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Hamdy O, Farouk O, El-Badrawy A, Denewer A, Setit A. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer guided by CT lymphography; History, evolution and current applications. Breast Dis 2021; 40:219-225. [PMID: 33935052 DOI: 10.3233/bd-201046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has efficiently replaced axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in axillary staging in node-negative breast cancer patients. Dual sentinel lymph node (SLN) localization using radioisotopes and blue dye is the standard technique for SLN mapping. Yet, nuclear medicine facilities are not widely available worldwide. In Japan, Computed tomography lymphography (CTLG) is presented as an SLN mapping technique which was first suggested in 2003 by Suga et al. Multiple subsequent studies confirmed the efficacy of CTLG in SLN mapping in breast cancer. Further applications of the technique followed; such as prediction of SLN metastasis using CTLG, the use of CTLG guided SLN biopsy after neoadjuvant therapy, video-assisted CTLG guided SLN biopsy, the use of real-time virtual sonography with 3-D CTLG, and preoperative localization of the CTLG mapped SLN using either real-time virtual sonography (RVS) guided Indocyanine green (ICG) injection or its marking using liquid charcoal and silver wire and the use of SPIO enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for prediction of metastasis in SLNs detected by CTLG. This efficacy and variable applications open the door for conducting wide-scale randomized controlled trials to suggest using CTLG as an efficient alternative for the use of radioisotopes in SLN mapping in breast cancer patients, especially in low and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Hamdy
- Surgical Oncology Unit, Oncology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Omar Farouk
- Surgical Oncology Unit, Oncology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Adel El-Badrawy
- Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Adel Denewer
- Surgical Oncology Unit, Oncology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Setit
- Surgical Oncology Unit, Oncology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Hlusko KC, Cole R, Tillson DM, Boothe HW, Almond G, Coggeshall WS, Matz BM. Sentinel lymph node detection differs when comparing lymphoscintigraphy to lymphography using water soluble iodinated contrast medium and digital radiography in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 61:659-666. [PMID: 32929849 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping by various means has become standard of care in certain types of human cancers and is receiving more attention in veterinary oncology. Current SLN mapping techniques can be costly and often require advanced imaging equipment. The objective of this prospective, method comparison study was to compare an SLN mapping protocol of lymphoscintigraphy to lymphography using water soluble iodinated contrast medium (WIC) and digital radiography for identification of an SLN. Lymphoscintigraphy and lymphography were performed on eight healthy purpose-bred dogs using technetium-99m sulfur colloid and WIC injected into the subcutaneous tissues in a four-quadrant technique around a predefined area of skin on the brachium. Images were obtained using a gamma camera and digital radiography at different time points post-injection. Image sequences were evaluated by one of two American College of Veterinary Radiology board-certified veterinary radiologists. Data obtained were compared between methods using descriptive statistics. An SLN was identified in all dogs with lymphoscintigraphy and seven of eight dogs with lymphography. Agreement between results of the lymphoscintigraphy and lymphography studies was a complete match in three dogs, a partial match in four dogs, and no match in one dog. The SLN detected differed based on the imaging modality used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn C Hlusko
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Robert Cole
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - David Michael Tillson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Harry W Boothe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Greg Almond
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Brad M Matz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Hlusko KC, Cole R, Tillson DM, Boothe HW, Almond GT, Coggeshall WS, Matz BM. The effect of surgery on lymphoscintigraphy drainage patterns from the canine brachium in a simulated tumor model. Vet Surg 2020; 49:1118-1124. [PMID: 32584435 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of surgery on lymphoscintigraphy drainage patterns from the canine brachium. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. ANIMALS Eight healthy research beagles. METHODS A predefined area of skin measuring 2 × 1.5 cm in dimension was designated on either the right or left brachium. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy was performed with technetium sulfur colloid injected into the subcutaneous tissues around the predefined anatomic location in a four-quadrant technique. Dogs underwent surgery for excision of the predefined area of skin, subcutis, and fascia of the lateral head of the triceps muscle with 1-cm margins. Eighteen days after surgery, lymphoscintigraphy was again performed with technetium sulfur colloid injected into the subcutaneous tissues around the surgical scar in a four-quadrant technique. RESULTS Sentinel lymph nodes were identified in eight of eight dogs preoperatively and in eight of eight dogs postoperatively. Agreement between the results of the preoperative and postoperative lymphoscintigraphy studies was identified as complete in four of eight dogs and partial in four of eight dogs. Sentinel lymph node identification occurred immediately in three of eight dogs preoperatively and in eight of eight dogs postoperatively. CONCLUSION Sentinel lymph node identification occurred faster postoperatively. Agreement or partial agreement between the results of the preoperative and postoperative lymphoscintigraphy studies was observed in eight of eight dogs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Surgery appears to have an effect on lymphoscintigraphy drainage patterns. Additional studies are required to compare preoperative and postoperative sentinel lymph node mapping patterns in tumor-bearing dogs. However, this study provides preliminary information regarding the effect of surgery on sentinel lymph node identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn C Hlusko
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Robert Cole
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - David Michael Tillson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Harry W Boothe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Greg T Almond
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | - Brad M Matz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
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Anatomical classification of breast sentinel lymph nodes using computed tomography-lymphography. Anat Sci Int 2018; 93:487-494. [PMID: 29725864 PMCID: PMC6061239 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-018-0441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the anatomical classification and location of breast sentinel lymph nodes, preoperative computed tomography–lymphography examinations were retrospectively reviewed for sentinel lymph nodes in 464 cases clinically diagnosed with node-negative breast cancer between July 2007 and June 2016. Anatomical classification was performed based on the numbers of lymphatic routes and sentinel lymph nodes, the flow direction of lymphatic routes, and the location of sentinel lymph nodes. Of the 464 cases reviewed, anatomical classification could be performed in 434 (93.5 %). The largest number of cases showed single route/single sentinel lymph node (n = 296, 68.2 %), followed by multiple routes/multiple sentinel lymph nodes (n = 59, 13.6 %), single route/multiple sentinel lymph nodes (n = 53, 12.2 %), and multiple routes/single sentinel lymph node (n = 26, 6.0 %). Classification based on the flow direction of lymphatic routes showed that 429 cases (98.8 %) had outward flow on the superficial fascia toward axillary lymph nodes, whereas classification based on the height of sentinel lymph nodes showed that 323 cases (74.4 %) belonged to the upper pectoral group of axillary lymph nodes. There was wide variation in the number of lymphatic routes and their branching patterns and in the number, location, and direction of flow of sentinel lymph nodes. It is clinically very important to preoperatively understand the anatomical morphology of lymphatic routes and sentinel lymph nodes for optimal treatment of breast cancer, and computed tomography–lymphography is suitable for this purpose.
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Dendrimer-Entrapped Gold Nanoparticles as Potential CT Contrast Agents for Localizing Sentinel Lymph Node via Indirect CT Lymphography on Rabbit Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1230151. [PMID: 29850482 PMCID: PMC5932527 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1230151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the potential use of indirect computed tomography lymphography (CT-LG) with dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles (Au DENPs) in the localization and enhanced imaging of cervical sentinel lymph node (SLN) on rabbit model. Methods Twelve rabbits were randomly divided into two groups: the positive control group and the experimental group. In the control group, indirect CT-LG was performed with the injection of 0.5 ml activated carbon nanoparticles (ACNP) and Omnipaque mixture suspension in the right tongue submucosa. CT images were acquired before the injection and 1, 5, 10, and 15 min after the injection, respectively. In the experimental group, indirect CT-LG injection with 0.5 ml Au DENPs suspension was performed in the right tongue submucosa. CT images were obtained before the injection and 1, 5, 10, and 15 min and 1, 2, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h after the injection, respectively. Then, SLN identification and enhancement characteristics were evaluated. Results Indirect CT-LG revealed the enhancement of one right deep cervical lymph nodes in all animals, which was SLN. SLN location was marked with black color (ACNP dye) or purple-black color (Au DENPs dye). At each detection time point, the enhanced SLN attenuation values of control rabbits were statistically significantly higher than that of the plain scan, respectively (P < 0.05). Also the values of experimental rabbits were statistically significantly higher than that of the control at the same time point after injection (P < 0.05). The detection rate of SLN was 100%. Conclusions Indirect CT-LG with injection of Au DENPs as CT contrast agents can locate the SLN for a long period of time and enrich the SLN black dye. It is helpful for SLNs identification during the operation.
