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Zerani M, Polisca A, Boiti C, Maranesi M. Current Knowledge on the Multifactorial Regulation of Corpora Lutea Lifespan: The Rabbit Model. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020296. [PMID: 33503812 PMCID: PMC7911389 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Corpora lutea (CL) are temporary endocrine structures that secrete progesterone, which is essential for maintaining a healthy pregnancy. A variety of regulatory factors come into play in modulating the functional lifespan of CL, with luteotropic and luteolytic effects. Many aspects of luteal phase physiology have been clarified, yet many others have not yet been determined, including the molecular and/or cellular mechanisms that maintain the CL from the beginning of luteolysis during early CL development. This paper summarizes our current knowledge of the endocrine and cellular mechanisms involved in multifactorial CL lifespan regulation, using the pseudopregnant rabbit model. Abstract Our research group studied the biological regulatory mechanisms of the corpora lutea (CL), paying particular attention to the pseudopregnant rabbit model, which has the advantage that the relative luteal age following ovulation is induced by the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH). CL are temporary endocrine structures that secrete progesterone, which is essential for maintaining a healthy pregnancy. It is now clear that, besides the classical regulatory mechanism exerted by prostaglandin E2 (luteotropic) and prostaglandin F2α (luteolytic), a considerable number of other effectors assist in the regulation of CL. The aim of this paper is to summarize our current knowledge of the multifactorial mechanisms regulating CL lifespan in rabbits. Given the essential role of CL in reproductive success, a deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms will provide us with valuable insights on various reproductive issues that hinder fertility in this and other mammalian species, allowing to overcome the challenges for new and more efficient breeding strategies.
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Satué K, Fazio E, Rubio MD, Cravana C, Medica P. Intrafollicular and Systemic Dopamine, Noradrenaline and Adrenaline Concentrations in Cycling Mares. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101896. [PMID: 33081160 PMCID: PMC7602788 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study provides new evidence on the physiological changes of catecholamines in follicular fluid during the follicular growth in the mare. Both dopamine and epinephrine increase in the follicular fluid with the advance of follicular development, although norepinephrine decreases. These changes could be related to the existence of systemic, autocrine and/or paracrine mechanisms of synthesis, metabolism and interconversion of catecholamines for the regulation of follicular growth and development. Abstract In some species, catecholamines in follicular fluid (FF) are related to local physiological events responsible for the regulation of ovarian functions and oocyte maturation. The aim of the present study was to determine and compare intrafollicular and systemic concentrations of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (AD) in cycling mares. Sixty ovaries were collected during breeding season from 30 mares raised for slaughterhouse meat production, with clinically normal reproductive tracts, were evaluated. Blood samples were collected prior to slaughter. Follicles were classified into three categories in relation to size: small (20–30 mm; n = 20), medium (≥31–40 mm; n = 20) and large (≥41 mm; n = 20). Follicular fluid (FF) samples were extracted from each follicle. Intrafollicular DA, NA and AD concentrations were significantly higher than the systemic concentrations (p < 0.05). Intrafollicular DA concentrations were higher in medium than small and large follicles (p < 0.05). Intrafollicular NA concentrations were higher in small than medium and large follicles (p < 0.05). Intrafollicular AD concentrations were higher in large than small and medium follicles (p < 0.05). Follicle diameter was significantly and negatively correlated with NA and AD (p < 0.05). A significant correlation of the same hormone concentration in FF and in systemic fluid was observed (p < 0.05). In summary, the FF can serve as an intraovarian catecholamine-storing compartment, with the ability to release neurotransmitters in a regulated way. These results provide novel insights into the neuronal nature of the follicle, suggesting the involvement of catecholamines in normal ovarian functions in mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska Satué
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +96-136-90-00-66013-66020
| | - Esterina Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Messina University, Via Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.F.); (C.C.); (P.M.)
| | - Maria Dolores Rubio
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Cristina Cravana
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Messina University, Via Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.F.); (C.C.); (P.M.)
| | - Pietro Medica
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Messina University, Via Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.F.); (C.C.); (P.M.)
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Barbosa MA, Veríssimo LF, Gerardin DCC, Pelosi GG, Ceravolo GS, Moreira EG. Maternal exposure to fluoxetine during gestation and lactation does not alter plasma concentrations of testosterone, oestrogen or corticosterone in peripubertal offspring. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 31:1002-1008. [PMID: 30786956 DOI: 10.1071/rd18279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antidepressants are widely used around the world, primarily for the treatment of mood disorders, anxiety and pain syndromes. Women who use antidepressants often continue to use them during pregnancy. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, including fluoxetine, are the main class of antidepressants prescribed to pregnant women. It is known that fluoxetine crosses the placental-blood barrier and is excreted in breast milk. Consequently, indirect exposure of the infant occurs. Knowing that fluoxetine alters the balance of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, several studies have shown that maternal exposure to this drug leads to various adverse effects on the nervous, reproductive and cardiovascular systems of the offspring. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of exposure to fluoxetine during gestation and lactation on parameters related to steroid hormones in prepubertal and pubertal male and female rats. The endpoints evaluated were date of puberty onset, plasma testosterone and oestrogen concentrations before and after puberty onset and corticosterone concentration before and after adrenocorticotrophin stimulus. None of the parameters was affected by fluoxetine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus A Barbosa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, PR-445, Km 380, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Veríssimo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, PR-445, Km 380, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela C C Gerardin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, PR-445, Km 380, PR, Brazil
| | - Gislaine G Pelosi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, PR-445, Km 380, PR, Brazil
| | - Graziela S Ceravolo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, PR-445, Km 380, PR, Brazil
| | - Estefania G Moreira
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, PR-445, Km 380, PR, Brazil; and Corresponding author.
