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Ghanami Gashti N, Sadighi Gilani MA, Kabodmehri R, Nikmahzar A, Salem M, Abbasi M. Evaluation of PGK2 and ACR proteins in seminal plasma: suggestion of potential new biomarkers for prediction of sperm retrieval in non-obstructive azoospermia patients. HUM FERTIL 2023; 26:1073-1079. [PMID: 35930251 DOI: 10.1080/14647273.2022.2104136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the role of testis-specific proteins, PGK2 and ACR, in the prediction of sperm retrieval results by microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) in men with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). This was a case-control study including 48 semen samples of NOA patients undergoing the micro-TESE procedure, 15 semen samples from normozoospermic men as the positive control, and 12 semen samples from obstructive azoospermia/post-vasectomy (OA/PV) as negative controls. We investigated the levels of PGK2 and ACR proteins by ELISA tests in seminal plasma samples. The ELISA results revealed a significantly higher concentration of PGK2 and ACR in the NOA patients with successful sperm retrieval (NOA+) in comparison to NOA patients with failed sperm retrieval (NOA-) group (p = 0.0001 in both cases). For the first time, the data from this study suggests that a seminal PGK2 concentration of 136.3 pg/ml and ACR concentration of 21.75 mIU/ml can be used as cut-off values for the prediction of micro-TESE outcomes in NOA patients. These findings may be useful to avoid unnecessary micro-TESE operations. Overall, the seminal levels of the PGK2 and ACR proteins may be useful in predicting sperm retrieval success by micro-TESE in NOA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Ghanami Gashti
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Al-Zahra Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Sadighi Gilani
- Department of Andrology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Urology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Kabodmehri
- Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Al-Zahra Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Aghbibi Nikmahzar
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Salem
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Abbasi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chen T, Wang Y, Tian L, Guo X, Xia J, Wang Z, Song N. Aberrant Gene Expression Profiling in Men With Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome. Front Immunol 2022; 13:821010. [PMID: 35833143 PMCID: PMC9273009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.821010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sertoli cell-only syndrome (SCOS) is the most severe and common pathological type of non-obstructive azoospermia. The etiology of SCOS remains largely unknown to date despite a handful of studies reported in this area. According to the gene expression of testicular tissue samples in six datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus, we detected 1441 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between SCOS and obstructive azoospermia (OA) testicular tissue samples. Enriched GO terms and KEGG pathways for the downregulated genes included various terms and pathways related to cell cycle and reproduction, while the enrichment for the upregulated genes yielded many inflammation-related terms and pathways. In accordance with the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, all genes in the most critical module belonged to the downregulated DEGs, and we obtained nine hub genes, including CCNB1, AURKA, CCNA2, BIRC5, TYMS, UBE2C, CDC20, TOP2A, and OIP5. Among these hub genes, six were also found in the most significant SCOS-specific module obtained from consensus module analysis. In addition, most of SCOS-specific modules did not have a consensus counterpart. Based on the downregulated genes, transcription factors (TFs) and kinases within the upstream regulatory network were predicted. Then, we compared the difference in infiltrating levels of immune cells between OA and SCOS samples and found a significantly higher degree of infiltration for most immune cells in SCOS than OA samples. Moreover, CD56bright natural killer cell was significantly associated with six hub genes. Enriched hallmark pathways in SCOS had remarkably more upregulated pathways than the downregulated ones. Collectively, we detected DEGs, significant modules, hub genes, upstream TFs and kinases, enriched downstream pathways, and infiltrated immune cells that might be specifically implicated in the pathogenesis of SCOS. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of SCOS and fuel future advances in its theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yichun Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linlin Tian
- Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuejiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiadong Xia
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zengjun Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Ninghong Song, ; Zengjun Wang,
| | - Ninghong Song
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Affiliated Kezhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Kezhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ninghong Song, ; Zengjun Wang,
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3
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Ghieh F, Barbotin AL, Swierkowski-Blanchard N, Leroy C, Fortemps J, Gerault C, Hue C, Mambu Mambueni H, Jaillard S, Albert M, Bailly M, Izard V, Molina-Gomes D, Marcelli F, Prasivoravong J, Serazin V, Dieudonne MN, Delcroix M, Garchon HJ, Louboutin A, Mandon-Pepin B, Ferlicot S, Vialard F. OUP accepted manuscript. Hum Reprod 2022; 37:1334-1350. [PMID: 35413094 PMCID: PMC9156845 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F Ghieh