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Yang Y, Zhou J, Shi X, Sha Y, Wu H. Long-term observation of indirect lymphography using gadolinium-loaded polyethylenimine-entrapped gold nanoparticles as a dual mode CT/MR contrast agent for rabbit lingual sentinel lymph node identification. Acta Otolaryngol 2017; 137:207-214. [PMID: 27577609 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2016.1222550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS The rabbit lingual sentinel lymph node (SLN) could be long-term visualized by indirect lymphography using gadolinium-loaded polyethylenimine-entrapped gold nanoparticles (Gd-Au PENPs) as CT/MR dual-modal contrast agent. OBJECTIVE To investigate duration and intensity of rabbit lingual SLN enhancement using Gd-Au PENPs as a CT/MR dual-modal contrast agent. METHODS Twelve rabbits were randomly divided into indirect CT lymphography (CT-LG) and MR lymphography (MR-LG) groups. In each group, two rabbits received unilateral injection and four received bilateral injection of Gd-Au PENPs in the sub-mucosa of the tongue. Then the enhancement characteristics of SLN were investigated. RESULTS The enhanced SLNs were observed in 100% in all rabbits by indirect CT-LG and MR-LG simultaneously at 1 min after injection. Then SLN enhancement was improved rapidly and the first peaks were observed at 25 min for CT-LG and 1 h for MR-LG, respectively, then SLN enhancement decreased gradually to a minimum at 2 h for CT-LG and 3 h for MR-LG. Afterwards, the enhancement intensity increased again and second peaks were observed at 24 h for both CT-LG and MR-LG. Hereafter, the intensity dropped slowly and weak enhancement was also observed at the 40th week for CT-LG and 31st day for MR-LG. Black-stained SLNs were visualized in 100% at autopsy in all rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yan Sha
- Department of Radiology, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Haitao Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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Soultani C, Patsikas MN, Karayannopoulou M, Jakovljevic S, Chryssogonidis I, Papazoglou L, Papaioannou N, Papadopoulou P, Pavlidou K, Ilia GM, Kaitzis DG, Ilia TM. ASSESSMENT OF SENTINEL LYMPH NODE METASTASIS IN CANINE MAMMARY GLAND TUMORS USING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC INDIRECT LYMPHOGRAPHY. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 58:186-196. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Soultani
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Michail N. Patsikas
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Maria Karayannopoulou
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Chryssogonidis
- Department of Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Lysimachos Papazoglou
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papaioannou
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Paraskevi Papadopoulou
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Kyriaki Pavlidou
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Georgia M. Ilia
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Dimitrios G. Kaitzis
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Tatiana M. Ilia
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
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Yang Y, Shi F, Zhou J, Shi X, Sha Y, Wu H. Short-Term Dynamic Observation of the Color Change and Enhancement Effect of Polyethylenimine-Entrapped Gold Nanoparticles Used for Indirect Lymphography. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2016; 78:136-43. [PMID: 27234613 DOI: 10.1159/000446190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To dynamically observe the color change and enhancement effect of gadolinium-loaded polyethylenimine-entrapped gold nanoparticles (Gd-Au PENPs) as a dual-mode CT/MRI contrast agent for sentinel lymph node (SLN) identification. METHODS In 6 rabbits, Gd-Au PENPs were injected into the right side tongue submucosa, after which the color change of cervical draining lymph nodes was observed. Then the draining lymph nodes were examined by CT/MRI scan. Another 6 rabbits were randomly divided into a CT lymphography (CT-LG) and a MRI lymphography (MRI-LG) group and examined by CT/MRI scan 1 and 30 min after injection. Then SLNs were identified under the guidance of CT/MRI-LG. RESULTS The ipsilateral afferent lymphatic vessels, cervical draining lymph nodes and efferent lymphatic vessels were stained black orderly and constantly after Gd-Au PENPs injection. Thirty minutes after injection, all cervical lymph nodes were excised to be examined by CT/MRI scan, and only the black-stained draining lymph nodes were enhanced. The 6 rabbits with CT/MRI-LG showed clear enhancement of SLNs. With indirect lymphography, the black-stained SLNs were easily visualized at autopsy. In all rabbits, the identification rate of lingual SLNs was 100%. CONCLUSIONS Rabbit lingual SLNs could be identified with indirect lymphography using Gd-Au PENPs as a dual-mode contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Shi F, Peng C, Yang Y, Sha Y, Shi X, Wu H. Enhanced CT imaging of human laryngeal squamous carcinoma and indirect CT lymphography imaging using PEGylated PAMAM G5·NH2-entrapped gold nanoparticles as contrast agent. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Brissot HN, Edery EG. Use of indirect lymphography to identify sentinel lymph node in dogs: a pilot study in 30 tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:740-753. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. N. Brissot
- Department of small animal surgery (Brissot) and internal medicine (Edery); Pride Veterinary Centre; Derby UK
| | - E. G. Edery
- Department of small animal surgery (Brissot) and internal medicine (Edery); Pride Veterinary Centre; Derby UK
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KONDO R, FUJITA T, NISHIMURA H, KAMEDA N, FUJIMORI M. Comparison of 3D-CT Lymphography Images before and after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3919/jjsa.77.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi KONDO
- Department of Surgery, Koyama Memorial Hospital
- Department of Breast Surgery, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center
| | - Tomoyuki FUJITA
- Department of Breast Surgery, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center
| | - Hajime NISHIMURA
- Department of Breast Surgery, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center
| | | | - Minoru FUJIMORI
- Department of Breast Surgery, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center
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Honda K, Ishiyama K, Suzuki S, Oumi E, Sato T, Kawasaki Y, Saito H, Ishikawa K. Sentinel lymph node biopsy using computed tomographic lymphography in patients with early tongue cancer. Acta Otolaryngol 2015; 135:507-12. [PMID: 25761497 PMCID: PMC4487571 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2015.1010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Conclusions: Because computed tomography (CT) lymphography provides preoperative images of anatomic relationships between a tumor, its associated lymph vessels, and the sentinel lymph node (SLN), it may aid in directing the SLN biopsy for management of early tongue cancer. Objectives: SLN biopsy using a radioisotope (RI) generally has been performed in head and neck cancer. However, this method can be performed only at institutions that are licenced for its use. In this study, we evaluated the utility of performing SLN biopsy in patients with early tongue cancer using the newly developed technique of CT lymphography. Methods: Enrolled in this study were 31 patients with T1N0 or T2N0 tongue cancer. CT images were obtained before and after injection of iopamidol into the peritumoral region and the SLN was identified as the first enhanced lymph node. SLN biopsy was performed using CT lymphographic guidance combined with blue dye injection. Results: The SLN was detected by CT lymphography in 28 cases (90.3%). By intraoperative frozen section examination, metastases to SLNs were found in 4 (14.3%) (T1N0, 1 patient; T2N0, 3 patients) of the 28 patients. Of these four, SLN micrometastases were found in one patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Honda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
- Correspondence: Kohei Honda, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan 010-8543. +81 18 836 2622.
