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Noronha-Matos JB, Pinto-Cardoso R, Bessa-Andrês C, Magalhães-Cardoso MT, Ferreirinha F, Costa MA, Marinhas J, Freitas R, Lemos R, Vilaça A, Oliveira A, Pelletier J, Sévigny J, Correia-de-Sá P. Silencing NTPDase3 activity rehabilitates the osteogenic commitment of post-menopausal stem cell bone progenitors. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:97. [PMID: 37076930 PMCID: PMC10116749 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endogenously released adenine and uracil nucleotides favour the osteogenic commitment of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) through the activation of ATP-sensitive P2X7 and UDP-sensitive P2Y6 receptors. Yet, these nucleotides have their osteogenic potential compromised in post-menopausal (Pm) women due to overexpression of nucleotide metabolizing enzymes, namely NTPDase3. This prompted us to investigate whether NTPDase3 gene silencing or inhibition of its enzymatic activity could rehabilitate the osteogenic potential of Pm BM-MSCs. METHODS MSCs were harvested from the bone marrow of Pm women (69 ± 2 years old) and younger female controls (22 ± 4 years old). The cells were allowed to grow for 35 days in an osteogenic-inducing medium in either the absence or the presence of NTPDase3 inhibitors (PSB 06126 and hN3-B3s antibody); pre-treatment with a lentiviral short hairpin RNA (Lenti-shRNA) was used to silence the NTPDase3 gene expression. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy was used to monitor protein cell densities. The osteogenic commitment of BM-MSCs was assessed by increases in the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. The amount of the osteogenic transcription factor Osterix and the alizarin red-stained bone nodule formation. ATP was measured with the luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence assay. The kinetics of the extracellular ATP (100 µM) and UDP (100 µM) catabolism was assessed by HPLC RESULTS: The extracellular catabolism of ATP and UDP was faster in BM-MSCs from Pm women compared to younger females. The immunoreactivity against NTPDase3 increased 5.6-fold in BM-MSCs from Pm women vs. younger females. Selective inhibition or transient NTPDase3 gene silencing increased the extracellular accumulation of adenine and uracil nucleotides in cultured Pm BM-MSCs. Downregulation of NTPDase3 expression or activity rehabilitated the osteogenic commitment of Pm BM-MSCs measured as increases in ALP activity, Osterix protein cellular content and bone nodule formation; blockage of P2X7 and P2Y6 purinoceptors prevented this effect. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest that NTPDase3 overexpression in BM-MSCs may be a clinical surrogate of the osteogenic differentiation impairment in Pm women. Thus, besides P2X7 and P2Y6 receptors activation, targeting NTPDase3 may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to increase bone mass and reduce the osteoporotic risk of fractures in Pm women.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Bernardo Noronha-Matos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Pinto-Cardoso
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Bessa-Andrês
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Magalhães-Cardoso
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Ferreirinha
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Adelina Costa
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade Do Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Marinhas
- Serviço de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Centro Hospitalar de Gaia - Espinho, 4434-502, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Rolando Freitas
- Serviço de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Centro Hospitalar de Gaia - Espinho, 4434-502, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Rui Lemos
- Serviço de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Centro Hospitalar de Gaia - Espinho, 4434-502, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Adélio Vilaça
- Serviço de Ortopedia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, 4099-001, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Oliveira
- Serviço de Ortopedia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, 4099-001, Porto, Portugal
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, University Laval, 2325, rue de l'Université Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, University Laval, 2325, rue de l'Université Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - Universidade do Porto (UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal.