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Seidlova-Wuttke D, Wuttke W. The premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual mastodynia, fibrocystic mastopathy and infertility have often common roots: effects of extracts of chasteberry (Vitex agnus castus) as a solution. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-016-0038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Meinel S, Blohberger J, Berg D, Berg U, Dissen GA, Ojeda SR, Mayerhofer A. Pro-nerve growth factor in the ovary and human granulosa cells. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2016; 24:91-9. [PMID: 26457789 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2015-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pro-nerve growth factor must be cleaved to generate mature NGF, which was suggested to be a factor involved in ovarian physiology and pathology. Extracellular proNGF can induce cell death in many tissues. Whether extracellular proNGF exists in the ovary and may play a role in the death of follicular cells or atresia was unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemistry of human and rhesus monkey ovarian sections was performed. IVF-derived follicular fluid and human granulosa cells were studied by RT-PCR, qPCR, Western blotting, ATP- and caspase-assays. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Immunohistochemistry of ovarian sections identified proNGF in granulosa cells and Western blotting of human isolated granulosa cells confirmed the presence of proNGF. Ovarian granulosa cells thus produce proNGF. Recombinant human proNGF even at high concentrations did not affect the levels of ATP or the activity of caspase 3/7, indicating that in granulosa cells proNGF does not induce death. In contrast, mature NGF, which was detected previously in follicular fluid, may be a trophic molecule for granulosa cells with unexpected functions. We found that in contrast to proNGF, NGF increased the levels of the transcription factor early growth response 1 and of the enzyme choline acetyl-transferase. A mechanism for the generation of mature NGF from proNGF in the follicular fluid may be extracellular enzymatic cleavage. The enzyme MMP7 is known to cleave proNGF and was identified in follicular fluid and as a product of granulosa cells. Thus the generation of NGF in the ovarian follicle may depend on MMP7.
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Venegas-Meneses B, Padilla JF, Juárez CE, Morán JL, Morán C, Rosas-Murrieta NH, Handal A, Domínguez R. Effects of ovarian dopaminergic receptors on ovulation. Endocrine 2015; 50:783-96. [PMID: 26024972 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hormonal and neural signals regulate the ovarian follicular development. The present study's hypothesis is that the blockade of ovarian dopamine receptors locally will affect follicle development and ovulation. Groups of adult 4-day cyclic rats of the CII-ZV strain on estrus, diestrus-1, diestrus-2, or proestrus day were injected with vehicle, haloperidol (DA2 > DA1 blocker), sulpiride (DA2 blocker), or SCH-23390 (DA1 blocker) into the bursa of both ovaries at 08:00, 13:00, or 20:00 h. Animals were sacrificed the following predicted estrus day. The following treatments blocked ovulation: injecting haloperidol to rats on estrus or diestrus-1 at 8:00, 13:00, or 20:00 h and to rats on diestrus-2 at 08:00, or 20:00 h; injecting SCH-23390 to rats on diestrus-1 at 8:00, 13:00, or 20:00 h; injecting sulpiride to rats on estrus at 20:00 h, diestrus-1 at 08:00, 13:00, or 20:00 h and to rats on diestrus-2 at 08:00 h. In rats treated with any of the dopamine antagonists that blocked ovulation, injecting GnRH at 14.00 h on the next predicted proestrus day restored ovulation. Injecting estradiol benzoate at 14.00 h of the next predicted diestrus-2 restored ovulation in some animals treated with haloperidol on estrus or diestrus-2 and was ineffective in rats treated on diestrus-1. In rats treated with sulpiride or SCH-23390 ovulation occurred in most animals (SCH-23390: 6/8; SPD: 9/12). Present results suggest that dopamine ovarian receptors' participation in regulating follicular development and ovulation varies along the estrus cycle, with their most prominent activity occurring on diestrus-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Venegas-Meneses
- Departamento de Biología y Toxicología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, CP.72570, Puebla, Mexico.
| | - José Francisco Padilla
- Departamento de Biología y Toxicología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, CP.72570, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Claudia Elvira Juárez
- Departamento de Biología y Toxicología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, CP.72570, Puebla, Mexico
| | - José Luis Morán
- Departamento de Biología y Toxicología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, CP.72570, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Carolina Morán
- Departamento de Biología y Toxicología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, CP.72570, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Nora Hilda Rosas-Murrieta
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Anabella Handal
- Departamento de Biología y Toxicología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, CP.72570, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Roberto Domínguez
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
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Ferrero H, García-Pascual CM, Pellicer N, Simón C, Pellicer A, Gómez R. Dopamine agonist inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor protein production and secretion in granulosa cells. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:104. [PMID: 26377185 PMCID: PMC4574352 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine receptor 2 agonists (D2-ags) inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion in luteinized granulosa cells (LGCs) both in vitro and in vivo. However, the mechanism of D2 regulation of the VEGF/VEGF Receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) pathway remains to be elucidated. We sought to determine the effects of D2 signaling on VEGF transcription and translation in LGCs, with the expectation of identifying potential D2-ag-based therapies for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). FINDINGS LGCs from egg donors were cultured with chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the presence of Actinomycin-D (ActD) or Brefeldin-A (BFA) to evaluate the effects of a D2-ag, cabergoline (Cb2), on VEGF secretion. The contribution of the conventional Gi/Go, Gz and AKT/β-Arrestin pathways in the VEGF regulation was assessed by adding pertussis toxin (PTX), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), or wortmannin (WT). While Cb2 inhibited VEGF secretion by interfering with VEGF peptide translation and secretion, inhibition of conventional D2 transduction pathways did not reverse Cb2-mediated inhibition of VEGF secretion. CONCLUSIONS The effects of D2-ag on VEGF translation and secretion are mediated by D2 signaling pathways that have yet to be described. We found that D2-ag inhibits VEGF secretion at the post-transcriptional level, suggesting that D2-ag treatment should be combined with therapies that inhibit VEGF transcription, such as the employment of LH or GnRH for triggering ovulation, to improve the efficacy of OHSS prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hortensia Ferrero
- Fundación IVI, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino, n°9, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario IVI/ INCLIVA, Valencia, 46015, Spain.
