7% and 0% respectively). Lifetime sexual violence and being jailed in the last year was more common in sex workers. CONCLUSION Female IDU are vulnerable to HIV through their injection and sexual risk behaviors and sex worker IDU appear especially vulnerable. Services such as needle exchange programs should become more comprehensive to address the needs of female IDU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim Azim
- HIV/AIDS Programme, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Ezazul I Chowdhury
- HIV/AIDS Programme, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Masud Reza
- HIV/AIDS Programme, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Munir Ahmed
- HIV Programme, CARE, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Repon Khan
- HIV/AIDS Programme, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Giasuddin Ahmed
- HIV/AIDS Programme, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Motiur Rahman
- HIV/AIDS Programme, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Irona Khandakar
- HIV/AIDS Programme, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Sharful I Khan
- HIV/AIDS Programme, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - David A Sack
- HIV/AIDS Programme, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Steffanie A Strathdee
- Division of International Health and Cross Cultural Medicine, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, USA
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Ferreira AD, Caiaffa WT, Bastos FI, Mingoti SA. Profile of male Brazilian injecting drug users who have sex with men. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2006; 22:849-60. [PMID: 16612438 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2006000400023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to characterize the profile of male injecting drug users who have sex with other men (MSM IDUs) recruited through a cross-sectional multi-city survey (AjUDE-Brasil II Project) in six Brazilian cities, in 2000-2001. MSM IDUs were compared to other male IDUs using bivariate and multivariate procedures (logistic regression and answer tree analysis with the CHAID algorithm). Among the 709 male IDUs, 187 (26.4%) reported ever having had sex with other men, while only 37 reported sex with other men in the previous six months. MSM IDUs were more likely to be unemployed (OR = 2.3), to have injected tranquilizers (OR = 3.6), and to be HIV-seropositive (OR = 2.1), compared to other male IDUs. Male same-sex relations in this subgroup appear to be associated with strategies to finance drug consuming habits, including sex for drugs with occasional female partners or obtaining injection paraphernalia from occasional sex partners. Further studies should focus on this especially vulnerable subgroup of IDUs, due to the bidirectional and complex interrelationships between their drug injecting habits and sexual risk behaviors.
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