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Park YK, Jangili P, Zi S, Kang RH, Kim D, Kim JS. SIWV tetrapeptide and ROS-responsive prodrug conjugate for advanced glioblastoma therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10941-10944. [PMID: 36082694 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03777g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new conjugate formulation, SIWV-PB-SN, based on glioblastoma (GBM)-homing SIWV tetrapeptide and an ROS-responsive prodrug is reported. SIWV-PB-SN selectively penetrates the GBM cells and releases anti-GBM drug (SN-38) via ROS-induced linker cleavage. This study presents a new insight for a more advanced therapeutic approach to overcoming GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Kyung Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Paramesh Jangili
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soyu Zi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Rae Hyung Kang
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dokyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea. .,Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea. .,KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.,Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Piorońska W, Nwosu ZC, Han M, Büttner M, Ebert MP, Dooley S, Meyer C. Dysregulated paired related homeobox 1 impacts on hepatocellular carcinoma phenotypes. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:1006. [PMID: 34496784 PMCID: PMC8424914 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08637-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer-related death. Paired related homeobox 1 (PRRX1) is a transcription factor that regulates cell growth and differentiation, but its importance in HCC is unclear. METHODS We examined the expression pattern of PRRX1 in nine microarray datasets of human HCC tumour samples (n > 1100) and analyzed its function in HCC cell lines. In addition, we performed gene set enrichment, Kaplan-Meier overall survival analysis, metabolomics and functional assays. RESULTS PRRX1 is frequently upregulated in human HCC. Pathway enrichment analysis predicted a direct correlation between PRRX1 and focal adhesion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. High expression of PRRX1 and low ZEB1 or high ZEB2 significantly predicted better overall survival in HCC patients. In contrast, metabolic processes correlated inversely and transcriptional analyses revealed that glycolysis, TCA cycle and amino acid metabolism were affected. These findings were confirmed by metabolomics analysis. At the phenotypic level, PRRX1 knockdown accelerated proliferation and clonogenicity in HCC cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PRRX1 controls metabolism, has a tumour suppressive role, and may function in cooperation with ZEB1/2. These findings have functional relevance in HCC, including in understanding transcriptional control of distinct cancer hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Piorońska
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Zeribe Chike Nwosu
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.,Current address: Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Rogel Cancer Centre, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mei Han
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.,Current address: Department of Internal Medicine, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Shahekou District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Michael Büttner
- The Metabolomics Core Technology Platform of the University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Philip Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
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3
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Yang P, Yang Y, Sun P, Tian Y, Gao F, Wang C, Zong T, Li M, Zhang Y, Yu T, Jiang Z. βII spectrin (SPTBN1): biological function and clinical potential in cancer and other diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:32-49. [PMID: 33390831 PMCID: PMC7757025 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.52375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
βII spectrin, the most common isoform of non-erythrocyte spectrin, is a cytoskeleton protein present in all nucleated cells. Interestingly, βII spectrin is essential for the development of various organs such as nerve, epithelium, inner ear, liver and heart. The functions of βII spectrin include not only establishing and maintaining the cell structure but also regulating a variety of cellular functions, such as cell apoptosis, cell adhesion, cell spreading and cell cycle regulation. Notably, βII spectrin dysfunction is associated with embryonic lethality and the DNA damage response. More recently, the detection of altered βII spectrin expression in tumors indicated that βII spectrin might be involved in the development and progression of cancer. Its mutations and disorders could result in developmental disabilities and various diseases. The versatile roles of βII spectrin in disease have been examined in an increasing number of studies; nonetheless, the exact mechanisms of βII spectrin are still poorly understood. Thus, we summarize the structural features and biological roles of βII spectrin and discuss its molecular mechanisms and functions in development, homeostasis, regeneration and differentiation. This review highlight the potential effects of βII spectrin dysfunction in cancer and other diseases, outstanding questions for the future investigation of therapeutic targets. The investigation of the regulatory mechanism of βII spectrin signal inactivation and recovery may bring hope for future therapy of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panyu Yang