| | - Carmen M García-Pascual
- Fundación IVI, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino, n°9, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario IVI/ INCLIVA, Valencia, 46015, Spain.
| | - Nuria Pellicer
- Fundación IVI, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino, n°9, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain.
| | - Carlos Simón
- Fundación IVI, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino, n°9, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario IVI/ INCLIVA, Valencia, 46015, Spain.
| | - Antonio Pellicer
- Fundación IVI, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino, n°9, Paterna, Valencia, 46980, Spain.
- Hospital Universitario i Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, 46026, Spain.
| | - Raúl Gómez
- Instituto Universitario IVI/ INCLIVA, Valencia, 46015, Spain.
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Windschüttl S, Kampfer C, Mayer C, Flenkenthaler F, Fröhlich T, Schwarzer JU, Köhn FM, Urbanski H, Arnold GJ, Mayerhofer A. Human testicular peritubular cells secrete pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), which may be responsible for the avascularity of the seminiferous tubules. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12820. [PMID: 26333415 PMCID: PMC4986702 DOI: 10.1038/srep12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Male fertility depends on spermatogenesis, which takes place in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. This compartment is devoid of blood vessels, which are however found in the wall of the seminiferous tubules. Our proteomic study using cultured human testicular peritubular cells (HTPCs) i.e. the cells, which form this wall, revealed that they constitutively secrete pigment epithelium-derived factor, PEDF, which is known to exert anti-angiogenic actions. Immunohistochemistry supports its presence in vivo, in the human tubular wall. Co-culture studies and analysis of cell migration patterns showed that human endothelial cells (HUVECs) are repulsed by HTPCs. The factor involved is likely PEDF, as a PEDF-antiserum blocked the repulsing action. Thus testicular peritubular cells, via PEDF, may prevent vascularization of human seminiferous tubules. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increased PEDF (qPCR) in HTPCs, however PEDF expression in the testis of a non-human primate occurs before puberty. Thus PEDF could be involved in the establishment of the avascular nature of seminiferous tubules and after puberty androgens may further reinforce this feature. Testicular microvessels and blood flow are known to contribute to the spermatogonial stem cell niche. Hence HTPCs via control of testicular microvessels may contribute to the regulation of spermatogonial stem cells, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Windschüttl
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - C Kampfer
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - C Mayer
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - F Flenkenthaler
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - T Fröhlich
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - J U Schwarzer
- Andrologie-Centrum-München, Lortzingstraße 26, 81241, Munich, Germany
| | - F M Köhn
- Andrologicum Burgstraße 7, 80331, Münich, Germany
| | - H Urbanski
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - G J Arnold
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - A Mayerhofer
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, LMU, Munich, Germany
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Nurmio M, Kallio J, Adam M, Mayerhofer A, Toppari J, Jahnukainen K. Peritubular myoid cells have a role in postnatal testicular growth. SPERMATOGENESIS 2014; 2:79-87. [PMID: 22670217 PMCID: PMC3364795 DOI: 10.4161/spmg.20067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
FSH stimulates testicular growth by increasing Sertoli cell proliferation and elongation of seminiferous cords. Little is known about the peritubular myoid cells in testicular development. In order to investigate the role of peritubular myoid cells in early testicular growth in rodents, two traditional models to induce testicular growth were used: FSH treatment and hemicastration. In order to affect proliferation of peritubular myoid cells, both treatments were combined with imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. In addition, effects of imatinib on human testicular peritubular cell proliferation were investigated. Testicular weight, diameter and length of seminiferous cords, numbers of germ, Sertoli and BrdU-positive cells and FSH-levels were measured. FSH treatment and hemicastration increased length of the seminiferous cords and testicular weight by increasing first the early proliferation of peritubular myoid cells and later also the proliferation of the Sertoli cells. Imatinib blocked the FSH and hemicastration -induced testicular hypertrophy and decreased the proliferation of PDGF-stimulated human testicular peritubular cells in vitro. Present results provide new evidence that peritubular myoid cells have an important role in postnatal testicular growth.