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - A L Barbotin
- Institut de Biologie de la Reproduction-Spermiologie-CECOS, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire, Lille, France
| | - N Swierkowski-Blanchard
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Département de Gynécologie Obstétrique, CHI de Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Poissy, France
| | - C Leroy
- Institut de Biologie de la Reproduction-Spermiologie-CECOS, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire, Lille, France
| | - J Fortemps
- Service d’Anatomie Pathologique, CHI de Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
| | - C Gerault
- Département de Génétique, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, CHI de Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Poissy, France
| | - C Hue
- Department of Biotechnology and Health, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm UMR 1173, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - H Mambu Mambueni
- Department of Biotechnology and Health, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm UMR 1173, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - S Jaillard
- Service de Cytogénétique, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
- INSERM, EHESP, IRSET—UMR_S 1085, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - M Albert
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - M Bailly
- Département de Gynécologie Obstétrique, CHI de Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Poissy, France
| | - V Izard
- Service d’Urologie, AP-HP, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - D Molina-Gomes
- Département de Génétique, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, CHI de Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Poissy, France
| | - F Marcelli
- Institut de Biologie de la Reproduction-Spermiologie-CECOS, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire, Lille, France
| | - J Prasivoravong
- Institut de Biologie de la Reproduction-Spermiologie-CECOS, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire, Lille, France
| | - V Serazin
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Département de Génétique, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, CHI de Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Poissy, France
| | - M N Dieudonne
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - M Delcroix
- Département de Génétique, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, CHI de Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Poissy, France
| | - H J Garchon
- Department of Biotechnology and Health, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm UMR 1173, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - A Louboutin
- Service d’Anatomie Pathologique, CHI de Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
| | - B Mandon-Pepin
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Ferlicot
- Service d’Anatomie Pathologique, AP-HP, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - F Vialard
- Correspondence address. Tel: +33-139-274-700; E-mail:
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Emad M, Omar HED, Khalifa AR, Ahmed EA, Taha EAR. Predicting the testicular function in non-obstructive azoospermia via targeted gene panel. MIDDLE EAST FERTILITY SOCIETY JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43043-021-00087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Men with non-obstructive azoospermia constitute a challenging subgroup of male infertility patients in whom a genetic cause of defective spermatogenesis may be a contributing factor. The aim of this prospective observational cohort study was to determine whether assessment of meiotic nuclear division 1 (MND1) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene expression (MND1/GAPDH) in testicular tissue could be a prognostic indicator for sperm retrieval and ICSI outcome in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. The study participants underwent clinical evaluation, conventional semen analysis, serum follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone assay, scrotal ultrasound examination, microsurgical testicular sperm extraction (mTESE), and assessment of MND1/GAPDH gene expression levels in testicular tissue via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) techniques.
Results
The MND1/GAPDH level was associated with the likelihood of identifying sperm in testicular biopsies (odds ratio (OR) 1.25, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.14 to 1.34, p < 0.0001), which was confirmed by the pairwise comparison of high vs. low levels of MND1/GAPDH (OR 5.34, 95% CI 1.97 to 13.16, p = 0.0006). The level of FSH was inversely associated with a lower chance of finding sperm (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.65, p = 0.001). Compared with small testicular volume, normal volume was inversely associated with the chance of sperm presence (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.47, p = 0.0002). However, there was no correlation between MND1/GAPDH levels and ICSI outcome.
Conclusion
Gene expression analysis to predict the likelihood of sperm retrieval following mTESE in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia provides a new avenue for future research, diagnosis and treatment of male factor infertility. Before its wider clinical application, however, this proof-of-concept should be tested in a large multinational, multicenter observational study.