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Pin Sun
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Fang Gao
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabiliation, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabiliation, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tingyu Zong
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Min Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.,Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirong Jiang
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
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Serna-Márquez N, Rodríguez-Hernández A, Ayala-Reyes M, Martínez-Hernández LO, Peña-Rico MÁ, Carretero-Ortega J, Hautefeuille M, Vázquez-Victorio G. Fibrillar Collagen Type I Participates in the Survival and Aggregation of Primary Hepatocytes Cultured on Soft Hydrogels. Biomimetics (Basel) 2020; 5:E30. [PMID: 32630500 PMCID: PMC7345357 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics5020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver is an essential organ that carries out multiple functions such as glycogen storage, the synthesis of plasma proteins, and the detoxification of xenobiotics. Hepatocytes are the parenchyma that sustain almost all the functions supported by this organ. Hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells respond to the mechanical alterations that occur in the extracellular matrix (ECM) caused by organogenesis and regenerating processes. Rearrangements of the ECM modify the composition and mechanical properties that result in specific dedifferentiation programs inside the hepatic cells. Quiescent hepatocytes are embedded in the soft ECM, which contains an important concentration of fibrillar collagens in combination with a basement membrane-associated matrix (BM). This work aims to evaluate the role of fibrillar collagens and BM on actin cytoskeleton organization and the function of rat primary hepatocytes cultured on soft elastic polyacrylamide hydrogels (PAA HGs). We used rat tail collagen type I and Matrigel® as references of fibrillar collagens and BM respectively and mixed different percentages of collagen type I in combination with BM. We also used peptides obtained from decellularized liver matrices (dECM). Remarkably, hepatocytes showed a poor adhesion in the absence of collagen on soft PAA HGs. We demonstrated that collagen type I inhibited apoptosis and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) in primary hepatocytes cultured on soft hydrogels. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) was not able to rescue cell viability in conjugated BM but affected cell aggregation in soft PAA HGs conjugated with combinations of different proportions of collagen and BM. Interestingly, actin cytoskeleton was localized and preserved close to plasma membrane (cortical actin) and proximal to intercellular ducts (canaliculi-like structures) in soft conditions; however, albumin protein expression was not preserved, even though primary hepatocytes did not remodel their actin cytoskeleton significantly in soft conditions. This investigation highlights the important role of fibrillar collagens on soft hydrogels for the maintenance of survival and aggregation of the hepatocytes. Data suggest evaluating the conditions that allow the establishment of optimal biomimetic environments for physiology and cell biology studies, where the phenotype of primary cells may be preserved for longer periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Serna-Márquez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia (LaNSBioDyT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico; (N.S.-M.); (A.R.-H.); (M.A.-R.); (L.O.M.-H.); (J.C.-O.); (M.H.)
| | - Adriana Rodríguez-Hernández
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia (LaNSBioDyT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico; (N.S.-M.); (A.R.-H.); (M.A.-R.); (L.O.M.-H.); (J.C.-O.); (M.H.)
| | - Marisol Ayala-Reyes
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia (LaNSBioDyT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico; (N.S.-M.); (A.R.-H.); (M.A.-R.); (L.O.M.-H.); (J.C.-O.); (M.H.)
| | - Lorena Omega Martínez-Hernández
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia (LaNSBioDyT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico; (N.S.-M.); (A.R.-H.); (M.A.-R.); (L.O.M.-H.); (J.C.-O.); (M.H.)
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad del Papaloapan, Tuxtepec CP 68301, Oaxaca, Mexico;
| | - Miguel Ángel Peña-Rico
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad del Papaloapan, Tuxtepec CP 68301, Oaxaca, Mexico;
| | - Jorge Carretero-Ortega
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia (LaNSBioDyT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico; (N.S.-M.); (A.R.-H.); (M.A.-R.); (L.O.M.-H.); (J.C.-O.); (M.H.)
| | - Mathieu Hautefeuille
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia (LaNSBioDyT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico; (N.S.-M.); (A.R.-H.); (M.A.-R.); (L.O.M.-H.); (J.C.-O.); (M.H.)
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Genaro Vázquez-Victorio
- Laboratorio Nacional de Soluciones Biomiméticas para Diagnóstico y Terapia (LaNSBioDyT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico; (N.S.-M.); (A.R.-H.); (M.A.-R.); (L.O.M.-H.); (J.C.-O.); (M.H.)
