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Wiweko B, Surya E, Silvana V, Maidarti M, Kemal Harzif A, Pratama G, Sumapraja K, Muharam R, Hestiantoro A. Twelve Hours Post-Injection Serum Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Body Mass Index Predicts In Vitro Fertilization Oocyte Maturation Rate: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2023; 17:264-267. [PMID: 37577910 PMCID: PMC10439995 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2023.555467.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro fertilization (IVF) remains a main treatment for infertility cases. Post-injection human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) level is an essential factor in determining oocyte maturation rate in IVF. This study aimed to determine the relationship between 12 hours post-injection serum hCG level and oocyte maturation rate among IVF participants. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study on IVF participants was done at a tertiary hospital in Indonesia from January 2020 to December 2021. Subjects were injected with 250 μg of recombinant-hCG (r-hCG) subcutaneously. Twelve hours post-injection serum hCG levels and oocyte maturation rate data were retrieved and analyzed accordingly. RESULTS Twenty-eight subjects were recruited into the study. Higher 12 hours post-injection serum hCG was related to oocyte maturation rate (P=0.046). The cut-off point of 12 hours post-injection serum hCG to predict better oocyte maturation rate was 90.15 mIU/mL (sensitivity 68.2%, specificity 83.3%). Oocyte maturation rate may be predicted using body mass index (BMI) and 12 hours post-injection serum hCG. CONCLUSION Higher 12 hours post-injection serum hCG was associated with a higher oocyte maturation rate in IVF subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budi Wiweko
- Reproductive Immunoendocrinology Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
- Yasmin IVF Clinic, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Human Reproduction, Infertility, and Family Planning Cluster, Indonesia Reproductive Medicine Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ervan Surya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Vita Silvana
- Reproductive Immunoendocrinology Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Yasmin IVF Clinic, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Human Reproduction, Infertility, and Family Planning Cluster, Indonesia Reproductive Medicine Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mila Maidarti
- Reproductive Immunoendocrinology Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Yasmin IVF Clinic, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Human Reproduction, Infertility, and Family Planning Cluster, Indonesia Reproductive Medicine Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Achmad Kemal Harzif
- Reproductive Immunoendocrinology Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Yasmin IVF Clinic, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Human Reproduction, Infertility, and Family Planning Cluster, Indonesia Reproductive Medicine Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Gita Pratama
- Reproductive Immunoendocrinology Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Yasmin IVF Clinic, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Human Reproduction, Infertility, and Family Planning Cluster, Indonesia Reproductive Medicine Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Kanadi Sumapraja
- Reproductive Immunoendocrinology Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Yasmin IVF Clinic, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Human Reproduction, Infertility, and Family Planning Cluster, Indonesia Reproductive Medicine Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - R Muharam
- Reproductive Immunoendocrinology Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Yasmin IVF Clinic, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Human Reproduction, Infertility, and Family Planning Cluster, Indonesia Reproductive Medicine Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Andon Hestiantoro
- Reproductive Immunoendocrinology Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Yasmin IVF Clinic, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Human Reproduction, Infertility, and Family Planning Cluster, Indonesia Reproductive Medicine Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Lin H, Huang X, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Wang S, Hong F, Pan M, Liu L. Low-dose human chorionic gonadotropin supplementation initiated at the onset of ovarian stimulation can improve oocyte quality without impairing endometrial receptivity: Case series. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e32175. [PMID: 36482630 PMCID: PMC9726314 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Whether continuous low-dose human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) supplementation during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) can improve oocyte and embryo quality is still controversial in clinical practice. PATIENT CONCERNS We report the first case series of inadvertent COH in luteal-phase stimulation in the presence of endogenous or exogenous low-dose hCG. DIAGNOSES Patients were diagnosed with infertility. OUTCOMES The first two cases had inadvertent COH during preexisting pregnancy, and one of which produced more high-quality embryos (5 vs 1) in the presence of low hCG. Both cases had a live birth. The third case had 7 repeated failures of IVF, during which a total of 55 oocytes were obtained, but only 3 developed into transferable embryo. However, supplementation of 330 IU hCG per day from the onset of COH resulted in the recovery of one high-quality embryo and subsequent delivery of a healthy baby following fresh embryo transfer in eighth attemption. LESSONS In conclude, supplementation with low-dose hCG from the onset of ovarian stimulation can improve oocyte quality without impairing endometrial receptivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Lin
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaona Huang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Fang Hong
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Mei Pan
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Liu Liu
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- * Correspondence: Liu Liu, Center of Reproductive Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3# Qing chun East Road, Hangzhou 310016, PR China (e-mail: )
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Zhou WJ, Xu BF, Niu ZH. Ectopic pregnancy and failed oocyte retrieval during in vitro fertilization stimulation: Two case reports. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:10310-10316. [PMID: 36246836 PMCID: PMC9561603 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i28.10310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to a slight rise in beta-human chorionic (β-hCG) levels that are undetectable, and vaginal bleeding that is similar to regular menstruation, ectopic pregnancy (EP) that occurs during the expected menstrual cycle prior to ovulation induction as part of in vitro fertilization (IVF) is likely to be undiagnosed. We present two cases of unexpected EP and emphasize the importance of the β-hCG assay when an unexplained increase in progesterone is present prior to the triggering of ovulation during controlled ovarian stimulation (COS).
CASE SUMMARY A 26-year-old woman with primary infertility and a 31-year-old woman with secondary infertility. Both patients sought IVF treatment due to fallopian tube obstruction and underwent COS using the gonadotropin-releasing-hormone (GnRH)-antagonist protocol. In the late stage of COS, progesterone levels in both patients significantly increased, and luteinizing hormone levels decreased, followed by oocyte retrieval failure. A right salpingectomy was performed and tubal ectopic pregnancy was diagnosed by pathology in the first patient, and the second patients was diagnosed with a suspected EP abortion because her β-hCG levels declined to 12.5 mIU/mL. After full recovery for 2 mo, the first patient entered a new IVF treatment cycle with a GnRH-antagonist regimen and successfully achieved eight oocytes and three viable embryos. After 6 mo, the second patient received another COS treatment with a progestin-primed ovarian stimulation protocol and successfully achieved nine oocytes and five viable embryos.