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Dong M, Li H, Zhang X, Tan J. Weighted Correlation Gene Network Analysis Reveals New Potential Mechanisms and Biomarkers in Non-obstructive Azoospermia. Front Genet 2021; 12:617133. [PMID: 33868362 PMCID: PMC8044582 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.617133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) denotes a severe form of male infertility, whose etiology is still poorly understood. This is mainly due to limited knowledge on the molecular mechanisms that lead to spermatogenesis failure. In this study, we acquired microarray data from GEO DataSets and identified differentially expressed genes using the limma package in R. We identified 1,261 differentially expressed genes between non-obstructive and obstructive azoospermia. Analysis of their possible biological functions and related signaling pathways using the cluster profiler package revealed an enrichment of genes involved in germ cell development, cilium organization, and oocyte meiosis. Immune infiltration analysis indicated that macrophages were the most significant immune component of NOA, cooperating with mast cells and natural killer cells. The weighted gene coexpression network analysis algorithm generated three related functional modules, which correlated closely with clinical parameters derived from histopathological subtypes of NOA. The resulting data enabled the construction of a protein–protein interaction network of these three modules, with CDK1, CDC20, CCNB1, CCNB2, and MAD2L1 identified as hub genes. This study provides the basis for further investigation of the molecular mechanism underlying NOA, as well as indications about potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets of NOA. Finally, using tissues containing different tissue types for differential expression analysis can reflect the expression differences in different tissues to a certain extent. But this difference in expression is only related and not causal. The specific causality needs to be verified later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Dong
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Diseases and Fertility Remodeling of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jichun Tan
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Diseases and Fertility Remodeling of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
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Abstract
Infertility affects 1 in 6 couples, and male factor infertility has been implicated as a cause in 50% of cases. Azoospermia is defined as the absence of spermatozoa in the ejaculate and is considered the most extreme form of male factor infertility. Historically, these men were considered sterile but, with the advent of testicular sperm extraction and assisted reproductive technologies, men with azoospermia are able to biologically father their own children. Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) occurs when there is an impairment to spermatogenesis. This review describes the contemporary management of NOA and discusses the role of hormone stimulation therapy, surgical and embryological factors, and novel technologies such as proteomics, genomics, and artificial intelligence systems in the diagnosis and treatment of men with NOA. Moreover, we highlight that men with NOA represent a vulnerable population with an increased risk of developing cancer and cardiovascular comorbodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharu Tharakan
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Urology, Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rong Luo
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Channa N Jayasena
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suks Minhas
- Department of Urology, Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Xin L, Guo Y, Zhao HB, Yu HM, Hou L. Peroxiredoxin 6 translocates to the plasma membrane of human sperm under oxidative stress during cryopreservation. Cryobiology 2021; 100:158-163. [PMID: 33561454 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) is one antioxidant enzyme which could control the levels of reactive oxygen species and to avoid oxidative damage of sperm. In this study, we aimed to investigate the position change of PRDX6 in human sperm under oxidative stress during cryopreservation. Semen samples were obtained from 98 healthy donors and 27 asthenozoospermic donors. The plasma membrane protein and cytoplasmic protein of sperm samples were extracted and analyzed after cryopreservation. Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to measure the expressions of PRDX6. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) analysis was performed to confirm the component of sperm membrane complex. Western blot showed that the detection rate of PRDX6 in plasma membranes with low sperm motility (≤20%) was significantly higher than that with high sperm motility (≥40%). Western blot and Immunofluorescence revealed that cryopreservation and thawing induced the position change of the PRDX6 from cytoplasm to sperm membrane. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that PRDX6, ADP/ATP translocase 4 (ANT4) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphte dehydrogenase (GAPDHS) were present in the components of membrane complex after cryopreservation. The present study indicated that the presence of PRDX6 in sperm plasma membrane was related to sperm motility. GAPDHS and ANT4 may be involved the position change of the PRDX6 from cytoplasm to sperm membrane under oxidative stress during cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xin
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.
| | - Ying Guo
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.
| | - Hai-Bao Zhao
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.
| | - He-Ming Yu
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.
| | - Li Hou
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China.