| | - Koich Ishiyama
- Department of Radiology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | | | - Eigo Oumi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
| | - Teruyuki Sato
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
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Breast sentinel lymph node navigation with three-dimensional computed tomography-lymphography: a 12-year study. Breast Cancer 2015; 23:456-62. [PMID: 25577514 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-015-0584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the utility of three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT)-lymphography (LG) breast sentinel lymph node navigation in our institute. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between 2002 and 2013, we preoperatively identified sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in 576 clinically node-negative breast cancer patients with T1 and T2 breast cancer using 3D CT-LG method. SLN biopsy (SLNB) was performed in 557 of 576 patients using both the images of 3D CT-LG for guidance and the blue dye method. RESULTS Using 3D CT-LG, SLNs were visualized in 569 (99%) of 576 patients. Of 569 patients, both lymphatic draining ducts and SLNs from the peritumoral and periareolar areas were visualized in 549 (96%) patients. Only SLNs without lymphatic draining ducts were visualized in 20 patients. Drainage lymphatic pathways visualized with 3D CT-LG (549 cases) were classified into four patterns: single route/single SLN (355 cases, 65%), multiple routes/single SLN (59 cases, 11%) single route/multiple SLNs (62 cases, 11%) and multiple routes/multiple SLNs (73 cases, 13%). SLNs were detected in 556 (99.8%) of 557 patients during SLNB. CONCLUSION CT-LG is useful for preoperative visualization of SLNs and breast lymphatic draining routes. This preoperative method should contribute greatly to the easy detection of SLNs during SLNB.
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Mokhtar M, Tadokoro Y, Nakagawa M, Morimoto M, Takechi H, Kondo K, Tangoku A. Triple assessment of sentinel lymph node metastasis in early breast cancer using preoperative CTLG, intraoperative fluorescence navigation and OSNA. Breast Cancer 2014; 23:202-10. [PMID: 25069434 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-014-0551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) became a standard surgical procedure for patients with early breast cancer; however, the optimal method of sentinel lymph node (SLN) identification remains controversial. The current study presents the protocol of our institution for preoperative and intraoperative SLN detection. METHODS Fifty female patients with early breast cancer and clinically node-negative axilla were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent preoperative CT lymphography (CTLG), intraoperative SLNB using fluorescence navigation, intraoperative one-step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA) and postoperative hematoxylin and eosin histopathological analysis. Prediction of metastasis by CTLG and detection of metastasis by OSNA were compared to results of histopathology as standard reference. RESULTS SLN were identified by preoperative CTLG and intraoperative SLNB with fluorescence navigation in all patients, the identification rate was 100 %. SLN metastases were detected as positive by OSNA in 9 patients (18 %), 4 were (++), 4 were (+) and 1 was (+I). SLN metastases were detected as positive by histopathology in 10 patients (20 %). The concordance rate between OSNA and permanent sections was 90 %. The negative predictive value of CTLG was 80 %. CONCLUSION Use of CTLG and fluorescence navigation made performing SLNB with high accuracy possible in institutions that cannot use the radioisotope method. OSNA provided accurate intraoperative method, allowing for completion of axillary node dissection during surgery and avoidance of second surgical procedure in patients with positive SLNs, thereby reducing patient distress and, finally, saving hospital costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mokhtar
- Department of Oncological Medical Services, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan.,Department of Oncological Surgery, Minia Oncology Institute, Minya, 61111, Egypt
| | - Yukiko Tadokoro
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan.