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Grković I, Mitrović N, Dragić M, Zarić Kontić M. Enzyme histochemistry: a useful tool for examining the spatial distribution of brain ectonucleotidases in (patho)physiological conditions. Histol Histopathol 2022; 37:919-936. [PMID: 35575291 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and other nucleotides and nucleosides, such as adenosine, are versatile signaling molecules involved in many physiological processes and pathological conditions in the nervous system, especially those with an inflammatory component. They can be released from nerve cells, glial cells, and vascular cells into the extracellular space where they exert their function via ionotropic (P2X) or metabotropic (P2Y) receptors. Signaling via extracellular nucleotides and adenosine is regulated by cell-surface located enzymes ectonucleotidases that hydrolyze the nucleotide to the respective nucleoside. This review summarizes a histochemical approach for detection of ectonucleotidase activities in the cryo-sections of brain tissue. The enzyme histochemistry (EHC) might be used as suitable replacement for immunohistochemistry, since it gives information about both localization and activity, thus adding a functional component to a classical histological approach. With this technique, it is possible to visualize spatial distribution and cell-specific localization of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (eN/CD73) activities during brain development, after different hormonal manipulations, during neurodegeneration, etc. EHC is also suitable for investigation of microglial morphology in different (patho)physiological conditions. Furthermore, the review describes how to quantify EHC results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Grković
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Nataša Mitrović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milorad Dragić
- Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Zarić Kontić
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Grković I, Mitrović N, Dragić M. Ectonucleotidases in the hippocampus: Spatial distribution and expression after ovariectomy and estradiol replacement. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 118:199-221. [PMID: 35180927 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular purine nucleotides, such as adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), are important modulators of hippocampal function and plasticity. In the extracellular space, ATP is inherently short-lived molecule, which undergoes rapid enzymatic degradation to adenosine by ectonucleotidases. Given that ectonucleotidases have distinct and overlapping distribution in the hippocampus, and as ovarian hormones participate in a formation, maturation, and a refinement of synaptic contacts, both during development and in adulthood, the present chapter summarizes known data about spatial distribution of selected ecto-enzymes and estradiol-induced effects on ectonucleotidases in the rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Grković
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Nataša Mitrović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milorad Dragić
- Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Braganhol E, Wink MR, Lenz G, Battastini AMO. Purinergic Signaling in Glioma Progression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1202:87-108. [PMID: 32034710 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30651-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the pathological alterations that give tumor cells invasive potential, purinergic signaling is emerging as an important component. Studies performed in in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo glioma models indicate that alterations in the purinergic signaling are involved in the progression of these tumors. Gliomas have low expression of all E-NTPDases, when compared to astrocytes in culture. Nucleotides induce glioma proliferation and ATP, although potentially neurotoxic, does not evoke cytotoxic action on the majority of glioma cells in culture. The importance of extracellular ATP for glioma pathobiology was confirmed by the reduction in glioma tumor size by apyrase, which degrades extracellular ATP to AMP, and the striking increase in tumor size by over-expression of an ecto-enzyme that degrades ATP to ADP, suggesting the effect of extracellular ATP on the tumor growth depends on the nucleotide produced by its degradation. The participation of purinergic receptors on glioma progression, particularly P2X7, is involved in the resistance to ATP-induced cell death. Although more studies are necessary, the purinergic signaling, including ectonucleotidases and receptors, may be considered as future target for glioma pharmacological or gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizandra Braganhol
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão S/N Caixa Postal 354, Pelotas, CEP 96010900, RS, Brazil.