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Wu YQ, Rao M, Hu SF, Ke DD, Zhu CH, Xia W. Effect of transient scrotal hyperthermia on human sperm: an iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2020; 18:83. [PMID: 32787870 PMCID: PMC7422586 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-020-00640-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Through this prospective study, we aimed to explore the change of molecular modification after the transient scrotal hyperthermia on human sperm. METHODS Ten healthy subjects selected with strict screening criteria underwent testicular warming in a 43 °C water bath for 30 min a day for 10 consecutive days. Semen samples were collected 2 weeks before the first heat treatment and 6 weeks after the first heat treatment. Proteins from the samples were labeled with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation and analyzed by two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS In contrast to the control, of the 3446 proteins identified, 61 proteins were deregulated: 28 were up-regulated and 33 were down-regulated. Approximately 95% of the differentially expressed proteins were found to participate in spermatogenesis, fertilization, or other aspects of reproduction. In particular, the expression of sperm motility and energy metabolism-related proteins AKAP4, SPESP1, ODF1, ODF2, GAPDHS, and ACTRT2, validated by western blotting of the proteins obtained from human and mouse samples, tended to be reduced under scrotal hyperthermia. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that the proteins AKAP4, ODF1, ODF2, GAPDHS, SPESP1, and ACTRT2, play an important role in the heat-induced reversible reduction in sperm concentration and motility and have the potential to be the biomarkers and clinical targets for scrotal heat treatment induced male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qing Wu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Rao
- Department of reproduction and genetics, the first affiliated hospital of Kunming medical university, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Fu Hu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Dan Ke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecological Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Hong Zhu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xia
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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Sujit KM, Sarkar S, Singh V, Pandey R, Agrawal NK, Trivedi S, Singh K, Gupta G, Rajender S. Genome-wide differential methylation analyses identifies methylation signatures of male infertility. Hum Reprod 2019; 33:2256-2267. [PMID: 30358834 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do methylation changes in sperm DNA correlate with infertility? STUDY ANSWER Loss of spermatogenesis and fertility was correlated with 1680 differentially-methylated CpGs (DMCs) across 1052 genes. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Methylation changes in a number of genes have been correlated with reduced sperm count and motility. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This case-control study used spermatozoal DNA from 38 oligo-/oligoastheno-zoospermic infertile patients and 26 normozoospermic fertile men. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTINGS, METHODS Genome-wide methylation analysis was undertaken using 450 K BeadChip on spermatozoal DNA from six infertile and six fertile men to identify DMCs. This was followed by deep sequencing of spermatozoal DNA from 32 infertile patients and 20 fertile controls. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A total of 1680 DMCs were identified, out of which 1436 were hypermethylated and 244 were hypomethylated. Classification of DMCs according to the genes identified BCAN, CTNNA3, DLGAP2, GATA3, MAGI2 and TP73 among imprinted genes, SPATA5, SPATA7, SPATA16 and SPATA22 among spermatogenesis-associated genes, KDM4C and JMJD1C, EZH2 and HDAC4 among genes which regulate methylation and gene expression, HLA-C, HLA-DRB6 and HLA-DQA1 among complementation and immune response genes, and CRISPLD1, LPHN3 and CPEB2 among other genes. Genes showing significant differential methylation in deep sequencing, i.e. HOXB1, GATA3, EBF3, BCAN and TCERG1L, are strong candidates for further investigations. The role of chance was ruled out by deep sequencing of select genes. LARGE-SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASON FOR CAUTION Genome-wide analyses are fairly accurate, but may not be exactly validated in replication studies across all DMCs. We used the 't' test in the genome-wide methylation analysis, whereas other tests could provide a more robust and powerful analysis. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS DMCs can serve as markers for inclusion in infertility screening panels, particularly those in the genes showing differential methylation consistent with previous studies. The genes validated by deep sequencing are strong candidates for investigations of their roles in spermatogenesis. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The study was funded by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Govt. of India with grant number BSC0101 awarded to Rajender Singh. None of the authors has any competing interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saumya Sarkar
- Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Vertika Singh
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit-TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Neeraj Kumar Agrawal
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sameer Trivedi
- Department of Urology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Kiran Singh
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Gopal Gupta
- Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Singh Rajender
- Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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10