| | - Misako Nakagawa
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Masami Morimoto
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Takechi
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kondo
- Department of Oncological Medical Services, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Tangoku
- Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
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Murtaza G, Gao K, Liu T, Tariq I, Sajjad A, Akram MR, Niu M, Liu G, Mehmood Z, Tian G. Current and future lymphatic imaging modalities for tumor staging. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:714674. [PMID: 24757671 PMCID: PMC3976799 DOI: 10.1155/2014/714674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor progression is supported by the lymphatic system which should be scanned efficiently for tumor staging as well as the enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Poor resolution and low sensitivity is a limitation of traditional lymphatic imaging modalities; thus new noninvasive approaches like nanocarriers, magnetic resonance imaging, positron-emission tomography, and quantum dots are advantageous. Some newer modalities, which are under development, and their potential uses will also be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Kuo Gao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tiegang Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Imran Tariq
- University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ashif Sajjad
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | | | - Meiying Niu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guokai Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Dong Cheng District, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zahid Mehmood
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Guihua Tian
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Dong Cheng District, Beijing 100700, China
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Kitagawa M, Ichikawa D, Komatsu S, Okamoto K, Shiozaki A, Fujiwara H, Murayama Y, Kuriu Y, Ikoma H, Nakanishi M, Ochiai T, Kokuba Y, Sonoyama T, Otsuji E. Evaluation of lymph node metastasis in patients with gastric cancer: a comparison of the directionality of lymph node metastasis and the total number of metastatic lymph nodes. Surg Today 2012; 43:130-5. [PMID: 23232554 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-012-0454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The clinical impact of the directionality of lymph node (LN) metastasis was assessed in comparison with the staging by the Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma (JCGC), a numerical LN staging system. METHODS Two hundred forty-one gastric cancer patients who were diagnosed pathologically to have LN metastasis, and 54 patients who underwent preoperative multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) with an image thickness of 1 mm were classified into three groups (unidirectional [Uni-], bidirectional [Bi-], and tridirectional [Tri-] groups) depending on the directionality of their LN metastasis. RESULTS The prognosis of the Uni-group was better than that of the Bi- or the Tri-group when assessed on the basis of the pathological findings of metastatic LN and also the preoperative MDCT findings. The exact preoperative evaluation was 70.2 % for the directionality system and 61.7 % for the JCGC system, respectively. The stages were less frequently underestimated by the directionality system than the JCGC system (P < 0.02, 19.1 vs. 34.0 %), and the staging could be more precisely performed by both systems in combination. CONCLUSIONS More precise preoperative evaluation of disease stage could be obtained by the directionality system and the JCGC system in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Kitagawa
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, 602-8566 Kyoto, Japan
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17
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Yokohata K, Hattori M, Fujimoto T, Chikazawa N, Maeyama R, Yamanaka N, Kuroki H, Sasaki N, Kameoka N, Matoba N. Computed tomographic lymphography predicts the difficulty of sentinel lymph node biopsy with dye. Breast Cancer 2012; 21:198-201. [DOI: 10.1007/s12282-012-0385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nune SK, Gunda P, Majeti BK, Thallapally PK, Forrest ML. Advances in lymphatic imaging and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:876-85. [PMID: 21718728 PMCID: PMC3164439 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains the second leading cause of death after heart disease in the US. While metastasized cancers such as breast, prostate, and colon are incurable, before their distant spread, these diseases have invaded the lymphatic system as a first step in their progression. Hence, proper evaluation of the disease state of the lymphatics which drain a tumor site is crucial to staging and the formation of a treatment plan. Current lymphatic imaging modalities with visible dyes and radionucleotide tracers offer limited sensitivity and poor resolution; however, newer tools using nanocarriers, quantum dots, and magnetic resonance imaging promise to vastly improve the staging of lymphatic spread without needless biopsies. Concurrent with the improvement of lymphatic imaging agents, has been the development of drug carriers that can localize chemotherapy to the lymphatic system, thus improving the treatment of localized disease while minimizing the exposure of healthy organs to cytotoxic drugs. This review will focus on the use of various nanoparticulate and polymeric systems that have been developed for imaging and drug delivery to the lymph system, how these new devices improve upon current technologies, and where further improvement is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish K. Nune