| | - Márcia Rosângela Wink
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, 245 Rua Sarmento Leite, Porto Alegre, CEP 90050-170, RS, Brazil
| | - Guido Lenz
- Departamento de Biofísica, IB e Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 9500 Av. Bento Goncalves, Porto Alegre, 61501970, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Oliveira Battastini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2600-anexo Rua Ramiro Barcelos, Porto Alegre, CEP 90035-003, RS, Brazil
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Grković I, Drakulić D, Martinović J, Mitrović N. Role of Ectonucleotidases in Synapse Formation During Brain Development: Physiological and Pathological Implications. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:84-98. [PMID: 28521702 PMCID: PMC6341498 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170518151541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Extracellular adenine nucleotides and nucleosides, such as ATP and adenosine, are among the most recently identified and least investigated diffusible signaling factors that contribute to the structural and functional remodeling of the brain, both during embryonic and postnatal development. Their levels in the extracellular milieu are tightly controlled by various ectonucleotidases: ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (E-NPP), alkaline phosphatases (AP), ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (E-NTPDases) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (eN). Methods
Studies related to the expression patterns of ectonucleotidases and their known features during brain development are reviewed, highlighting involvement of these enzymes in synapse formation and maturation in physiological as well as in pathological states. Results
During brain development and in adulthood all ectonucleotidases have diverse expression pattern, cell specific localization and function. NPPs are expressed at early embryonic days, but the expression of NPP3 is reduced and restricted to ependymal area in adult brain. NTPDase2 is dominant ectonucleotidase existing in the progenitor cells as well as main astrocytic NTPDase in the adult brain, while NTPDase3 is fully expressed after third postnatal week, almost exclusively on varicose fibers. Specific brain AP is functionally associated with synapse formation and this enzyme is sufficient for adenosine production during neurite growth and peak of synaptogenesis. eN is transiently associated with synapses during synaptogenesis, however in adult brain it is more glial than neuronal enzyme. Conclusion
Control of extracellular adenine nucleotide levels by ectonucleotidases are important for understanding the role of purinergic signaling in developing tissues and potential targets in developmental disorders such as autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Grković
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dunja Drakulić
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Martinović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Mitrović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
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Ferrari LF, Araldi D, Levine JD. Regulation of Expression of Hyperalgesic Priming by Estrogen Receptor α in the Rat. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2017; 18:574-582. [PMID: 28089711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hyperalgesic priming, a sexually dimorphic model of transition to chronic pain, is expressed as prolongation of prostaglandin E2-induced hyperalgesia by the activation of an additional pathway including an autocrine mechanism at the plasma membrane. The autocrine mechanism involves the transport of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to the extracellular space, and its conversion to AMP and adenosine, by ecto-5'phosphodiesterase and ecto-5'nucleotidase, respectively. The end product, adenosine, activates A1 receptors, producing delayed onset prolongation of prostaglandin E2 hyperalgesia. We tested the hypothesis that the previously reported, estrogen-dependent, sexual dimorphism observed in the induction of priming is present in the mechanisms involved in its expression, as a regulatory effect on ecto-5'nucleotidase by estrogen receptor α (EsRα), in female rats. In the primed paw AMP hyperalgesia was dependent on conversion to adenosine, being prevented by ecto-5'nucleotidase inhibitor α,β-methyleneadenosine 5'-diphosphate sodium salt and A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine. To investigate an interaction between EsRα and ecto-5'nucleotidase, we treated primed female rats with oligodeoxynucleotide antisense or mismatch against EsRα messenger RNA. Whereas in rats treated with antisense AMP-induced hyperalgesia was abolished, the A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclopentiladenosine still produced hyperalgesia. Thus, EsRα interacts with this autocrine pathway at the level of ecto-5'nucleotidase. These results demonstrate a sexually dimorphic mechanism for the expression of priming. PERSPECTIVE This study presents evidence of an estrogen-dependent mechanism of expression of chronic pain in female rats, supporting the suggestion that differential targets must be considered when establishing protocols for the treatment of painful conditions in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F Ferrari
- Departments of Medicine and Oral Surgery, and Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Dionéia Araldi
- Departments of Medicine and Oral Surgery, and Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jon D Levine
- Departments of Medicine and Oral Surgery, and Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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Mitrović N, Zarić M, Drakulić D, Martinović J, Sévigny J, Stanojlović M, Nedeljković N, Grković I. 17β-Estradiol-Induced Synaptic Rearrangements Are Accompanied by Altered Ectonucleotidase Activities in Male Rat Hippocampal Synaptosomes. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 61:412-422. [PMID: 27981418 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0877-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