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Yang LX, Yang LK, Zhu J, Chen JH, Wang YH, Xiong K. Expression signatures of long non-coding RNA and mRNA in human traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:632-641. [PMID: 30632503 PMCID: PMC6352599 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.247467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a key role in craniocerebral disease, although their expression profiles in human traumatic brain injury are still unclear. In this regard, in this study, we examined brain injury tissue from three patients of the 101st Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, China (specifically, a 36-year-old male, a 52-year-old female, and a 49-year-old female), who were diagnosed with traumatic brain injury and underwent brain contusion removal surgery. Tissue surrounding the brain contusion in the three patients was used as control tissue to observe expression characteristics of lncRNAs and mRNAs in human traumatic brain injury tissue. Volcano plot filtering identified 99 lncRNAs and 63 mRNAs differentially expressed in frontotemporal tissue of the two groups (P < 0.05, fold change > 1.2). Microarray analysis showed that 43 lncRNAs were up-regulated and 56 lncRNAs were down-regulated. Meanwhile, 59 mRNAs were up-regulated and 4 mRNAs were down-regulated. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed 27 signaling pathways associated with target genes and, in particular, legionellosis and influenza A signaling pathways. Subsequently, a lncRNA-gene network was generated, which showed an absolute correlation coefficient value > 0.99 for 12 lncRNA-mRNA pairs. Finally, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction confirmed different expression of the five most up-regulated mRNAs within the two groups, which was consistent with the microarray results. In summary, our results show that expression profiles of mRNAs and lncRNAs are significantly different between human traumatic brain injury tissue and surrounding tissue, providing novel insight regarding lncRNAs’ involvement in human traumatic brain injury. All participants provided informed consent. This research was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration number: ChiCTR-TCC-13004002) and the protocol version number is 1.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xiang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, 101st Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Kun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, 101st Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, 101st Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun-Hui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, 101st Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Hai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, 101st Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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11
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Zhou Y, Connor EE, Bickhart DM, Li C, Baldwin RL, Schroeder SG, Rosen BD, Yang L, Van Tassell CP, Liu GE. Comparative whole genome DNA methylation profiling of cattle sperm and somatic tissues reveals striking hypomethylated patterns in sperm. Gigascience 2018; 7:4965117. [PMID: 29635292 PMCID: PMC5928411 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giy039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although sperm DNA methylation has been studied in humans and other species, its status in cattle is largely unknown. Results Using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS), we profiled the DNA methylome of cattle sperm through comparison with three somatic tissues (mammary gland, brain, and blood). Large differences between cattle sperm and somatic cells were observed in the methylation patterns of global CpGs, pericentromeric satellites, partially methylated domains (PMDs), hypomethylated regions (HMRs), and common repeats. As expected, we observed low methylation in the promoter regions and high methylation in the bodies of active genes. We detected selective hypomethylation of megabase domains of centromeric satellite clusters, which may be related to chromosome segregation during meiosis and their rapid transcriptional activation upon fertilization. We found more PMDs in sperm cells than in somatic cells and identified meiosis-related genes such asKIF2B and REPIN1, which are hypomethylated in sperm but hypermethylated in somatic cells. In addition to the common HMRs around gene promoters, which showed substantial differences between sperm and somatic cells, the sperm-specific HMRs also targeted to distinct spermatogenesis-related genes, including BOLL, MAEL, ASZ1, SYCP3, CTCFL, MND1, SPATA22, PLD6, DDX4, RBBP8, FKBP6, and SYCE1. Although common repeats were heavily methylated in both sperm and somatic cells, some young Bov-A2 repeats, which belong to the SINE family, were hypomethylated in sperm and could affect the promoter structures by introducing new regulatory elements. Conclusions Our study provides a comprehensive resource for bovine sperm epigenomic research and enables new discoveries about DNA methylation and its role in male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Erin E Connor
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Derek M Bickhart
- The Cell Wall Utilization and Biology Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Congjun Li
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Ransom L Baldwin
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Steven G Schroeder
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Benjamin D Rosen
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Liguo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Curtis P Van Tassell
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - George E Liu
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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12
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Zheng W, Zou Z, Lin S, Chen X, Wang F, Li X, Dai J. Identification and functional analysis of spermatogenesis‐associated gene modules in azoospermia by weighted gene coexpression network analysis. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:3934-3944. [PMID: 30269365 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Zheng
- Department of Urology Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Zihao Zou
- Department of Urology The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guanzhou Medical University, Guanzhou Medical University Guanzhou China
| | - Shouren Lin
- Department of Reproductive Medicine Peking University Shenzhen Hospital Shenzhen China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Urology Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Feixiang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice Shanghai China
| | - Xianxin Li
- Department of Surgery Shenzhen Sun Yat‐Sen Cardiovascular Hospital Shenzhen China
| | - Jican Dai
- Department of Urology Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
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13