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Parillo F, Maranesi M, Mignini F, Marinelli L, Di Stefano A, Boiti C, Zerani M. Evidence for a dopamine intrinsic direct role in the regulation of the ovary reproductive function: in vitro study on rabbit corpora lutea. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104797. [PMID: 25148384 PMCID: PMC4141718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) receptor (DR) type 1 (D1R) has been found to be expressed in luteal cells of various species, but the intrinsic role of the DA/DRs system on corpora lutea (CL) function is still unclear. Experiments were devised to characterize the expression of DR types and the presence of DA, as well as the in vitro effects of DA on hormone productions by CL in pseudopregnant rabbits. Immunoreactivity and gene expression for D1R decreased while that for D3R increased in luteal and blood vessel cells from early to late pseudopregnant stages. DA immunopositivity was evidenced only in luteal cells. The DA and D1R agonist increased in vitro release of progesterone and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by early CL, whereas the DA and D3R agonist decreased progesterone and increased PGF2α in vitro release by mid- and late CL. These results provide evidence that the DA/DR system exerts a dual modulatory function in the lifespan of CL: the DA/D1R is luteotropic while the DA/D3R is luteolytic. The present data shed new light on the physiological mechanisms regulating luteal activity that might improve our ability to optimize reproductive efficiency in mammal species, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Parillo
- Scuola di Bioscienze e Medicina veterinaria, Università di Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Margherita Maranesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze biopatologiche veterinarie ed Igiene delle produzioni animali e alimentari, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Mignini
- Scuola del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della salute, Università di Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Lisa Marinelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università “G. D'Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Cristiano Boiti
- Dipartimento di Scienze biopatologiche veterinarie ed Igiene delle produzioni animali e alimentari, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Zerani
- Scuola di Bioscienze e Medicina veterinaria, Università di Camerino, Matelica, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Kampfer C, Saller S, Windschüttl S, Berg D, Berg U, Mayerhofer A. Pigment-Epithelium Derived Factor (PEDF) and the human ovary: A role in the generation of ROS in granulosa cells. Life Sci 2014; 97:129-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Saller S, Kunz L, Berg D, Berg U, Lara H, Urra J, Hecht S, Pavlik R, Thaler CJ, Mayerhofer A. Dopamine in human follicular fluid is associated with cellular uptake and metabolism-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species in granulosa cells: implications for physiology and pathology. Hum Reprod 2013; 29:555-67. [PMID: 24287819 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) in the human ovary involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)? SUMMARY ANSWER Human ovarian follicular fluid contains DA, which causes the generation of ROS in cultured human granulosa cells (GCs), and alterations of DA levels in follicular fluid and DA uptake/metabolism in GCs in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are linked to increased levels of ROS. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY DA is an important neurotransmitter in the brain, and the metabolism of DA results in the generation of ROS. DA was detected in human ovarian homogenates, but whether it is present in follicular fluid and plays a role in the follicle is not known. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE AND DURATION We used human follicular fluid from patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF), GCs from patients with or without PCOS and also employed mathematical modeling to investigate the presence of DA and its effects on ROS. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING AND METHODS DA in follicular fluid and GCs was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. GC viability, apoptosis and generation of ROS were monitored in GCs upon addition of DA. Inhibitors of DA uptake and metabolism, an antioxidant and DA receptor agonists, were used to study cellular uptake and the mechanism of DA-induced ROS generation. Human GCs were examined for the presence and abundance of transcripts of the DA transporter (DAT; SLC6A3), the DA-metabolizing enzymes monoamine oxidases A/B (MAO-A/B) and catechol-O-methyltransferase and the vesicular monoamine transporter. A computational model was developed to describe and predict DA-induced ROS generation in human GCs. MAIN RESULTS AND ROLE OF CHANCE We found DA in follicular fluid of ovulatory follicles of the human ovary and in GCs. DAT and MAO-A/B, which are expressed by GCs, are prerequisites for a DA receptor-independent generation of ROS in GCs. Blockers of DAT and MAO-A/B, as well as an antioxidant, prevented the generation of ROS (P < 0.05). Agonists of DA receptors (D1 and D2) did not induce ROS. DA, in the concentration range found in follicular fluid, did not induce apoptosis of cultured GCs. Computational modeling suggested, however, that ROS levels in GCs depend on the concentrations of DA and on the cellular uptake and metabolism. In PCOS-derived follicular fluid, the levels of DA were higher (P < 0.05) in GCs, the transcript levels of DAT and MAO-A/B in GCs were 2-fold higher (P < 0.05) and the DA-induced ROS levels were found to be more than 4-fold increased (P < 0.05) compared with non-PCOS cells. Furthermore, DA at a high concentration induced apoptosis in PCOS-derived GCs. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION While the results in IVF-derived follicular fluid and in GCs reveal for the first time the presence of DA in the human follicular compartment, functions of DA could only be studied in IVF-derived GCs, which can be viewed as a cellular model for the periovulatory follicular phase. The full functional importance of DA-induced ROS in small follicles and other compartments of the ovary, especially in PCOS samples, remains to be shown. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The results identify DA as a factor in the human ovary, which, via ROS generation, could play a role in ovarian physiology and pathology. The results obtained in samples from women with PCOS suggest the involvement of DA, acting via ROS, in this condition. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported by a grant from DFG MA1080/17-3 and in part MA1080/19-1. There are no competing interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saller