17β-Estradiol (E2) rapidly, by binding to membrane estrogen receptors, activates cell signaling cascades which induce formation of new dendritic spines in the hippocampus of males as in females, but the interaction with other metabolic processes, such as extracellular adenine nucleotides metabolism, are currently unknown. Extracellular adenine nucleotides play significant roles, controlling excitatory glutamatergic synapses and development of neural circuits and synaptic plasticity. Their precise regulation in the synaptic cleft is tightly controlled by ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase)/ecto-5'-nucleotidase (eN) enzyme chain. Therefore, we sought to clarify whether a single systemic injection of E2 in male rats is accompanied by changes in the expression of the pre- and postsynaptic proteins and downstream kinases linked to E2-induced synaptic rearrangement as well as alterations in NTPDase/eN pathway in the hippocampal synaptosomes. Obtained data showed activation of mammalian target of rapamycin and upregulation of key synaptic proteins necessary for spine formation, 24 h after systemic E2 administration. In E2-mediated conditions, we found downregulation of NTPDase1 and NTPDase2 and attenuation of adenine nucleotide hydrolysis by NTPDase/eN enzyme chain, without changes in NTPDase3 properties and augmentation of synaptic tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) activity. Despite reduced NTPDase activities, increased TNAP activity probably prevents toxic accumulation of ATP in the extracellular milieu and also hydrolyzes accumulated ADP due to unchanged NTPDase3 activity. Thus, our initial evaluation supports idea of specific roles of different ectonucleotidases and their coordinated actions in E2-mediated spine remodeling and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Mitrović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, Belgrade, 11001, Serbia
| | - Marina Zarić
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, Belgrade, 11001, Serbia
| | - Dunja Drakulić
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, Belgrade, 11001, Serbia
| | - Jelena Martinović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, Belgrade, 11001, Serbia
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Miloš Stanojlović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, Belgrade, 11001, Serbia
| | - Nadežda Nedeljković
- Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 3, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Ivana Grković
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, Belgrade, 11001, Serbia.
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Grković I, Bjelobaba I, Mitrović N, Lavrnja I, Drakulić D, Martinović J, Stanojlović M, Horvat A, Nedeljković N. Expression of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase3 (NTPDase3) in the female rat brain during postnatal development. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 77:10-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mitrović N, Guševac I, Drakulić D, Stanojlović M, Zlatković J, Sévigny J, Horvat A, Nedeljković N, Grković I. Regional and sex-related differences in modulating effects of female sex steroids on ecto-5'-nucleotidase expression in the rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 235:100-107. [PMID: 27296672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (eN), a membrane rate-limiting enzyme of the purine catabolic pathway, catalyzes the conversion of AMP to adenosine involved in the regulation of many brain physiological and pathological processes. Since gender fundamentally determines hormonal milieu in the body and brain, it is reasonable to assume that sex differences in the activity of various signaling systems, including adenosine, may be generated by gonadal steroids. Thus, we examined expression of eN as a component of adenosine signaling system in the basal state in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of male and female rats at gene, protein and functional level, as well as in the state of gonadal hormone deprivation, induced by ovariectomy (OVX), whereas impact of steroid hormones was explored after repeated administration of 17α-estradiol, 17β-estradiol and progesterone for seven consecutive days. Results showed regional and sex-related differences in basal eN activity level, with the highest AMP hydrolysis observed in the hippocampus of male rats. Furthermore, ovarian steroids do not contribute to basal gene eN expression or the activity in cortical and hippocampal region of female rats. However, protein eN expression was increased in OVX rats in both investigated region. Investigated exogenous steroids had no influence on eN expression in male brain, while in OVX females alterations in eN activity were induced. The observed effects in female rats were different between examined regions e.g. in cortex, applied treatments predominantly decreased whereas in hippocampus increased eN activity. Based on the presented results, eN exerts regional and sex-related response in basal state as well as after treatment with female gonadal hormones, however the exact mechanisms of sex steroids actions on eN remain unclear and should be fully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Mitrović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Guševac
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dunja Drakulić
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš Stanojlović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Zlatković
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, G1V 4G2 QC, Canada
| | - Anica Horvat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadežda Nedeljković
- Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 3, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Grković
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia.