CONCLUSION β-hCG levels in the initial and midterm phases of COS must be considered in patients with unusual hormone dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Bu-Fang Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Niu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-A Review of the Literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2022; 77:539-546. [PMID: 36136076 DOI: 10.1097/ogx.0000000000001053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Importance The measurement of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels in different body fluids is a commonly utilized tool in obstetrics and gynecology, as well as other fields. It is often one of the first steps in the medical workup of female patients, and the results and interpretation of this test can have significant downstream ramifications. It is essential to understand the uses and limitations of hCG as a testing and therapeutic measure to appropriately evaluate, counsel, and treat patients. Objective The purpose of this article is to review the current literature on hCG, including its origins, structure, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and utility in testing and medical treatment. Evidence Acquisition Original research articles, review articles, and guidelines on hCG use were reviewed. Conclusions and Relevance While the primary function of hCG is to maintain early pregnancy, testing for hCG demonstrates that this molecule is implicated in a multitude of different processes where results of testing may lead to incorrect conclusions regarding pregnancy status. This could affect patients in a myriad of settings and have profound emotional and financial consequences. In addition, hCG testing may be revealing of alternative pathology, such as malignancy. It is imperative to understand the nuances of the physiology of hCG and testing methods to effectively use and interpret this test for appropriate patient management.
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Prodromidou A, Anagnostou E, Mavrogianni D, Liokari E, Dimitroulia E, Drakakis P, Loutradis D. Past, Present, and Future of Gonadotropin Use in Controlled Ovarian Stimulation During Assisted Reproductive Techniques. Cureus 2021; 13:e15663. [PMID: 34277255 PMCID: PMC8280946 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of protocols have evaluated the use of several forms of gonadotropins in controlled ovarian stimulation (COS). We aim to review the evolving trends on the use of gonadotropins human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) over time and their combinations in COS for patients who undergo assisted reproductive techniques (ART) protocols. A meticulous search of three electronic databases was performed for articles published in the field up to September 2020. The administration of hCG seems a promising alternative to conventional modalities for COS related to the enhancement of LH activity. The use of gonadotropins was associated with significantly elevated pregnancy rates that ranged from 20.8% to 46.2%. However, the currently available outcomes with regards to oocytes retrieved, number of embryos are still conflicting. A potential beneficial effect was observed by the majority of the studies in terms of the number of embryos and implantation rates, which is, however, highly affected by the type of protocol used (gonadotropin-releasing hormone [GnRH] agonist or antagonist). Further studies are warranted to elucidate the exact pathways of action of gonadotropins in controlled ovarian stimulation to attain the optimal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Prodromidou
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Alexandra" General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, GRC
| | - Elli Anagnostou
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Alexandra" General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, GRC
| | - Depy Mavrogianni
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Alexandra" General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, GRC
| | - Emmanouela Liokari
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC.,In Vitro Fertilization, Fertility Institute, Athens, GRC
| | - Evangelia Dimitroulia
- Department of Microbiology, Biopathology Unit, Evgenidion Hospital, University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, GRC
| | - Petros Drakakis
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Alexandra" General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, GRC
| | - Dimitrios Loutradis
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Alexandra" General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, GRC
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Siristatidis C, Stavros S, Dafopoulos K, Sergentanis T, Domali E, Drakakis P, Loutradis D. A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose hCG in a Short Protocol with GnRH Agonist and Ovarian Stimulation with Recombinant FSH (rFSH) During the Follicular Phase in Infertile Women Undergoing ART. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:497-505. [PMID: 34254280 PMCID: PMC8275065 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00683-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Τhis study aims to investigate whether the addition of low-dose hCG throughout stimulation in infertile women undergoing IVF improves IVF outcome parameters. This is a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase IIIb clinical study, conducted in three university IVF units. We studied whether the addition of 100 IU hCG/day to a short GnRH agonist IVF protocol from the onset of the follicular phase (group 1, n=40) or placebo (group 2, n=41) had any impact on the number of high-quality transferred embryos at day 2 and clinical pregnancy rates. The comparison encompassed descriptive statistics, and univariate and multivariate analyses. Concerning the primary outcomes, we found no differences in both the number of high-quality embryos (≥2) at day 3 [21/40 (52.5%) vs. 14/41 (34.2%), p=0.095] and clinical pregnancy rates [10/40 (25%) vs. 10/41 (24.4%), p=0.949], respectively. Similarly, there were no differences concerning the secondary outcomes preset for this trial. According to the results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis, no significant associations were noted for primary outcomes (clinical pregnancy: adjusted OR=0.89, 95% CI: 0.29–2.75; (≥2 excellent quality embryos at day 3: adjusted OR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.21–1.42, with group 1 set as reference category); similarly, no differences were noted with respect to secondary outcomes, except from the increased odds of ≥2 poor-quality embryos at day 3 occurring in group 2 (adjusted OR= 11.69, 95%CI: 1.29–106.19). The addition of low-dose hCG to a short GnRH agonist protocol for IVF does not improve the number of top-quality embryos and clinical pregnancy rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Siristatidis
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Attikon" Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini Str., 12642, Chaidari, Athens, Greece. .,Assisted Reproduction Unit, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Aretaieion" University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 76 Vas. Sofias Av, 11528, Athens, Greece.