- Anatomy III-Cell Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Adam M, Saller S, Ströbl S, Hennebold JD, Dissen GA, Ojeda SR, Stouffer RL, Berg D, Berg U, Mayerhofer A. Decorin is a part of the ovarian extracellular matrix in primates and may act as a signaling molecule. Hum Reprod 2012; 27:3249-58. [PMID: 22888166 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/des297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is decorin (DCN), a putative modulator of growth factor (GF) signaling, expressed in the primate ovary and does it play a role in ovarian biology? SUMMARY ANSWER DCN expression in the theca, the corpus luteum (CL), its presence in the follicular fluid (FF) and its actions revealed in human IVF-derived granulosa cells (GCs), suggest that it plays multiple roles in the ovary including folliculogenesis, ovulation and survival of the CL. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY DCN is a secreted proteoglycan, which has a structural role in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and also interferes with the signaling of multiple GF/GF receptors (GFRs). However, DCN expression and action in the primate ovary has yet to be determined. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Archival human and monkey ovarian samples were analyzed. Studies were conducted using FF and GC samples collected from IVF patients. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Immunohistochemistry, western blotting, RT-PCR, quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) studies were complemented by cellular studies, including the measurements of intracellular Ca²⁺, reactive oxygen species (ROS), epidermal GF receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation by DCN and caspase activity. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Immunohistochemistry revealed strong DCN staining in the connective tissue and follicular thecal compartments, but not in GCs of pre-antral and antral follicles. Pre-ovulatory follicles could not be studied, but DCN was associated with connective tissue of CL samples and the cytoplasm of luteal cells. DCN expression in monkey CL doubled (P < 0.05) towards the end of the luteal lifespan. DCN was found in human FF obtained from IVF patients (mean: 12.9 ng/ml; n = 20) as determined by ELISA. DCN mRNA and/or protein were detected in freshly isolated and cultured, luteinized human GCs. In the latter, exogenous human recombinant DCN increased intracellular Ca²⁺ levels and induced the production of ROS in a concentration-dependent manner. DCN, like epidermal GF, phosphorylated EGFR significantly (P < 0.05) and reduced the activity of caspase 3/7 in cultured GCs. The data indicate the expression of DCN in the theca of growing follicles, in FF of ovulatory follicles and in the CL. Therefore, DCN may exert paracrine actions via GF/GFR systems in multiple ovarian compartments. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Functional studies were performed in cultures of human luteinized GCs, which are an apt model but may not fully mirror the pre-ovulatory GC compartment or the CL. Other human ovarian cells, including the thecal cells, were not available. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS In accordance with its evolving roles in other organs, ovarian DCN is an ECM-associated component, which acts as a multifunctional regulator of GF signaling in the primate ovary. DCN may thus be involved in folliculogenesis, ovulation and the regulation of the CL survival in primates. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) MA1080/17-3 and in part DFG MA1080/21-1 (to AM), NIH grants HD24870 (S.R.O. and R.L.S.), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD/NIH through cooperative agreement HD18185 as part of the Specialized Cooperative Centers Program in Reproduction and Infertility Research (S.R.O.) and 8P51OD011092-53 for the operation of the Oregon National Primate Research Center (G.A.D., J.D.H., S.R.O. and R.L.S).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adam
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich 80802, Germany
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Chilvers RA, Bodenburg YH, Denner LA, Urban RJ. Development of a novel protocol for isolation and purification of human granulosa cells. J Assist Reprod Genet 2012; 29:547-56. [PMID: 22407611 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-012-9739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop an optimal method of isolation and purification of human granulosa cells from ovarian follicular fluid. METHODS Follicular fluid was collected from patients undergoing oocyte retrieval. A series of isolation and purification techniques was performed, involving density gradient centrifugation and use of different antibody-bead complexes. RESULTS The highest percent yield of live purified granulosa cells came from density gradient centrifugation using sucrose polymer followed by positive selection of granulosa cells using primary antibody to MISRII and secondary antibody coupled to iron oxide beads. CONCLUSIONS A novel protocol for granulosa cell purification has been developed yielding samples that are largely free of nondesirable cells. This protocol provides a purification solution, especially for patient samples that have significant RBC contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Chilvers
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Saller S, Merz-Lange J, Raffael S, Hecht S, Pavlik R, Thaler C, Berg D, Berg U, Kunz L, Mayerhofer A. Norepinephrine, active norepinephrine transporter, and norepinephrine-metabolism are involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species in human ovarian granulosa cells. Endocrinology 2012; 153:1472-83. [PMID: 22234472 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) is derived from the sympathetic nervous system and may be involved in the regulation of ovarian functions. Ovarian innervation increases in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), prompting us to readdress a role of NE in the human ovary. In vitro fertilization-derived granulosa cells (GC), follicular fluids (FF), and ovarian sections were studied. NE was found in FF and freshly isolated GC, yet significantly lower levels of NE were detected in samples from PCOS patients. Furthermore, the metabolite normetanephrine was detected in FF. Together this suggests cellular uptake and metabolism of NE in GC. In accordance, the NE transporter and NE-metabolizing enzymes [catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase A] were found in GC, COMT in GC and thecal cells of large human antral follicles in vivo and in cultured GC. Cellular uptake and metabolism of NE also occurred in cultured GC, events that could be blocked pharmacologically. NE, in the range present in FF, is unlikely to affect GC via activation of typical α- or β-receptors. In line with this assumption, it did not alter phosphorylation of MAPK. However, NE robustly induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This action occurred even when receptors were blocked but was prevented by blockers of NE transporter, COMT, and monoamine oxidase A. Thus, NE contributes to the microenvironment of preovulatory human follicles and is lower in PCOS. By inducing the production of ROS in GC, NE is linked to ROS-regulated events, which are emerging as crucial factors in ovarian physiology, including ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saller