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de Almeida-Pereira L, Magalhães CF, Repossi MG, Thorstenberg MLP, Sholl-Franco A, Coutinho-Silva R, Ventura ALM, Fragel-Madeira L. Adenine Nucleotides Control Proliferation In Vivo of Rat Retinal Progenitors by P2Y 1 Receptor. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5142-5155. [PMID: 27558237 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that exogenous ATP is able to regulate proliferation of retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) in vitro possibly via P2Y1 receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor. Here, we evaluated the function of adenine nucleotides in vivo during retinal development of newborn rats. Intravitreal injection of apyrase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes nucleotides, reduced cell proliferation in retinas at postnatal day 2 (P2). This decrease was reversed when retinas were treated together with ATPγ-S or ADPβ-S, two hydrolysis-resistant analogs of ATP and ADP, respectively. During early postnatal days (P0 to P5), an increase in ectonucleotidase (E-NTPDase) activity was observed in the retina, suggesting a decrease in the availability of adenine nucleotides, coinciding with the end of proliferation. Interestingly, intravitreal injection of the E-NTPDase inhibitor ARL67156 increased proliferation by around 60 % at P5 rats. Furthermore, immunolabeling against P2Y1 receptor was observed overall in retina layers from P2 rats, including proliferating Ki-67-positive cells in the neuroblastic layer (NBL), suggesting that this receptor could be responsible for the action of adenine nucleotides upon proliferation of RPCs. Accordingly, intravitreal injection of MRS2179, a selective antagonist of P2Y1 receptors, reduced cell proliferation by approximately 20 % in P2 rats. Moreover, treatment with MRS 2179 caused an increase in p57KIP2 and cyclin D1 expression, a reduction in cyclin E and Rb phosphorylated expression and in BrdU-positive cell number. These data suggest that the adenine nucleotides modulate the proliferation of rat RPCs via activation of P2Y1 receptors regulating transition from G1 to S phase of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana de Almeida-Pereira
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Camila Feitosa Magalhães
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Marinna Garcia Repossi
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | - Alfred Sholl-Franco
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Lucianne Fragel-Madeira
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Regeneração Neural, Departmento de Neurobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Cx. Postal 100180, Niterói, RJ, 24020-141, Brazil.
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11
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Kiss DS, Toth I, Jocsak G, Sterczer A, Bartha T, Frenyo LV, Zsarnovszky A. Preparation of purified perikaryal and synaptosomal mitochondrial fractions from relatively small hypothalamic brain samples. MethodsX 2016; 3:417-29. [PMID: 27284533 PMCID: PMC4887559 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to measure the activity of neuronal mitochondria, a representative proof of neuronal processes, physiologically relevant mitochondrial samples need to be gained as simply as possible. Existing methods are, however, either for tissue samples of large size and/or homogenous microstructures only, or are not tested for mitochondrial function measurements. In the present article we describe a gradient fractionation method to isolate viable and well-coupled mitochondria from relatively heterogeneous histological microstructures such as the hypothalamus. With this new method, we are able to isolate a sufficient amount of functional mitochondria for determination of respiratory activity, in a short period of time, using affordable equipment. •Verified by electron microscopy, our method separates highly enriched and well-preserved perikaryal and synaptosomal mitochondria. Both fractions contain minimal cell debris and no myelin. Respiratory measurements (carried out by Clark-type electrode) confirmed undisturbed mitochondrial function providing well-evaluable records. The demonstrated protocol yields highly viable mitochondrial subfractions within 3 h from small brain areas for high-precision examinations. Using this procedure, brain regions with relatively heterogeneous histological microstructure (hypothalamus) can also be efficiently sampled.•Up to our present knowledge, our method is the shortest available procedure with the lowest sample size to gain debris-free, fully-viable mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Kiss
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Istvan Toth
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Jocsak
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Agnes Sterczer
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Bartha
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo V Frenyo
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Zsarnovszky
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Animal Physiology and Animal Health, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Godollo, Hungary
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12