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Monsef L, Borjian Boroujeni P, Totonchi M, Sabbaghian M, Mohseni Meybodi A. Gene alterations and expression spectrum of SPATA33 in nonobstructive azoospermic Iranian men. Mol Reprod Dev 2018; 85:760-767. [PMID: 30098056 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Genetic abnormalities have been considered a significant cause of male infertility. Increased expression of SPATA33 during the first wave of spermatogenesis indicates its possible association with the meiotic process. The aim of the current study was to investigate the genetic variations in the SPATA33 gene and its expression in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). A total of 100 Iranian NOA men with idiopathic infertility were taken as the case group. The control group comprised 100 fertile men who had at least one child. The presence of nucleotide variations was analyzed in both groups using the standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing technique. For mRNA and protein expression studies, testicular biopsy specimens from 27 patients were subdivided into three groups: nine obstructive azoospermic patients with hypospermatogenesis as control; nine maturation arrest (MA) and nine Sertoli cell-only syndromes (SCOS) as case groups. The expression of SPATA33 at both mRNA and protein levels was compared among these three groups using the reverse transcription PCR technique, the realtime-PCR technique, and immunohistochemistry. Mutation analysis of the SPATA33 gene revealed five nucleotide changes among the population studied. All but one showed no significant differences between the groups. The genotype distributions of rs112536073A > T in the transcription factor binding site region with heterozygote and homozygote genotypes were significantly different ( p < 0.05) between the two groups. More heterozygotes of this polymorphism were observed in patients, whereas more homozygotes were detected in controls. Accordingly, the current study illustrated that alterations in SPATA33 gene, at least those found in this study, may not impair spermatogenesis in patients with NOA. Reduction of gene expression at the level of mRNA in patients with SCOS can be interpreted by the absence of germ cells in the testicular tissue of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Monsef
- Department of Basic Science and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parnaz Borjian Boroujeni
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Totonchi
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Sabbaghian
- Department of Andrology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anahita Mohseni Meybodi
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Paoli D, Pelloni M, Gallo M, Coltrinari G, Lombardo F, Lenzi A, Gandini L. Sperm glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene expression in asthenozoospermic spermatozoa. Asian J Androl 2018; 19:409-413. [PMID: 27080476 PMCID: PMC5507084 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.173934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that the energy required for sperm motility is produced by oxidative phosphorylation while glycolysis seems to be an important source for ATP transmission along the flagellum. Some studies have investigated the chemical and kinetic properties of the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase to identify any changes in the regulation of glycolysis and sperm motility. In contrast, there are few studies analyzing the genetic basis of hypokinesis. For this reason, we investigated the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene in human sperm to evaluate whether asthenozoospermia was correlated with any changes in its expression. Semen examination and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene expression studies were carried out on 116 semen samples divided into two groups – Group A consisted of 58 normokinetic samples and Group B of 58 hypokinetic samples. Total RNA was extracted from spermatozoa, and real-time PCR quantification of mRNA was carried out using specific primers and probes. The expression profiles for the Groups A and B were very similar. The mean delta Ct was as follows – Group A, 5.79 ± 1.04; Group B, 5.47 ± 1.27. Our study shows that in human sperm, there is no difference in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene expression between samples with impaired motility and samples with normal kinetics. We believe that this study could help in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of sperm kinetics, suggesting that hypomotility may be due to a possible posttranscriptional impairment of the control mechanism, such as mRNA splicing, or to posttranslational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Paoli
- Laboratory of Seminology - Sperm Bank, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Pelloni
- Laboratory of Seminology - Sperm Bank, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Gallo
- Laboratory of Seminology - Sperm Bank, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Coltrinari
- Laboratory of Seminology - Sperm Bank, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Lombardo
- Laboratory of Seminology - Sperm Bank, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Laboratory of Seminology - Sperm Bank, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Gandini
- Laboratory of Seminology - Sperm Bank, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", 00161 Rome, Italy
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15
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Testis Transcriptome Modulation in Klinefelter Patients with Hypospermatogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45729. [PMID: 28361989 PMCID: PMC5374630 DOI: 10.1038/srep45729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The main genetic cause of male infertility is represented by the Klinefelter Syndrome (KS), a condition accounting for 3% of all cases of infertility and up to15% of cases of azoospermia. KS is generally characterized by azoospermia; approximately 10% of cases have severe oligozoospermia. Among these, the 30-40% of patients show hypospermatogenesis. The mechanisms leading to adult testis dysfunctions are not completely understood. A microarray transcriptome analysis was performed on testis biopsies obtained from three KS patients with hypospermatogenesis and three control subjects. KS testis showed a differential up- and down-regulation of 303 and 747 transcripts, respectively, as compared to controls. The majority of down-regulated transcripts were involved in spermiogenesis failure and testis morphological defects, whereas up-regulated genes were responsible for testis apoptotic processes. Functional analysis of the transcriptionally altered genes indicated a deregulation in cell death, germ cell function and morphology as well as blood-testis-barrier maintenance and Leydig cells activity. These data support a complex scenario in which spermatogenic impairment is the result of functional and morphological alterations in both germinal and somatic components of KS testis. These findings could represent the basis for evaluating new markers of KS spermatogenesis and potential targets of therapeutic intervention to preserve residual spermatogenesis.