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Spinnler K, Fröhlich T, Arnold GJ, Kunz L, Mayerhofer A. Human tryptase cleaves pro-nerve growth factor (pro-NGF): hints of local, mast cell-dependent regulation of NGF/pro-NGF action. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:31707-13. [PMID: 21768088 PMCID: PMC3173076 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.233486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several factors regulate nerve growth factor (NGF), which is formed from pro-NGF by intracellular and extracellular enzymatic cleavage. The close proximity between mast cells expressing the protease tryptase and NGF-producing smooth muscle-like peritubular cells in the testes of infertile patients led us to examine whether tryptase is among those factors. Human peritubular cells express functional tryptase receptors (PAR-2). Recombinant enzymatically active β-tryptase increased NGF levels in the culture medium of primary human peritubular cells, but the peptide agonist for PAR-2 (SLIGKV) did not. Neither tryptase nor the peptide increased NGF mRNA levels. To test whether the increase in NGF is due to enzymatic activity of tryptase acting on pro-NGF, supernatants of peritubular cells and synthetic pro-NGF were treated with tryptase. Results of Western blot studies indicate enzymatic cleavage of pro-NGF by active tryptase. Heat-inactivated tryptase or SLIGKV was not effective. Mass spectrometry analysis of in vitro cleavage products from recombinant tryptase and synthetic pro-NGF revealed multiple cleavage sites within the pro-NGF sequence. The results also indicate the generation of mature NGF and smaller NGF fragments as a result of tryptase action. Thus, tryptase-secreting mast cells in the vicinity of pro-NGF/NGF-secreting cells in any human tissue are likely able to alter the ratios of pro-NGF/NGF. As NGF and pro-NGF have different affinities for their receptors, this indicates a novel way by which mast cells, via tryptase, can modify the microenvironment in human tissues with regard to neurotrophin actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Spinnler
- From the Institute for Cell Biology and Anatomy, Ludwig Maximilians University, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany, and
| | - Georg J. Arnold
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany, and
| | - Lars Kunz
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians University, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Artur Mayerhofer
- From the Institute for Cell Biology and Anatomy, Ludwig Maximilians University, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany
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Activity of Monoamine Oxidases in Rat Female Genital Organs During Preimplantation Period of Pregnancy. ACTA MEDICA MARTINIANA 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/v10201-011-0002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity of Monoamine Oxidases in Rat Female Genital Organs During Preimplantation Period of PregnancyOur objectives in the present study were to determine the activity of monoamine oxidases A and B (MAO AB) in rat ovary, oviduct and uterus during preimplantation period of pregnancy. It should help us to clarify and better understand possible involvement of both MAO enzymes in the reproductive process. Pregnant females were killed employing a lethal dose of thiopental on the first (D1), on the third (D3), and on the fifth (D5) days of pregnancy. Rats were perfused transcardially with the PBS to rinse out of the body as much blood as possible. Ovaries, oviducts and uteri were immediately removed and stored until the measurement was done. MAO activity was determined by fluorescent monoamine oxidase detection kit. In the ovaries we have found the highest MAO activity at D3, followed by D1, and the lowest levels were recorded at D5 of pregnancy. In the oviducts, the highest MAO activity was detected again at D3, followed by D5, and by D1 of pregnancy. But statistical analysis did not reveal any difference between individual days of pregnancy nor in the ovaries, neither in uterine tubes. Uteri were the only organs, in which statistically significant differences were detected (p<0.001). The highest activity of MAO was observed at D5, followed by D1, and by D3 of pregnancy. Potential mechanisms responsible for the changed MAO activity in gonads during preimplantation period of pregnancy are proposed.
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Mihalik J, Mašlanková J, Špakovská T, Mareková M, Hodorová I, Kušnír J, Rybárová S, Ferenc P, Schmidtová K. Impact of 2 doses of clorgyline on the rat preimplantation embryo development and the monoamine levels in urine. Reprod Sci 2010; 17:734-41. [PMID: 20595704 DOI: 10.1177/1933719110369181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We have evaluated the impact of chronic administration of clorgyline, a potent monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and a former antidepressant, on the preimplantation embryo development in Wistar rats. Females were injected intraperitoneally daily for 30 days with saline (control animals), or with a low-dose clorgyline (LDC, 0.1 mg/kg per d) or with a high-dose clorgyline (HDC, 1 mg/kg per d). Embryos were isolated on day 5 of pregnancy and urine was collected by puncture of the urinary bladder. The number of embryos per female did not differ between experimental groups and control, but we have recorded a decreased number of embryos in HDC group compared to LDC (P < .05). We have found that LDC significantly reduced the presence of healthy embryos and increased the presence of the degenerated embryos (P < .001). The administration of the LDC resulted in the lowest cell number in blastocysts. We have observed significantly increased serotonin levels in HDC group compared to both control (P < .05) and LDC animals (P < .01). Norepinephrine (NE) levels in both experimental groups were significantly elevated compared to controls. Dopamine levels did not differ between groups (P > .05). We speculate that lesser negative effect of HDC compared to LDC on the preimplantation embryo development could be the consequence of the lower NE levels and/or elevated serotonin levels. Potential mechanisms mediating clorgyline-induced impaired preimplantation embryo development are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Mihalik
- Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, P J Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic.