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico
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Pol A, Morales-Paytuví F, Bosch M, Parton RG. Non-caveolar caveolins – duties outside the caves. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/9/jcs241562. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.241562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Caveolae are invaginations of the plasma membrane that are remarkably abundant in adipocytes, endothelial cells and muscle. Caveolae provide cells with resources for mechanoprotection, can undergo fission from the plasma membrane and can regulate a variety of signaling pathways. Caveolins are fundamental components of caveolae, but many cells, such as hepatocytes and many neurons, express caveolins without forming distinguishable caveolae. Thus, the function of caveolins goes beyond their roles as caveolar components. The membrane-organizing and -sculpting capacities of caveolins, in combination with their complex intracellular trafficking, might contribute to these additional roles. Furthermore, non-caveolar caveolins can potentially interact with proteins normally excluded from caveolae. Here, we revisit the non-canonical roles of caveolins in a variety of cellular contexts including liver, brain, lymphocytes, cilia and cancer cells, as well as consider insights from invertebrate systems. Non-caveolar caveolins can determine the intracellular fluxes of active lipids, including cholesterol and sphingolipids. Accordingly, caveolins directly or remotely control a plethora of lipid-dependent processes such as the endocytosis of specific cargoes, sorting and transport in endocytic compartments, or different signaling pathways. Indeed, loss-of-function of non-caveolar caveolins might contribute to the common phenotypes and pathologies of caveolin-deficient cells and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Pol
- Cell Compartments and Signaling Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frederic Morales-Paytuví
- Cell Compartments and Signaling Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Bosch
- Cell Compartments and Signaling Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert G. Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis (CMM) IMB, The University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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6
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Han M, Nwosu ZC, Piorońska W, Ebert MP, Dooley S, Meyer C. Caveolin-1 Impacts on TGF-β Regulation of Metabolic Gene Signatures in Hepatocytes. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1606. [PMID: 32082178 PMCID: PMC7005071 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is a membrane protein associated with metabolism in various cell types. The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a pro-fibrogenic cytokine in the liver, but its metabolic gene signatures remain unclear to date. We have previously shown that CAV1 alters TGF-β signaling and blocks its pro-apoptotic function. Here, we defined TGF-β-induced metabolic gene signatures in hepatocytes and assessed whether CAV1 abundance affects TGF-β control of those metabolic genes. Microarray analyses of primary hepatocytes after TGF-β stimulation (48 h) showed differential expression of 4224 genes, of which 721 are metabolic genes (adjusted p < 0.001). Functional annotation analysis revealed that TGF-β mainly suppresses metabolic gene network, including genes involved in glutathione, cholesterol, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism. TGF-β also upregulated several genes related to glycan metabolism and ion transport. In contrast to TGF-β effects, CAV1 knockdown triggered the upregulation of metabolic genes. Immortalized mouse hepatocytes (AML12 cells) were used to validate the gene changes induced by TGF-β stimulation and CAV1 knockdown. Noteworthy, of the TGF-β metabolic target genes, CAV1 modulated the expression of 228 (27%). In conclusion, we present several novel metabolic gene signatures of TGF-β in hepatocytes and show that CAV1 abundance alters almost a third of these genes. These findings could enable a better understanding of TGF-β function in normal and diseased liver especially where differential CAV1 level is implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Han
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zeribe Chike Nwosu
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Weronika Piorońska
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Philip Ebert
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Meyer
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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7
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Hepatocyte caveolin-1 modulates metabolic gene profiles and functions in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:104. [PMID: 32029710 PMCID: PMC7005160 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is a crucial regulator of lipid accumulation and metabolism. Previous studies have shown that global Cav1 deficiency affects lipid metabolism and hepatic steatosis. We aimed to analyze the consequences of hepatocyte-specific Cav1 knockout under healthy conditions and upon non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development. Male and female hepatocyte-specific Cav1 knockout (HepCAV1ko) mice were fed a methionine/choline (MCD) deficient diet for 4 weeks. MCD feeding caused severe hepatic steatosis and slight fibrosis. In addition, liver function parameters, i.e., ALT, AST, and GLDH, were elevated, while cholesterol and glucose level were reduced upon MCD feeding. These differences were not affected by hepatocyte-specific Cav1 knockout. Microarray analysis showed strong differences in gene expression profiles of livers from HepCAV1ko mice compared those of global Cav1 knockout animals. Pathway enrichment analysis identified that metabolic alterations were sex-dimorphically regulated by hepatocyte-specific CAV1. In male HepCAV1ko mice, metabolic pathways were suppressed in NAFLD, whereas in female knockout mice induced. Moreover, gender-specific transcription profiles were modulated in healthy animals. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that hepatocyte-specific Cav1 knockout significantly altered gene profiles, did not affect liver steatosis and fibrosis in NAFLD and that gender had severe impact on gene expression patterns in healthy and diseased hepatocyte-specific Cav1 knockout mice.