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Mitrović N, Zarić M, Drakulić D, Martinović J, Stanojlović M, Sévigny J, Horvat A, Nedeljković N, Grković I. 17β-Estradiol upregulates ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) in hippocampal synaptosomes of female rats through action mediated by estrogen receptor-α and -β. Neuroscience 2016; 324:286-96. [PMID: 26987957 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
17β-Estradiol (E2) crucially affects several processes in the hippocampus of both sexes. E2 acts upon estradiol receptors ERα and ERβ, influencing target gene expression and/or modulates intracellular signaling cascades. Another potent modulator of hippocampal function is nucleoside adenosine, the final product of ectonucleotidase cascade, enzymes which hydrolyze extracellular ATP to adenosine. The last and rate-limiting step of the hydrolysis is catalyzed by membrane-bound ecto-5'-nucleotidase (eN). Previous findings obtained on adenosine metabolism in brain suggest that eN may be modulated by ovarian steroids. Therefore, the present study reports that the activity and protein abundance of membrane-bound eN fluctuates across the estrus cycle in the hippocampal synaptosomes of female rats. Further, we analyzed the role of E2 and its intracellular receptors on the expression of eN in ovariectomized females. We found that E2 upregulated eN activity and protein abundance in the hippocampal synaptosomes. Application of nonspecific ER antagonist, ICI 182,780 and selective ERα and ERβ agonists, PPT and DPN, respectively, demonstrated the involvement of both receptor subtypes in observed actions. Selective ERα receptor agonist, PPT, induced upregulation of both the protein level and activity of eN, while application of selective ERβ receptor agonist, DPN, increased only the activity of eN. In both cases, E2 entered into the intracellular compartment and activated ER(s), which was demonstrated by membrane impermeable E2-BSA conjugate. Together these results imply that E2-induced effects on connectivity and functional properties of the hippocampal synapses may be in part mediated through observed effect on eN.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mitrović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Zarić
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Drakulić
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - J Martinović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Stanojlović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - J Sévigny
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, G1V 4G2 QC, Canada
| | - A Horvat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - N Nedeljković
- Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 3, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - I Grković
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia.
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13
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Toth I, Kiss DS, Jocsak G, Somogyi V, Toronyi E, Bartha T, Frenyo LV, Horvath TL, Zsarnovszky A. Estrogen- and Satiety State-Dependent Metabolic Lateralization in the Hypothalamus of Female Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137462. [PMID: 26339901 PMCID: PMC4560379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamus is the highest center and the main crossroad of numerous homeostatic regulatory pathways including reproduction and energy metabolism. Previous reports indicate that some of these functions may be driven by the synchronized but distinct functioning of the left and right hypothalamic sides. However, the nature of interplay between the hemispheres with regard to distinct hypothalamic functions is still unclear. Here we investigated the metabolic asymmetry between the left and right hypothalamic sides of ovariectomized female rats by measuring mitochondrial respiration rates, a parameter that reflects the intensity of cell and tissue metabolism. Ovariectomized (saline injected) and ovariectomized+estrogen injected animals were fed ad libitum or fasted to determine 1) the contribution of estrogen to metabolic asymmetry of hypothalamus; and 2) whether the hypothalamic asymmetry is modulated by the satiety state. Results show that estrogen-priming significantly increased both the proportion of animals with detected hypothalamic lateralization and the degree of metabolic difference between the hypothalamic sides causing a right-sided dominance during state 3 mitochondrial respiration (St3) in ad libitum fed animals. After 24 hours of fasting, lateralization in St3 values was clearly maintained; however, instead of the observed right-sided dominance that was detected in ad libitum fed animals here appeared in form of either right- or left-sidedness. In conclusion, our results revealed estrogen- and satiety state-dependent metabolic differences between the two hypothalamic hemispheres in female rats showing that the hypothalamic hemispheres drive the reproductive and satiety state related functions in an asymmetric manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Toth
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - David S. Kiss
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Jocsak
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Virag Somogyi
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eva Toronyi
- Department of Transplantation and Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Bartha