| | - Sofoklis Stavros
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Alexandra" Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 80 Vas. Sofias Av. and Lourou str., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Dafopoulos
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Theodoros Sergentanis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, "Alexandra" Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , 80 Vas. Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Ekaterini Domali
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Alexandra" Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 80 Vas. Sofias Av. and Lourou str., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Peter Drakakis
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Alexandra" Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 80 Vas. Sofias Av. and Lourou str., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Loutradis
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Alexandra" Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 80 Vas. Sofias Av. and Lourou str., 11528, Athens, Greece
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Zhang C, Wu F, Wu Z, Sun B, Chen C, Qian W. Early Follicular Phase Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Addition May Improve the Outcomes of In Vitro Fertilization/Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection in Patients With "Unpredictable" Poor Response to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Antagonist Protocol. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:739773. [PMID: 34707571 PMCID: PMC8544820 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.739773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effects of early and mid-late follicular phase administration of 150 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol in "unpredictable" poor ovarian response (POR) women undergoing in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) treatment. METHODS A retrospective single-center cohort study was conducted on 67 patients with "unpredictable" POR in their first IVF/ICSI cycle receiving GnRH antagonist protocol. Patients were treated with a second IVF/ICSI cycle using the same GnRH antagonist protocol with the same starting dose of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (rFSH) as the first cycle; a daily dose of 150 IU of hCG was administrated on either stimulation day 1 (Group A, n = 35) or day 6 (Group B, n = 32). The number of oocytes retrieved, number of usable embryos, serum level of estradiol (E2) on day of hCG trigger, and clinical pregnant outcomes were studied. RESULTS The addition of 150 IU of hCG on either the first day or sixth day of stimulation increases the serum level of E2, luteinizing hormone (LH), and hCG on the day of hCG trigger. Only the use of 150 IU of hCG on the first stimulation day improved the number of oocytes retrieved, mature of oocytes, and usable embryos, but not the addition of hCG on stimulation day 6. Implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and ongoing pregnancy rate showed an increasing trend in patients receiving 150 IU of hCG in the early phase compared with mid-late phase, even thought there was no statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that adding 150 IU of hCG in subsequent GnRH antagonist cycle in "unpredictable" poor responders is associated with the improvement of response to stimulation. Furthermore, early follicular phase addition of 150 IU of hCG significantly increased the number of oocytes retrieved and usable embryos than did the mid-late addition of the same dose.
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Amstislavsky SY, Ranneva SV, Ragaeva DS, Chuyko EA, Popkova AM, Brusentsev EY. Effect of exogenous human chorionic gonadotropin on ovulation in mice. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2020; 23:1006-1010. [DOI: 10.18699/vj19.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The implementation of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), hormonal stimulation in particular, may change the quality of ovulated oocytes. The purpose of our work was to study ovulation in CD1 mice after their stimulation with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and to investigate the effects of such hormonal stimulation on the pregnancy duration, fetal losses and the weight of the offspring. No significant differences were found in the total number of ovulated oocytes or in the number of immature (without a polar body) ovulated oocytes; nor were there differences between the groups in the number of oocytes with a developing polar body. However, the number of matured oocytes with a distinct polar body was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in mice stimulated with hCG (experimental group) as compared with the controls (6.2 ± 0.86 and 2.2 ± 0.97, respectively). No significant differences were observed between the experimental and control mice in the duration of pregnancy or in the numbers of term offspring, including the percentage of live and stillborn pups. However, the body weight of the offspring in the experimental group was significantly lower (p < 0.001) as compared with the controls on the fifth day after birth (3.16 ± 0.09 and 3.76 ± 0.07, respectively). Thus, exogenous hCG facilitates the development of mouse oocytes in vivo, which leads to the larger number of their mature forms at ovulation, however, the offspring born after hCG-stimulated pregnancy was characterized by a lower body weight on the fifth day after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. V. Ranneva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS; Novosibirsk State University
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Theofanakis C, Athanasiou V, Liokari E, Stavrou S, Sakellariou M, Athanassiou AI, Athanassiou A, Drakakis P, Loutradis D. The impact of HCG in IVF Treatment: Does it depend on age or on protocol? J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2019; 48:341-345. [PMID: 30794953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to evaluate the effect of the addition of low dose human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) throughout the early follicular phase in controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) conducted with two difference regimens. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist and short GnRH-agonist protocol were applied in two in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinics. METHODS Clinical study conducted during the period 2014-2016 in two IVF clinics in a cohort of 240 women. In the first group 1 (124 women), a GnRH antagonist protocol with HMG and addition of low dose (100IU/day) h CG was applied. The other group 2 consisted of 116 women who underwent a short GnRH- agonist protocol with HMG and addition of low dose (100IU/day) h CG. RESULTS Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed. The group 2 found to be associated with greater number of follicles and oocytes. The pregnancy rates were 12.1% and 26.7% in group 1 and group 2, respectively (p=0.004). For patients over 40 years, the number of follicles and oocytes retrieved were significant higher in group 2.The pregnancy rate in group 2 was higher than in group 1 (21, 6% vs 5%, p=0.017). CONCLUSIONS Advanced age women are likely to achievepregnancy using the GnRH Short than GnRH antagonist, when HMG/hCG is used, while HMG-hCG gonadotropins have the same potentialas Recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (rFSH)-hCG used in GnRH short protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Theofanakis
- IVF Unit, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece; Fertility Institute, Athens, Greece.
| | - Vasilios Athanasiou
- IVF Athens Center, Athens, Greece; OB/GYN, Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility Co-founder & Scientific Director, IVF Athens Center, Greece.
| | | | - Sofoklis Stavrou
- IVF Unit, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece; Fertility Institute, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | | | - Petros Drakakis
- IVF Unit, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece; Fertility Institute, Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimitris Loutradis
- IVF Unit, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece; Fertility Institute, Athens, Greece.