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Novella-Maestre E, Carda C, Ruiz-Sauri A, Garcia-Velasco JA, Simon C, Pellicer A. Identification and Quantification of Dopamine Receptor 2 in Human Eutopic and Ectopic Endometrium: A Novel Molecular Target for Endometriosis Therapy1. Biol Reprod 2010; 83:866-73. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.084392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Saller S, Kunz L, Dissen G, Stouffer R, Ojeda S, Berg D, Berg U, Mayerhofer A. Oxytocin receptors in the primate ovary: molecular identity and link to apoptosis in human granulosa cells. Hum Reprod 2010; 25:969-76. [PMID: 20097922 PMCID: PMC2839908 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxytocin (OT) is produced by granulosa cells (GCs) of pre-ovulatory ovarian follicles and the corpus luteum (CL) in some mammalian species. Actions of OT in the ovary have been linked to luteinization, steroidogenesis and luteolysis. Human IVF-derived (h)GCs possess a functional OT receptor (OTR), linked to elevation of intracellular Ca(2+), but molecular identity of the receptor for OT in human granulosa cells (hGCs) and down-stream consequences are not known. METHODS AND RESULTS RT-PCR, sequencing and immunocytochemistry identified the genuine OTR in hGCs. OT (10 nM-10 microM) induced elevations of intracellular Ca(2+) levels (Fluo-4 measurements), which were blocked by tocinoic acid (TA; 50 microM, a selective OTR-antagonist). Down-stream effects of OTR-activation include a concentration dependent decrease in cell viability/metabolism, manifested by reduced ATP-levels, increased caspase3/7-activity (P < 0.05) and electron microscopical signs of cellular regression. TA blocked all of these changes. Immunoreactive OTR was found in the CL and GCs of large and, surprisingly, also small pre-antral follicles of the human ovary. Immunoreactive OTR in the rhesus monkey ovary was detected in primordial and growing primary follicles in the infantile ovary and in follicles at all stages of development in the adult ovary, as well as the CL: these results were corroborated by RT-PCR analysis of GCs excised by laser capture microdissection. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies genuine OTRs in human and rhesus monkey GCs. Activation by high levels of OT leads to cellular regression in hGCs. As GCs of small follicles also express OTRs, OT may have as yet unknown functions in follicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Saller
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Munich, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, 80802 München, Germany
| | - L. Kunz
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Munich, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, 80802 München, Germany
| | - G.A. Dissen
- Division of Neurosciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - R. Stouffer
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - S.R. Ojeda
- Division of Neurosciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - D. Berg
- Assisted Reproductive Technologies Bogenhausen, Munich, Germany
| | - U. Berg
- Assisted Reproductive Technologies Bogenhausen, Munich, Germany
| | - A. Mayerhofer
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Munich, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, 80802 München, Germany
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Schell C, Albrecht M, Spillner S, Mayer C, Kunz L, Köhn FM, Schwarzer U, Mayerhofer A. 15-Deoxy-delta 12-14-prostaglandin-J2 induces hypertrophy and loss of contractility in human testicular peritubular cells: implications for human male fertility. Endocrinology 2010; 151:1257-68. [PMID: 20133451 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The wall of the seminiferous tubules contains contractile smooth-muscle-like peritubular cells, thought to be important for sperm transport. Impaired spermatogenesis in men typically involves remodeling of this wall, and we now found that smooth muscle cell (SMC) markers, namely myosin heavy chain (MYH11) and smooth muscle actin (SMA) are often lost or diminished in peritubular cells of testes of men with impaired spermatogenesis. This suggests reduced contractility of the peritubular wall, which may contribute to sub- or infertility. In these cases, testicular expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) implies formation of prostaglandins (PGs). When screening different PGs for their ability to target human testicular peritubular cells (HTPCs), only a PG metabolite, 15-deoxy-Delta(12-14)-prostaglandin-J2 (15dPGJ2), was effective. In primary cultures of HTPCs, 15dPGJ2 increased cell size in a reversible manner. Importantly, 15dPGJ2 treatment resulted in a loss of typical differentiation markers for SMCs, namely MYH11, calponin, and SMA, whereas fibroblast markers were unchanged. Collagen gel contraction assays revealed that this loss correlates with a reduced ability to contract. Experiments with an antagonist (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether) and agonist (troglitazone) for a cognate 15dPGJ2 receptor (i.e. peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma) indicated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma is not directly involved. Rather, the mode of action of 15dPGJ2 involves reactive oxygen species. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine not only blocked ROS formation but also prevented the increase in cell size and the loss of contractility in HTPCs challenged with 15dPGJ2. We conclude that 15dPGJ2, via reactive oxygen species, influences SMC phenotype and contractility of human peritubular cells and possibly is involved in the development of human male sub-/infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schell
- Institute for Cell Biology, Anatomy, and Center for Integrated Protein Science, Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig Maximilian University, Biedersteinerstrasse 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany