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo V. Frenyo
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamas L. Horvath
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Department of Animal Physiology and Animal Health, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Godollo, Hungary
| | - Attila Zsarnovszky
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Department of Animal Physiology and Animal Health, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Godollo, Hungary
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14
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McCoy E, Street S, Taylor-Blake B, Yi J, Edwards M, Wightman M, Zylka M. Deletion of ENTPD3 does not impair nucleotide hydrolysis in primary somatosensory neurons or spinal cord. F1000Res 2014; 3:163. [PMID: 25717362 PMCID: PMC4329602 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.4563.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectonucleotidases are membrane-bound or secreted proteins that hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides. Recently, we identified three ectonucleotidases that hydrolyze extracellular adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) to adenosine in primary somatosensory neurons. Currently, it is unclear which ectonucleotidases hydrolyze ATP and ADP in these neurons. Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (ENTPDs) comprise a class of enzymes that dephosphorylate extracellular ATP and ADP. Here, we found that ENTPD3 (also known as NTPDase3 or CD39L3) was located in nociceptive and non-nociceptive neurons of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and in free nerve endings in the skin. To determine if ENTPD3 contributes directly to ATP and ADP hydrolysis in these tissues, we generated and characterized an Entpd3 knockout mouse. This mouse lacks ENTPD3 protein in all tissues examined, including the DRG, spinal cord, skin, and bladder. However, DRG and spinal cord tissues from Entpd3 (-/-) mice showed no reduction in histochemical staining when ATP, ADP, AMP, or UTP were used as substrates. Additionally, using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV), adenosine production was not impaired in the dorsal spinal cord of Entpd3 (-/-) mice when the substrate ADP was applied. Further, Entpd3 (-/-) mice did not differ in nociceptive behaviors when compared to wild-type mice, although Entpd3 (-/-) mice showed a modest reduction in β-alanine-mediated itch. Taken together, our data indicate that deletion of Entpd3 does not impair ATP or ADP hydrolysis in primary somatosensory neurons or in dorsal spinal cord. Moreover, our data suggest there could be multiple ectonucleotidases that act redundantly to hydrolyze nucleotides in these regions of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric McCoy
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, CB #7545, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Sarah Street
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, CB #7545, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Bonnie Taylor-Blake
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, CB #7545, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jason Yi
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, CB #7545, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Martin Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, CB #3290, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Mark Wightman
- Department of Chemistry, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, CB #3290, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Mark Zylka
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, CB #7545, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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15
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Purinergic signaling in glioma progression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 986:81-102. [PMID: 22879065 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4719-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Among the pathological alterations that give tumor cells invasive potential, purinergic signaling is emerging as an important component. Studies performed in in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo glioma models indicate that alterations in the purinergic signaling are involved in the progression of these tumors. Gliomas have low expression of all E-NTPDases, when compared to astrocytes in culture. Nucleotides induce glioma proliferation and ATP, although potentially neurotoxic, does not evoke cytotoxic action on the majority of glioma cells in culture. The importance of extracellular ATP for glioma pathobiology was confirmed by the reduction in glioma tumor size by apyrase, which degrades extracellular ATP to AMP, and the striking increase in tumor size by over-expression of an ecto-enzyme that degrades ATP to ADP, suggesting the effect of extracellular ATP on the tumor growth depends on the nucleotide produced by its degradation. The participation of purinergic receptors on glioma progression, particularly P2X(7), is involved in the resistance to ATP-induced cell death. Although more studies are necessary, the purinergic signaling, including ectonucleotidases and receptors, may be considered as future target for glioma pharmacological or gene therapy.