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Padmaja Gunda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Bharat K. Majeti
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093-0803
| | - Praveen K. Thallapally
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - M. Laird Forrest
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
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Assessment of cervical lymph node metastases using indirect computed tomography lymphography with iopamidol in a tongue VX2 carcinoma model. J Laryngol Otol 2011; 125:820-8. [PMID: 21729450 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215111000958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the performance of indirect computed tomography lymphography with iopamidol for detecting cervical lymph node metastases in a tongue VX2 carcinoma model. MATERIALS AND METHODS A metastatic cervical lymph node model was created by implanting VX2 carcinoma suspension into the tongue submucosa of 21 rabbits. Computed tomography images were obtained 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes after iopamidol injection, on days 11, 14, 21 (six rabbits each) and 28 (three rabbits) after carcinoma transplantation. Computed tomography lymphography was performed, and lymph node filling defects and enhancement characteristics evaluated. RESULTS Indirect computed tomography lymphography revealed bilateral enhancement of cervical lymph nodes in all animals, except for one animal imaged on day 28. There was significantly slower evacuation of contrast in metastatic than non-metastatic nodes. A total of 41 enhanced lymph nodes displayed an oval or round shape, or local filling defects. One lymph node with an oval shape was metastatic (one of 11, 9.1 per cent), while 21 nodes with filling defects were metastatic (21/30, 70 per cent). The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values when using a filling defect diameter of 1.5 mm as a diagnostic criterion were 86.4, 78.9, 82.9, 82.6 and 83.3 per cent, respectively. CONCLUSION When using indirect computed tomography lymphography to detect metastatic lymph nodes, filling defects and slow evacuation of contrast agent are important diagnostic features.
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Wu H, Ying H, Xi X, Shen N, Shu Y, Hoffman MR, Rieves A, Sha Y, Zhou L. Localization of the sentinel lymph node in tongue VX2 carcinoma via indirect CT lymphography combined with methylene blue dye injection. Acta Otolaryngol 2010; 130:503-10. [PMID: 19883177 DOI: 10.3109/00016480903253595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS Indirect computed tomography lymphography (CT-LG) combined with blue dye injection can locate the sentinel lymph node (SLN) in tongue carcinoma. OBJECTIVE To localize the SLN in tongue VX2 carcinoma using indirect CT-LG combined with methylene blue injection. METHODS Eighteen rabbits were placed into three groups: metastasis, hyperplasia, and control. Indirect CT-LG was performed with an iohexol injection into the tongue submucosa. CT images were acquired at 1, 5, and 15 min after injection. Methylene blue was injected into the same area 24 h after indirect CT-LG, followed by SLN identification and histopathological examination. RESULTS SLNs were visualized with an identification rate of 100%. SLN location identified using CT lymphography was confirmed by methylene blue dye. Control and hyperplastic enhanced SLNs were round or oval without any filling defects. Control rabbits had enhanced SLN attenuation values of 689.2 +/- 55.4 HU, 278.4 +/- 33.5 HU, and 71.7 +/- 9.2 HU at 1, 5, and 15 min after injection, respectively. Hyperplastic rabbits had values of 877.4 +/- 69.4 HU, 352.5 +/- 43.3 HU, and 80.2 +/- 11.5 HU. Filling defects were only observed in the ipsilateral metastatic SLNs of the metastasis group. CT attenuation values of the metastatic SLNs were 687.4 +/- 55.6 HU, 535.1 +/- 86.6 HU, and 282.3 +/- 19.4 HU at 1, 5, and 15 min, respectively, after iohexol injection. Metastatic lymph node attenuation values were significantly greater than those of the control or hyperplastic nodes at 5 (p < 0.001) and 15 min (p < 0.001) after injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, EENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 FenYang Road, Shanghai, PR China.
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Preliminary study of indirect CT lymphography-guided sentinel lymph node biopsy in a tongue VX2 carcinoma model. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009; 38:1268-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sentinel lymph node biopsy using CT lymphography in breast cancer. Breast Cancer 2009; 18:129-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s12282-009-0183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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