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Arrighi N, Bodei S, Zani D, Simeone C, Fiorentini C, Missale C, Milanese G, Dellabella M, Muzzonigro G, Cunico SC, Spano P, Sigala S. Molecular and pharmacological detection of dopaminergic receptors in the human male urinary tract. Neurourol Urodyn 2009; 28:343-8. [PMID: 18973141 DOI: 10.1002/nau.20652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Evidence indicates that dopamine (DA) and DA receptors play a role in the central nervous system (CNS) control of micturition; however, while the central DAergic role in the micturition physiology has been extensively investigated, the expression and the function of DA receptors in the urinary tract are still under investigation. Here, we studied the distribution of DA receptor subtypes in different parts of the human male urinary tract. METHODS Fragments were collected from 34 men. The mRNAs encoding DA receptors were assessed by RT-PCR, followed by densitometric analysis. Adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity was evaluated using a commercially available RIA kit. Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way ANOVA, with the Bonferroni's post hoc test. RESULTS Results obtained indicated that RT-PCR products of D(1), D(4), and D(5) subtypes were obtained in each part studied, while no signal was observed for the D(2) and D(3) receptor subtypes. The pharmacological characterization demonstrated that the expressed DA receptors were linked to AC. CONCLUSIONS DA receptors were expressed throughout the human male urinary tract, from the ureter to the prostatic urethra. In particular, we observed a distinctive DA receptor subtype distribution, with evidence of the presence of mRNA encoding both subtypes of the D(1)-like DA receptor family (D(1) and D(5)), while the D(4) receptors were the only expressed subtype of the D(2)-like family. These results suggested that DAergic drugs used for the treatment of a number of diseases may influence the micturition physiology not only in the CNS, but at the peripheral level as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Arrighi
- Division of Urology, University of Brescia Medical School, P.le Spedali Civili 1, Brescia, Italy
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Traut MH, Berg D, Berg U, Mayerhofer A, Kunz L. Identification and characterization of Ca2+-activated K+ channels in granulosa cells of the human ovary. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7:28. [PMID: 19351419 PMCID: PMC2671515 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granulosa cells (GCs) represent a major endocrine compartment of the ovary producing sex steroid hormones. Recently, we identified in human GCs a Ca2+-activated K+ channel (K(Ca)) of big conductance (BK(Ca)), which is involved in steroidogenesis. This channel is activated by intraovarian signalling molecules (e.g. acetylcholine) via raised intracellular Ca2+ levels. In this study, we aimed at characterizing 1. expression and functions of K(Ca) channels (including BK(Ca) beta-subunits), and 2. biophysical properties of BK(Ca) channels. METHODS GCs were obtained from in vitro-fertilization patients and cultured. Expression of mRNA was determined by standard RT-PCR and protein expression in human ovarian slices was detected by immunohistochemistry. Progesterone production was measured in cell culture supernatants using ELISAs. Single channels were recorded in the inside-out configuration of the patch-clamp technique. RESULTS We identified two K(Ca) types in human GCs, the intermediate- (IK) and the small-conductance K(Ca) (SK). Their functionality was concluded from attenuation of human chorionic gonadotropin-stimulated progesterone production by K(Ca) blockers (TRAM-34, apamin). Functional IK channels were also demonstrated by electrophysiological recording of single K(Ca) channels with distinctive features. Both, IK and BK(Ca) channels were found to be simultaneously active in individual GCs. In agreement with functional data, we identified mRNAs encoding IK, SK1, SK2 and SK3 in human GCs and proteins of IK and SK2 in corresponding human ovarian cells. Molecular characterization of the BK(Ca) channel revealed the presence of mRNAs encoding several BK(Ca) beta-subunits (beta2, beta3, beta4) in human GCs. The multitude of beta-subunits detected might contribute to variations in Ca2+ dependence of individual BK(Ca) channels which we observed in electrophysiological recordings. CONCLUSION Functional and molecular studies indicate the presence of active IK and SK channels in human GCs. Considering the already described BK(Ca), they express all three K(Ca) types known. We suggest that the plurality and co-expression of different K(Ca) channels and BK(Ca) beta-subunits might allow differentiated responses to Ca2+ signals over a wide range caused by various intraovarian signalling molecules (e.g. acetylcholine, ATP, dopamine). The knowledge of ovarian K(Ca) channel properties and functions should help to understand the link between endocrine and paracrine/autocrine control in the human ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias H Traut
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Current address: Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dieter Berg
- Assisted Reproductive Technologies Bogenhausen, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Berg
- Assisted Reproductive Technologies Bogenhausen, Munich, Germany
| | - Artur Mayerhofer
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Kunz
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Greiner M, Paredes A, Rey-Ares V, Saller S, Mayerhofer A, Lara HE. Catecholamine uptake, storage, and regulated release by ovarian granulosa cells. Endocrinology 2008; 149:4988-96. [PMID: 18566131 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Catecholamines present in the mammalian ovary are involved in many normal aspects of ovarian functions, including initial follicle growth, steroidogenesis, and pathological states such as polycystic ovary syndrome. Sympathetic nerve fibers are the largest source of norepinephrine (NE), but not the only one. Surgical denervation of the rat ovary reduces, but does not eliminate, the ovarian content of NE. The aim of this work was to explore which intraovarian cells may participate in the ovarian NE homeostasis and the mechanisms involved. It was found that denervated rat ovaries can take up NE and cocaine considerably, decreased its uptake, suggesting involvement of catecholamine transporters. Granulosa cells of rat ovarian follicles present dopamine transporter and NE transporter. Their functionality was confirmed in isolated rat granulosa cells while cocaine blocked the uptake of NE. Furthermore, the presence of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2, together with the exocytotic protein (synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa) in granulosa cells, implies catecholamine storage and regulated release. Regulated calcium-dependent release of NE was shown after depolarization by potassium, implying all neuron-like cellular machinery in granulosa cells. These results in rats may be of relevance for the human ovary because dopamine transporter, NE transporter, vesicular monoamine transporter 2, and synaptosome-associated protein of 25-kDa protein and mRNA are found in human ovarian follicles and/or isolated granulosa cells. Thus, ovarian nonneuronal granulosa cells, after taking up catecholamines, can serve as an intraovarian catecholamine-storing compartment, releasing them in a regulated way. This suggests a more complex involvement of catecholamines in ovarian functions as is currently being recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Greiner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, P.O. Box 233, Santiago-1, Chile
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