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Viudes‐de‐Castro MP, Marco‐Jiménez F, Más Pellicer A, García‐Domínguez X, Talaván AM, Vicente JS. A single injection of corifollitropin alfa supplemented with human chorionic gonadotropin increases follicular recruitment and transferable embryos in the rabbit. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 54:696-701. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Pilar Viudes‐de‐Castro
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Animal (CITA) Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA) Castellón Spain
| | - Francisco Marco‐Jiménez
- Institute of Science and Animal Technology (ICTA) Universitat Politècnica de València Valencia Spain
| | - Alba Más Pellicer
- Institute of Science and Animal Technology (ICTA) Universitat Politècnica de València Valencia Spain
| | - Ximo García‐Domínguez
- Institute of Science and Animal Technology (ICTA) Universitat Politècnica de València Valencia Spain
| | - Amparo M. Talaván
- Institute of Science and Animal Technology (ICTA) Universitat Politècnica de València Valencia Spain
| | - Jose Salvador Vicente
- Institute of Science and Animal Technology (ICTA) Universitat Politècnica de València Valencia Spain
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Zhu X, Fu Y. Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study of Low-Dose Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Administration Beginning From the Early Follicular Phase for Women With Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Undergoing Ovarian Stimulation Using the Progesterone Protocol. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:875. [PMID: 31920984 PMCID: PMC6923733 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To illustrate whether low-dose human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration during the early follicular phase could reduce the number of large preovulatory follicles in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) undergoing ovarian stimulation using the progesterone protocol. Methods: We performed a randomized, controlled pilot trial at a university-affiliated tertiary hospital. A total of 40 infertile women undergoing their first in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment with the freeze-all strategy were included. Human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) and progesterone soft capsule 100 mg/d were added simultaneously beginning from menstrual cycle day 3 for all participants. Low-dose hCG (200 IU) was injected every 3 days in the study group from the first day of ovarian stimulation until trigger. The primary outcome was the number of large preovulatory follicles. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS); the number of oocytes retrieved, mature oocytes, and good-quality embryos; and clinical results after frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles. Results: The study group had slightly more large preovulatory follicles than the control group (17.75 ± 10 vs. 13.2 ± 5.34; P > 0.05). None of the participants experienced severe OHSS. There were no statistically significant differences in the number of oocytes retrieved (15.9 ± 8.46 vs. 15.75 ± 6.96), mature oocytes (13.55 ± 6.56 vs. 13.4 ± 6.34), and good-quality embryos (5.5 ± 3.41 vs. 4.9 ± 2.99) between the two groups (P > 0.05). Clinical pregnancy rates (65.52 vs. 41.94%; P = 0.067) and live birth rates (48.28 vs. 35.48%; P = 0.315) per transfer following FET of the study group were higher than those of the control group, but without statistical significance. Conclusions: Administration of low-dose hCG from the early follicular phase for PCOS patients undergoing ovarian stimulation with progesterone protocol may lead to slightly more early preovulatory follicles and marginally, but not significantly, higher clinical pregnancy rates. A continuous trial should be performed to explore the effects of supplementation with different doses of hCG from the start of ovarian stimulation in PCOS patients using the progesterone protocol. Clinical Trial Registration: Chictr.org.cn, identifier: ChiCTR-IOR-15007165.
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Human Chorionic Gonadotropin: The Pregnancy Hormone and More. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051059. [PMID: 28505106 PMCID: PMC5454971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To thoroughly review the uses of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) related to the process of reproduction and also assess new, non-traditional theories. Review of the international literature and research studies. hCG and its receptor, LH/CGR, are expressed in numerous sites of the reproductive tract, both in gonadal and extra-goanadal tissues, promoting oocyte maturation, fertilization, implantation and early embryo development. Moreover, hCG seems to have a potential role as an anti-rejection agent in solid organ transplantation. Future research needs to focus extensively on the functions of hCG and its receptor LH/CGR, in an effort to reveal known, as well as unknown clinical potentials.
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Alsbjerg B, Elbaek HO, Laursen RJ, Povlsen BB, Haahr T, Yding Andersen C, Humaidan P. Bio-equivalent doses of recombinant HCG and recombinant LH during ovarian stimulation result in similar oestradiol output: a randomized controlled study. Reprod Biomed Online 2017; 35:232-238. [PMID: 28532660 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In nature, HCG is secreted by the implanting embryo from peri-implantation and onwards. In contrast, LH is mandatory for steroidogenesis and follicular development during the follicular phase, working in synergy with FSH. Moreover, LH is mandatory for the function of the corpus luteum. Although LH and HCG bind to the same receptor, significant molecular, structural and functional differences exist, inducing differences in bioactivity. This randomized controlled study compared the effect of recombinant FSH stimulation combined with daily either micro-dose recombinant HCG or recombinant LH supplementation in a 1:1 bioactivity ratio from day 1 of stimulation in a long gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist down regulation protocol. A total of 100 patients from a public clinic completed the study. The primary end-point was the oestradiol level on the day of ovulation trigger and the median oestradiol level in the HCG supplemented group was 8662 pmol/l versus 9203 pmol/l in the recombinant LH supplemented group; therefore, no significant difference was found. Moreover, no differences were observed in the number of oocytes retrieved or in the live birth rate. We conclude that recombinant HCG and recombinant LH are equally effective in boosting oestradiol synthesis during ovarian stimulation when used in a 1:1 bioactivity ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Alsbjerg
- The Fertility Clinic Skive Region Hospital, Resenvej 25, 7870 Skive, Denmark; Faculty of Health, Aarhus Universitet, Nordre Ringgade 1, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Helle Olesen Elbaek
- The Fertility Clinic Skive Region Hospital, Resenvej 25, 7870 Skive, Denmark