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Burnstock G, Krügel U, Abbracchio MP, Illes P. Purinergic signalling: from normal behaviour to pathological brain function. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:229-74. [PMID: 21907261 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic neurotransmission, involving release of ATP as an efferent neurotransmitter was first proposed in 1972. Later, ATP was recognised as a cotransmitter in peripheral nerves and more recently as a cotransmitter with glutamate, noradrenaline, GABA, acetylcholine and dopamine in the CNS. Both ATP, together with some of its enzymatic breakdown products (ADP and adenosine) and uracil nucleotides are now recognised to act via P2X ion channels and P1 and P2Y G protein-coupled receptors, which are widely expressed in the brain. They mediate both fast signalling in neurotransmission and neuromodulation and long-term (trophic) signalling in cell proliferation, differentiation and death. Purinergic signalling is prominent in neurone-glial cell interactions. In this review we discuss first the evidence implicating purinergic signalling in normal behaviour, including learning and memory, sleep and arousal, locomotor activity and exploration, feeding behaviour and mood and motivation. Then we turn to the involvement of P1 and P2 receptors in pathological brain function; firstly in trauma, ischemia and stroke, then in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's, as well as multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Finally, the role of purinergic signalling in neuropsychiatric diseases (including schizophrenia), epilepsy, migraine, cognitive impairment and neuropathic pain will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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Endocrine factors in the hypothalamic regulation of food intake in females: a review of the physiological roles and interactions of ghrelin, leptin, thyroid hormones, oestrogen and insulin. Nutr Res Rev 2011; 24:132-54. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954422411000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Controlling energy homeostasis involves modulating the desire to eat and regulating energy expenditure. The controlling machinery includes a complex interplay of hormones secreted at various peripheral endocrine endpoints, such as the gastrointestinal tract, the adipose tissue, thyroid gland and thyroid hormone-exporting organs, the ovary and the pancreas, and, last but not least, the brain itself. The peripheral hormones that are the focus of the present review (ghrelin, leptin, thyroid hormones, oestrogen and insulin) play integrated regulatory roles in and provide feedback information on the nutritional and energetic status of the body. As peripheral signals, these hormones modulate central pathways in the brain, including the hypothalamus, to influence food intake, energy expenditure and to maintain energy homeostasis. Since the growth of the literature on the role of various hormones in the regulation of energy homeostasis shows a remarkable and dynamic expansion, it is now becoming increasingly difficult to understand the individual and interactive roles of hormonal mechanisms in their true complexity. Therefore, our goal is to review, in the context of general physiology, the roles of the five best-known peripheral trophic hormones (ghrelin, leptin, thyroid hormones, oestrogen and insulin, respectively) and discuss their interactions in the hypothalamic regulation of food intake.
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Zsarnovszky A, Bartha T, Frenyo LV, Diano S. NTPDases in the neuroendocrine hypothalamus: possible energy regulators of the positive gonadotrophin feedback. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7:63. [PMID: 19527530 PMCID: PMC2702309 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) have been known as plasma membrane-incorporated enzymes with their ATP-hydrolyzing domain outside of the cell. As such, these enzymes are thought to regulate purinergic intercellular signaling by hydrolyzing ATP to ADP-AMP, thus regulating the availability of specific ligands for various P2X and P2Y purinergic receptors. The role of NTPDases in the central nervous system is little understood. The two major reasons are the insufficient knowledge of the precise localization of these enzymes in neural structures, and the lack of specific inhibitors for the various NTPDases. To fill these gaps, we recently studied the presence of neuron-specific NTPDase3 in the mitochondria of hypothalamic excitatory neurons by morphological and functional methods. Results from those studies suggested that intramitochondrial regulation of ATP levels may play a permissive role in the neural regulation of physiological functions by tuning the level of ATP-carried energy that is needed for neuronal functions, such as neurotransmission and/or intracellular signaling. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS In the lack of highly specific inhibitors, the determination of the precise function and role of NTPDases is hardly feasable. Yet, here we attempt to find an approach to investigate a possible role for hypothalamic NTPDase3 in the initiation of the midcycle luteinizing hormone (LH) surge, as such a biological role was implied by our recent findings. Here we hypothesize that NTPDase-activity in neurons of the AN may play a permissive role in the regulation of the estrogen-induced pituitary LH-surge. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS We propose to test our hypothesis on ovariectomized rats, by stereotaxically injecting 17beta-estradiol and/or an NTPDase-inhibitor into the arcuate nucleus and determine the consequential levels of blood LH, mitochondrial respiration rates from arcuate nucleus synaptosomal preparations, NTPDase3-expression from arcuate nucleus tissue samples, all compared to sham and intact controls. IMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS Results from these studies may lead to the conclusion that estrogen may modulate the activity of mitochondrial, synapse-linked NTPDase3, and may show a correlation between mitochondrial NTPDase3-activity and the regulation of LH-release by estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Zsarnovszky
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Tibor Bartha
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo V Frenyo
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sabrina Diano
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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