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Wilhelm G, Mertowska P, Mertowski S, Przysucha A, Strużyna J, Grywalska E, Torres K. The Crossroads of the Coagulation System and the Immune System: Interactions and Connections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12563. [PMID: 37628744 PMCID: PMC10454528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The coagulation and immune systems, two vital systems in the human body, share intimate connections that fundamentally determine patient health. These systems work together through several common regulatory pathways, including the Tissue Factor (TF) Pathway. Immune cells expressing TF and producing pro-inflammatory cytokines can influence coagulation, while coagulation factors and processes reciprocally impact immune responses by activating immune cells and controlling their functions. These shared pathways contribute to maintaining health and are also involved in various pathological conditions. Dysregulated coagulation, triggered by infection, inflammation, or tissue damage, can result in conditions such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Concurrently, immune dysregulation may lead to coagulation disorders and thrombotic complications. This review elucidates these intricate interactions, emphasizing their roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and cancer. Understanding the complex interplay between these systems is critical for disease management and the development of effective treatments. By exploring these common regulatory mechanisms, we can uncover innovative therapeutic strategies targeting these intricate disorders. Thus, this paper presents a comprehensive overview of the mutual interaction between the coagulation and immune systems, highlighting its significance in health maintenance and disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Wilhelm
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Microsurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (G.W.); (K.T.)
| | - Paulina Mertowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Sebastian Mertowski
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Anna Przysucha
- Chair and Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Strużyna
- East Center of Burns Treatment and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Kamil Torres
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Microsurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (G.W.); (K.T.)
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Santos-Gomes J, Gandra I, Adão R, Perros F, Brás-Silva C. An Overview of Circulating Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Biomarkers. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:924873. [PMID: 35911521 PMCID: PMC9333554 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.924873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), also known as Group 1 Pulmonary Hypertension (PH), is a PH subset characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling and pulmonary arterial obstruction. PAH has an estimated incidence of 15-50 people per million in the United States and Europe, and is associated with high mortality and morbidity, with patients' survival time after diagnosis being only 2.8 years. According to current guidelines, right heart catheterization is the gold standard for diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of PAH patients. However, this technique is highly invasive, so it is not used in routine clinical practice or patient follow-up. Thereby, it is essential to find new non-invasive strategies for evaluating disease progression. Biomarkers can be an effective solution for determining PAH patient prognosis and response to therapy, and aiding in diagnostic efforts, so long as their detection is non-invasive, easy, and objective. This review aims to clarify and describe some of the potential new candidates as circulating biomarkers of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Santos-Gomes
- UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Gandra
- UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Adão
- UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Frédéric Perros
- Paris-Porto Pulmonary Hypertension Collaborative Laboratory (3PH), UMR_S 999, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
- Université Paris–Saclay, AP-HP, INSERM UMR_S 999, Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Carmen Brás-Silva
- UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Johnson SR, Hakami N, Ahmad Z, Wijeysundera DN. Venous Thromboembolism in Systemic Sclerosis: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Effect on Survival. J Rheumatol 2018; 45:942-946. [PMID: 29657152 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.170268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Whether systemic sclerosis (SSc) confers increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is uncertain. We evaluated the prevalence, risk factors, and effect of VTE on SSc survival. METHODS A cohort study was conducted of subjects with SSc who fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria between 1970 and 2017. Deep vein thrombosis was defined as thrombus on extremity ultrasound. Pulmonary embolism was defined as thrombus on thorax computed tomography angiogram. Risk factors for VTE and time to all-cause mortality were evaluated. RESULTS Of the 1181 subjects, 40 (3.4%) experienced VTE events. The cumulative incidence of VTE was 2.7 (95% CI 1.9-3.7) per 1000 patient-years. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH; OR 3.77, 95% CI 1.83-8.17), peripheral arterial disease (OR 5.31, 95% CI 1.99-12.92), Scl-70 (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.07-5.30), and anticardiolipin antibodies (OR 5.70, 95% CI 1.16-21.17) were predictors of VTE. There were 440 deaths. There was no difference in survival between those with and without VTE (HR 1.16, 95% CI 0.70-1.91). Interstitial lung disease (HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.27-1.88) and PAH (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.10-1.65) were predictors of mortality. CONCLUSION The risk of VTE in SSc is comparable to the general population. The presence of PAH, peripheral arterial disease, Scl-70, and anticardiolipin antibodies are risk factors for VTE. VTE does not independently predict SSc survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu R Johnson
- From the Toronto Scleroderma Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation; Department of Anesthesia and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto; Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; King Fahad Central Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jizan, Saudi Arabia. .,S.R. Johnson, MD, PhD, Toronto Scleroderma Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto; N. Hakami, MD, Toronto Scleroderma Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and King Fahad Central Hospital, Ministry of Health; Z. Ahmad, MD, Toronto Scleroderma Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; D.N. Wijeysundera, MD, PhD, Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, and Department of Anesthesia and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto.
| | - Nabil Hakami
- From the Toronto Scleroderma Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation; Department of Anesthesia and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto; Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; King Fahad Central Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jizan, Saudi Arabia.,S.R. Johnson, MD, PhD, Toronto Scleroderma Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto; N. Hakami, MD, Toronto Scleroderma Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and King Fahad Central Hospital, Ministry of Health; Z. Ahmad, MD, Toronto Scleroderma Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; D.N. Wijeysundera, MD, PhD, Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, and Department of Anesthesia and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto
| | - Zareen Ahmad
- From the Toronto Scleroderma Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation; Department of Anesthesia and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto; Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; King Fahad Central Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jizan, Saudi Arabia.,S.R. Johnson, MD, PhD, Toronto Scleroderma Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto; N. Hakami, MD, Toronto Scleroderma Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and King Fahad Central Hospital, Ministry of Health; Z. Ahmad, MD, Toronto Scleroderma Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; D.N. Wijeysundera, MD, PhD, Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, and Department of Anesthesia and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto
| | - Duminda N Wijeysundera
- From the Toronto Scleroderma Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation; Department of Anesthesia and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto; Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; King Fahad Central Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jizan, Saudi Arabia.,S.R. Johnson, MD, PhD, Toronto Scleroderma Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto; N. Hakami, MD, Toronto Scleroderma Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, and King Fahad Central Hospital, Ministry of Health; Z. Ahmad, MD, Toronto Scleroderma Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; D.N. Wijeysundera, MD, PhD, Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, and Department of Anesthesia and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto
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