| | | | - Betina Boel Povlsen
- The Fertility Clinic Skive Region Hospital, Resenvej 25, 7870 Skive, Denmark
| | - Thor Haahr
- The Fertility Clinic Skive Region Hospital, Resenvej 25, 7870 Skive, Denmark; Faculty of Health, Aarhus Universitet, Nordre Ringgade 1, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Claus Yding Andersen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Peter Humaidan
- The Fertility Clinic Skive Region Hospital, Resenvej 25, 7870 Skive, Denmark; Faculty of Health, Aarhus Universitet, Nordre Ringgade 1, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Iaconelli CAR, Setti AS, Braga DPAF, Maldonado LGL, Iaconelli A, Borges E, Aoki T. Concomitant use of FSH and low-dose recombinant hCG during the late follicular phase versus conventional controlled ovarian stimulation for intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles. HUM FERTIL 2017; 20:285-292. [PMID: 28325095 DOI: 10.1080/14647273.2017.1303197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of low-dose hCG supplementation on ICSI outcomes and controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) cost. Three hundred and thirty patients undergoing ICSI were split into groups according to the COS protocol: (i) control group (n = 178), including patients undergoing conventional COS treatment; and (ii) low-dose hCG group (n = 152), including patients undergoing COS with low-dose hCG supplementation. Lower mean total doses of FSH administered and higher mean oestradiol level and mature oocyte rates were observed in the low-dose hCG group. A significantly higher fertilization rate, high-quality embryo rate and blastocyst formation rate were observed in the low-dose hCG group as compared to the control group. The miscarriage rate was significantly higher in the control group compared to the low-dose hCG group. A significantly lower incidence of OHSS was observed in the low-dose hCG group. There was also a significantly lower gonadotropin cost in the low-dose hCG group as compared to the control group ($1235.0 ± 239.0×$1763.0 ± 405.3, p < 0.001). The concomitant use of low-dose hCG and FSH results in a lower abortion rate and increased number of mature oocytes retrieved, as well as improved oocyte quality, embryo quality and blastocyst formation and reduced FSH requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Andrade Rebello Iaconelli
- a Fertility Medical Group, clinical department ; Sao Paulo , SP , Brazil.,b Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, health sciences department ; Sao Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Amanda Souza Setti
- b Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, health sciences department ; Sao Paulo , SP , Brazil.,c Instituto Sapientiae - Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Reproducão Assistida , Sao Paulo , SP , Brazil.,d Fertility Medical Group , scientific department ; Sao Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Daniela Paes Almeida Ferreira Braga
- c Instituto Sapientiae - Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Reproducão Assistida , Sao Paulo , SP , Brazil.,d Fertility Medical Group , scientific department ; Sao Paulo , SP , Brazil.,e Disciplina de Urologia, Area de Reproducão Humana, Departamento de Cirurgia , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , Sao Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | | | - Assumpto Iaconelli
- a Fertility Medical Group, clinical department ; Sao Paulo , SP , Brazil.,c Instituto Sapientiae - Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Reproducão Assistida , Sao Paulo , SP , Brazil.,d Fertility Medical Group , scientific department ; Sao Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Edson Borges
- a Fertility Medical Group, clinical department ; Sao Paulo , SP , Brazil.,c Instituto Sapientiae - Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Reproducão Assistida , Sao Paulo , SP , Brazil.,d Fertility Medical Group , scientific department ; Sao Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Tsutomu Aoki
- b Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, health sciences department ; Sao Paulo , SP , Brazil
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Mak SMJ, Wong WY, Chung HS, Chung PW, Kong GWS, Li TC, Cheung LP. Effect of mid-follicular phase recombinant LH versus urinary HCG supplementation in poor ovarian responders undergoing IVF - a prospective double-blinded randomized study. Reprod Biomed Online 2016; 34:258-266. [PMID: 28063801 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Luteinizing hormone (LH) is crucial for the development of follicular growth and oocyte maturation, especially in the management of poor ovarian responders (PORs). This study presents the results of a prospective double-blinded randomized study to compare the effect of mid-follicular phase recombinant LH (rLH) supplementation with urinary human chorionic gonadotrophin (uHCG) supplementation when using a fixed gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol in IVF cycles. A total of 49 women with poor ovarian response (POR) according to the Bologna criteria were recruited. This study showed no statistically significant difference in cycle cancellation rates, numbers of oocytes retrieved per cycle initiated, fertilization rates, the numbers of embryos obtained per cycle initiated, implantation, clinical pregnancy and live birth rates, although the live birth rate per cycle initiated in the uHCG group (29.2%) was 3.6 times that of the rLH group (8.0%). Further studies are required to verify if uHCG supplementation produces better clinical outcomes compared with rLH in women with POR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Man Jennifer Mak
- Assisted Reproduction Technology Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Yee Wong
- Assisted Reproduction Technology Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hoi Sze Chung
- Assisted Reproduction Technology Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Pui Wah Chung
- Assisted Reproduction Technology Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Grace Wing Shan Kong
- Assisted Reproduction Technology Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Tin Chiu Li
- Assisted Reproduction Technology Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lai Ping Cheung
- Assisted Reproduction Technology Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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16
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Abstract