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16
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Kleiman SE, Yogev L, Lehavi O, Yavetz H, Hauser R. Distinctive pattern of expression of spermatogenic molecular markers in testes of azoospermic men with non-mosaic Klinefelter syndrome. J Assist Reprod Genet 2016; 33:807-14. [PMID: 26995389 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-016-0698-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mature sperm cells can be found in testicular specimens extracted from azoospermic men with non-mosaic Klinefelter syndrome (KS). The present study evaluates the expression of various known molecular markers of spermatogenesis in a population of men with KS and assesses the ability of those markers to predict spermatogenesis. METHODS Two groups of men with non-obstructive azoospermia who underwent testicular sperm-retrieval procedures were included in the study: 31 had non-mosaic KS (KS group) and 91 had normal karyotype (NK group). Each group was subdivided into mixed atrophy (containing some mature sperm cells) or Sertoli cell only syndrome according to testicular histology and cytology observations. Semi-quantitative histological morphometric analysis (interstitial hyperplasia and hyalinization, tubules with cells and abnormal thickness of the basement membrane) and expression of spermatogenetic markers (DAZ, RBM, BOLL, and CDY1) were evaluated and compared among those subgroups. RESULTS Clear differences in the histological morphometry and spermatogenetic marker expression were noted between the KS and NK groups. There was a significant difference in the expression of spermatogenetic markers between the subgroups of the NK group (as expected), while no difference could be discerned between the two subgroups in the KS group. CONCLUSION We conclude that molecular spermatogenetic markers have a pattern of expression in men with KS that is distinctively different from that of men with NK, and that it precludes and limits their use for predicting spermatogenesis in the former. It is suggested that this difference might be due to the specific highly abnormal histological morphometric parameters in KS specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra E Kleiman
- Institute for the Study of Fertility, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6 Weizman Street, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel.
| | - Leah Yogev
- Institute for the Study of Fertility, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6 Weizman Street, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel
| | - Ofer Lehavi
- Institute for the Study of Fertility, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6 Weizman Street, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel
| | - Haim Yavetz
- Institute for the Study of Fertility, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6 Weizman Street, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel
| | - Ron Hauser
- Institute for the Study of Fertility, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6 Weizman Street, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel
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17
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Anti-GAPDHS antibodies: a biomarker of immune infertility. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 364:199-207. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2361-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Lei B, Xing R, Zhou X, Lv D, Wan B, Shu F, Zhong L, Wu H, Mao X. Neutral alpha-1,4-glucosidase and fructose levels contribute to discriminating obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermia in Chinese men with azoospermia. Andrologia 2015; 48:670-5. [PMID: 26610429 DOI: 10.1111/and.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B. Lei
- Department of Urology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong Province China
- Department of Urology; Peking University Shenzhen Hospital; Shenzhen Guangdong Province China
| | - R. Xing
- Department of Urology; Weihai Hospital; Qingdao University; Qingdao Shandong Province China
| | - X. Zhou
- Department of Urology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong Province China
| | - D. Lv
- Department of Urology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong Province China
| | - B. Wan
- Department of Urology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong Province China
| | - F. Shu
- Department of Urology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong Province China
| | - L. Zhong
- Department of Urology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong Province China
| | - H. Wu
- Department of Urology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong Province China
| | - X. Mao
- Department of Urology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong Province China
- Department of Urology; Peking University Shenzhen Hospital; Shenzhen Guangdong Province China
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