Kisspeptins are a group of peptide fragments encoded by the KISS1 gene in humans. They bind to kisspeptin receptors with equal efficacy. Kisspeptins and their receptors are expressed by neurons in the arcuate and anteroventral periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Oestrogen mediates negative feedback of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone secretion via the arcuate nucleus. Conversely, it exerts positive feedback via the anteroventral periventricular nucleus. The sexual dimorphism of these nuclei accounts for the differential behaviour of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis between genders. Kisspeptins are essential for reproductive function. Puberty is regulated by the maturation of kisspeptin neurons and by interactions between kisspeptins and leptin. Hence, kisspeptins have potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Kisspeptin agonists may be used to localise lesions in cases of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis dysfunction and evaluate the gonadotrophic potential of subfertile individuals. Kisspeptin antagonists may be useful as contraceptives in women, through the prevention of premature luteinisation during in vitro fertilisation, and in the treatment of sex steroid-dependent diseases and metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Loon Tng
- Associate Consultant, Department of Medicine, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, 1 Jurong East Street 21, Singapore 609606
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17
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Choi J, Smitz J. Luteinizing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin: a review of their varied clinical applications in assisted reproductive technology. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2015; 10:87-100. [PMID: 30289044 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2015.969711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) are often viewed as interchangeable from a functional standpoint because they are highly homologous members of the same glycoprotein hormone family that share a common α-subunit and receptor. However, technological advances yielding highly purified and recombinant gonadotropin preparations have revealed that LH and hCG fulfill different roles, both endogenously and when administered exogenously. These differences are becoming more apparent as the individual hormones are incorporated into the treatment of infertility - a therapeutic area that is continually advancing with the introduction of new agents and emerging clinical trial data. This review examines the unique attributes of LH and hCG that drive their distinctive applications in the treatment of female infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Choi
- a 1 The Center for Women's Reproductive Care at Columbia University, 1790 Broadway, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Johan Smitz
- b 2 Laboratory Hormonology and Tumormarkers, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Ezcurra D, Humaidan P. A review of luteinising hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin when used in assisted reproductive technology. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12:95. [PMID: 25280580 PMCID: PMC4287577 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropins extracted from the urine of post-menopausal women have traditionally been used to stimulate folliculogenesis in the treatment of infertility and in assisted reproductive technology (ART). Products, such as human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), consist not only of a mixture of the hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), but also other biologically active contaminants, such as growth factors, binding proteins and prion proteins. The actual amount of molecular LH in hMG preparations varies considerably due to the purification process, thus hCG, mimicking LH action, is added to standardise the product. However, unlike LH, hCG plays a different role during the natural human menstrual cycle. It is secreted by the embryo and placenta, and its main role is to support implantation and pregnancy. More recently, recombinant gonadotropins (r-hFSH and r-hLH) have become available for ART therapies. Recombinant LH contains only LH molecules. In the field of reproduction there has been controversy in recent years over whether r-hLH or hCG should be used for ART. This review examines the existing evidence for molecular and functional differences between LH and hCG and assesses the clinical implications of hCG-supplemented urinary therapy compared with recombinant therapies used for ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ezcurra
- EMD/Merck Serono, One Technology Place, Rockland, MA 02370 USA
| | - Peter Humaidan
- Skive Regional Hospital and Faculty of Health, Aarhus University and Odense University, Resenvej 25, Skive, 7800 Denmark
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19
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Abstract
Reproductive hormones affect all stages of life from gamete production, fertilization, fetal development and parturition, neonatal development and puberty through to adulthood and senescence. The reproductive hormone cascade has, therefore, been the target for the development of numerous drugs that modulate its activity at many levels. As the central regulator of the cascade, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists and antagonists have found extensive applications in treating a wide range of hormone-dependent diseases, such as precocious puberty, prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, endometriosis and uterine fibroids, as well as being an essential component of in vitro fertilization protocols. The neuroendocrine peptides that regulate GnRH neurons, kisspeptin and neurokinin B, have also been identified as therapeutic targets, and novel agonists and antagonists are being developed as modulators of the cascade upstream of GnRH. Here, we review the development and applications of analogues of the major neuroendocrine peptide regulators of the reproductive hormone cascade: GnRH, kisspeptin and neurokinin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Millar
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
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20
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Martins WP, Vieira ADD, Figueiredo JBP, Nastri CO. FSH replaced by low-dose hCG in the late follicular phase versus continued FSH for assisted reproductive techniques. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013:CD010042. [PMID: 23543584 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010042.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is frequently used for several days to achieve follicular development. FSH is a relatively expensive drug, substantially contributing to the total expenses of assisted reproductive techniques (ART). When follicles achieve a diameter greater than 10 mm they start expressing luteinising hormone (LH) receptors. At this point, FSH might be replaced by low-dose human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which is less expensive. In addition to cost reduction, replacing FSH by low-dose hCG has a theoretical potential to reduce the incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of using low-dose hCG to replace FSH during the late follicular phase in women undergoing COH for assisted reproduction, compared to the use of a conventional COH protocol. SEARCH METHODS We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCT) in electronic databases (Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, LILACS), trials registers (ClinicalTrials.gov, Current Controlled Trials, World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform), conference abstracts (ISI Web of knowledge), and grey literature (OpenGrey); additionally we handsearched the reference list of included studies and similar reviews. The last electronic search was performed in February 2013.. SELECTION CRITERIA Only true RCTs comparing the replacement of FSH by low-dose hCG during late follicular phase of COH were considered eligible; quasi or pseudo-randomised trials were not included. Cross-over trials would be included only if data regarding the first treatment of each participant were available; trials that included the same participant more than once would be included only if each participant was always allocated to the same intervention and follow-up periods were the same in both/all arms, or if data regarding the first treatment of each participant were available. We excluded trials that sustained FSH after starting low-dose hCG and those that started FSH and low-dose hCG at the same time. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Study eligibility, data extraction, and assessment of the risk of bias were performed independently by two review authors, and disagreements were solved by consulting a third review author. We corresponded with study investigators in order to solve any query, as required. The overall quality of the evidence was assessed in a GRADE summary of findings table. MAIN RESULTS The search retrieved 1585 records; from those five studies were eligible, including 351 women (intervention = 166; control = 185). All studies were judged to be at high risk of bias. All reported per-woman rather than per-cycle data.When use of low-dose hCG to replace FSH was compared with conventional COH for the outcome of live birth, confidence intervals were very wide and findings were compatible with appreciable benefit, no effect or appreciable harm for the intervention (RR 1.56, 95% CI 0.75 to 3.25, 2 studies, 130 women, I² = 0%, very-low-quality evidence). This suggests that for women with a 14% chance of achieving live birth using conventional COH, the chance of achieving live birth using low-dose hCG would be between 10% and 45%.Similarly confidence intervals were very wide for the outcome of OHSS and findings were compatible with benefit, no effect or harm for the intervention (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.06 to 1.59, 5 studies, 351 women, I² = 59%, very-low-quality evidence). This suggests that for women with a 3% risk of OHSS using conventional COH, the risk using low-dose hCG would be between 0% and 4%.The confidence intervals were wide for the outcome of ongoing pregnancy and findings were compatible with benefit or no effect for the intervention (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60, 3 studies, 252 women, I² = 0%, low-quality evidence). This suggests that for women with a 32% chance of achieving ongoing pregnancy using conventional COH, the chance using low-dose hCG would be between 27% and 53%.The confidence intervals were wide for the outcome of clinical pregnancy and findings were compatible with benefit or no effect for the intervention (RR 1.19, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.55, 5 studies, 351 women, I² = 0%, low-quality evidence). This suggests that for women with a 35% chance of achieving clinical pregnancy using conventional COH, the chance using low-dose hCG would be between 32% and 54%.The confidence intervals were very wide for the outcome of miscarriage and findings were compatible with benefit, no effect or harm for the intervention (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.50 to 2.31, 3 studies, 127 pregnant women, I² = 0%, very-low-quality evidence). This suggests that for pregnant women with a 16% risk of miscarriage using conventional COH, the risk using low-dose hCG would be between 8% and 36%.The findings for the outcome of FSH consumption were compatible with benefit for the intervention (MD -639 IU, 95% CI -893 to -385, 5 studies, 333 women, I² = 88%, moderate-quality evidence).The findings for the outcome of number of oocytes retrieved were compatible with no effect for the intervention (MD -0.12 oocytes, 95% CI -1.0 to 0.8 oocytes, 5 studies, 351 women, I² = 0%, moderate-quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We are very uncertain of the effect on live birth, OHSS and miscarriage of using low-dose hCG to replace FSH during the late follicular phase of COH in women undergoing ART, compared to the use of conventional COH. The current evidence suggests that this intervention does not reduce the chance of ongoing and clinical pregnancy; and that it is likely to result in an equivalent number of oocytes retrieved expending less FSH. More studies are needed to strengthen the evidence regarding the effect of this intervention on important reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington P Martins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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Roseweir AK, Millar RP. Kisspeptin Antagonists. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 784:159-86. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6199-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Efficacy of low dose hCG on oocyte maturity for ovarian stimulation in poor responder women undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycle: a randomized controlled trial. J Assist Reprod Genet 2012; 29:1213-20. [PMID: 22956348 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-012-9854-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of late follicular administration of low dose hCG on oocyte maturity in poor responding women undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective randomized pilot trial was performed on 73 poor responders undergoing ICSI, in Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran. All eligible patients underwent a GnRH-a long protocol and were randomly allocated into three study groups for ovarian stimulation: groupA received recombinant FSH alone, group B received recombinant FSH supplemented by 100 IU hCG. Group C received recombinant FSH supplemented by 200 IU hCG. The main endpoint was the number of metaphase II oocytes retrieved. RESULTS Of 78 poor responding patients entered to this study, 73 women were considered eligible for enrolment. Of these, 26 women were allocated to receive only recombinant FSH, 24 patients allocated to receive recombinant FSH and 100 IU hCG and 23 patients were assigned to receive recombinant FSH and 200 IU hCG. Number of oocytes retrieved were significantly higher in group B compared to group A (6.5 ± 3.3 versus 4.0 ± 2.3; P = .03). Other cycle and clinical outcomes were comparable between three groups. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that adding 100 IU hCG to rFSH in a GnRH agonist cycle in poor responders improve response to stimulation whereas the number of metaphase II oocytes remains comparable between groups. The existence of a possible trend toward higher mature oocytes and lower total dosage rFSH in patients received 100 or 200 IU hCG is probably due to the small sample size that means further large clinical trials in a more homogenous population is required (clinical trial registration number; NCT01509833).
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Gomaa H, Casper RF, Esfandiari N, Chang P, Bentov Y. Addition of low dose hCG to rFSh benefits older women during ovarian stimulation for IVF. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2012; 10:55. [PMID: 22866896 PMCID: PMC3464931 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-10-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare the outcome of IVF cycles in women receiving controlled ovarian stimulation with recFSH or recFSH plus low dose hCG. METHODS A retrospective case control study, performed at a private practice affiliated with an academic institute. Patients were infertile women who were treated with IVF/ICSI and controlled ovarian stimulation in a long GnRH agonist protocol using either low dose hCG in addition to recFSH [N = 88] or recFSH alone [N = 99]. Primary outcomes were mean FSH dose, number of mature eggs, number of fertilized eggs, and serum levels of estradiol. Secondary outcomes were endometrial thickness, cycle cancellations and pregnancy rates. RESULTS A significant increase in number of mature and fertilized eggs was observed in women over 40 years of age using low dose hCG in addition to recFSH. The estradiol level was significantly higher on the day of hCG administration and the serum level of FSH on cycle day 7 and on the day of hCG administration were lower. CONCLUSION Addition of low dose hCG to recFSH compared with recFSH alone significantly modified cycle characteristics in patients >/= 40 years and could be of potential benefit for IVF cycles in older infertile women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Gomaa
- Toronto Centre for Advanced Reproductive Technology, M5X 2 S9, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert F Casper
- Toronto Centre for Advanced Reproductive Technology, M5X 2 S9, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Navid Esfandiari
- Toronto Centre for Advanced Reproductive Technology, M5X 2 S9, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Chang
- Toronto Centre for Advanced Reproductive Technology, M5X 2 S9, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yaakov Bentov
- Toronto Centre for Advanced Reproductive Technology, M5X 2 S9, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Thuesen L, Loft A, Egeberg A, Smitz J, Petersen J, Nyboe Andersen A. A randomized controlled dose–response pilot study of addition of hCG to recombinant FSH during controlled ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod 2012; 27:3074-84. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/des256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Pinilla L, Aguilar E, Dieguez C, Millar RP, Tena-Sempere M. Kisspeptins and Reproduction: Physiological Roles and Regulatory Mechanisms. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:1235-316. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00037.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Procreation is essential for survival of species. Not surprisingly, complex neuronal networks have evolved to mediate the diverse internal and external environmental inputs that regulate reproduction in vertebrates. Ultimately, these regulatory factors impinge, directly or indirectly, on a final common pathway, the neurons producing the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates pituitary gonadotropin secretion and thereby gonadal function. Compelling evidence, accumulated in the last few years, has revealed that kisspeptins, a family of neuropeptides encoded by the Kiss1 gene and produced mainly by neuronal clusters at discrete hypothalamic nuclei, are pivotal upstream regulators of GnRH neurons. As such, kisspeptins have emerged as important gatekeepers of key aspects of reproductive maturation and function, from sexual differentiation of the brain and puberty onset to adult regulation of gonadotropin secretion and the metabolic control of fertility. This review aims to provide a comprehensive account of the state-of-the-art in the field of kisspeptin physiology by covering in-depth the consensus knowledge on the major molecular features, biological effects, and mechanisms of action of kisspeptins in mammals and, to a lesser extent, in nonmammalian vertebrates. This review will also address unsolved and contentious issues to set the scene for future research challenges in the area. By doing so, we aim to endow the reader with a critical and updated view of the physiological roles and potential translational relevance of kisspeptins in the integral control of reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Pinilla
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; and Instituto Maimónides de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Córdoba, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; and Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Enrique Aguilar
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; and Instituto Maimónides de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Córdoba, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; and Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; and Instituto Maimónides de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Córdoba, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; and Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P. Millar
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; and Instituto Maimónides de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Córdoba, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; and Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; and Instituto Maimónides de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Córdoba, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; and Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Checa MA, Espinós JJ, Requena A. Efficacy and safety of human chorionic gonadotropin for follicular phase stimulation in assisted reproduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2012; 97:1343-50.e1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Chambers AE, Nayini KP, Mills WE, Lockwood GM, Banerjee S. Circulating LH/hCG receptor (LHCGR) may identify pre-treatment IVF patients at risk of OHSS and poor implantation. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:161. [PMID: 22195987 PMCID: PMC3285531 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful pregnancy via in vitro fertilization (IVF) depends on the recovery of an adequate number of healthy oocytes and on blastocyst implantation following uterine transfer. Two hormones, LH and hCG, utilize a common LH/hCG receptor (LHCGR), variations in which have profound implications in human reproduction. Soluble LHCGR (sLHCGR) is released from experimental cell lines and placental explants and it can be detected in the follicular fluid and serum. METHODS To evaluate the impact of circulating soluble LHCGR (sLHCGR) in fertility treatment, we measured sLHCGR and LH-sLHCGR complex in serum from women seeking IVF using specifically developed quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Following an IVF cycle of treatment, patients were grouped according to oocyte yield into low (lower than or equal to 7 oocytes), intermediate (8-14 oocytes) and high (greater than or equal to 15 oocytes) responders and pregnancy outcome noted. RESULTS Pre-treatment sLHCGR identified many women at risk of ovarian hyperstimulation. Low levels of sLHCGR were associated with pregnancy in both high and low responders but sLHCGR did not significantly affect the treatment outcome of intermediate responders. Low responders who failed to become pregnant had high levels of circulating sLHCGR bound to LH (LH-sLHCGR). CONCLUSIONS Pre-treatment measurement of sLHCGR could be used to tailor individual fertility treatment programs and improve outcomes by avoiding ovarian hyperstimulation and poor embryo implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Chambers
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
- Origin Biomarkers, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, AL7 3AX, UK
| | | | - Walter E Mills
- Origin Biomarkers, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, AL7 3AX, UK
| | | | - Subhasis Banerjee
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
- Origin Biomarkers, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, AL7 3AX, UK
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Millar RP, Roseweir AK, Tello JA, Anderson RA, George JT, Morgan K, Pawson AJ. Kisspeptin antagonists: unraveling the role of kisspeptin in reproductive physiology. Brain Res 2010; 1364:81-9. [PMID: 20858467 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin has recently been identified as a key neuroendocrine gatekeeper of reproduction and is essential for the initiation of human puberty and maintenance of adult reproduction. Kisspeptin neurons appear to be integrative sensors, as they respond to changes in numerous internal and external factors including nutrient and fat status, stress and sex steroids, thus providing a link between these factors and reproduction. We have pioneered the development of kisspeptin antagonists as powerful tools for interrogating the role of kisspeptin in reproductive physiology and pathology, and as potential treatments for hormone-dependent disease. This article summarizes their development and key findings to date. These demonstrate an essential role for kisspeptin in GnRH neuron firing, GnRH pulsatile secretion, negative feedback by gonadal steroids, the onset of puberty, and the ovulatory LH surge. These studies establish that kisspeptin antagonists are powerful investigative tools and set the scene for more extensive physiological and pathophysiological studies as well as therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Millar
- Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Edinburgh, UK.
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