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8
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Yim SY, Hae NJ, Shin JH, Jeong YS, Kang SH, Park YN, Um SH, Lee JS. Identification of prognostic biomarker in predicting hepatocarcinogenesis from cirrhotic liver using protein and gene signatures. Exp Mol Pathol 2019; 111:104319. [PMID: 31676327 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.104319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cirrhosis primes the liver for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. However, biomarkers that predict HCC in cirrhosis patients are lacking. Thus, we aimed to identify a biomarker directly from protein analysis and relate it with transcriptomic data to validate in larger cohorts. MATERIAL AND METHOD Forty-six patients who underwent hepatectomy for HCC that arose from cirrhotic liver were enrolled. Reverse-phase protein array and microarray data of these patients were analyzed. Clinical validation was performed in two independent cohorts and functional validation using cell and tissue microarray (TMA). RESULTS Systematic analysis performed after selecting 20 proteins from 201 proteins with AUROC >70 effectively categorized patients into high (n = 20) or low (n = 26) risk HCC groups. Proteome-derived late recurrence (PDLR)-gene signature comprising 298 genes that significantly differed between high and low risk groups predicted HCC well in a cohort of 216 cirrhosis patients and also de novo HCC recurrence in a cohort of 259 patients who underwent hepatectomy. Among 20 proteins that were selected for analysis, caveolin-1 (CAV1) was the most dominant protein that categorized the patients into high and low risk groups (P < .001). In a multivariate analysis, compared with other clinical variables, the PDLR-gene signature remained as a significant predictor of HCC (HR 1.904, P = .01). In vitro experiments revealed that compared with mock-transduced immortalized liver cells, CAV1-transduced cells showed significantly increased proliferation (P < .001) and colony formation in soft agar (P < .033). TMA with immunohistochemistry showed that tissues with CAV1 expression were more likely to develop HCC than tissues without CAV1 expression (P = .047). CONCLUSION CAV1 expression predicts HCC development, making it a potential biomarker and target for preventive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Yim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Nahm Ji Hae
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Shin
- Department of Systems Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yun Seong Jeong
- Department of Systems Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sang-Hee Kang
- Department of Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Nyun Park
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Ho Um
- Department of Internal Medicine, University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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9
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Dewidar B, Meyer C, Dooley S, Meindl-Beinker N. TGF-β in Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Liver Fibrogenesis-Updated 2019. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111419. [PMID: 31718044 PMCID: PMC6912224 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is an advanced liver disease condition, which could progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. To date, there is no direct approved antifibrotic therapy, and current treatment is mainly the removal of the causative factor. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a master profibrogenic cytokine and a promising target to treat fibrosis. However, TGF-β has broad biological functions and its inhibition induces non-desirable side effects, which override therapeutic benefits. Therefore, understanding the pleiotropic effects of TGF-β and its upstream and downstream regulatory mechanisms will help to design better TGF-β based therapeutics. Here, we summarize recent discoveries and milestones on the TGF-β signaling pathway related to liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, emphasizing research of the last five years. This comprises impact of TGF-β on liver fibrogenesis related biological processes, such as senescence, metabolism, reactive oxygen species generation, epigenetics, circadian rhythm, epithelial mesenchymal transition, and endothelial-mesenchymal transition. We also describe the influence of the microenvironment on the response of HSC to TGF-β. Finally, we discuss new approaches to target the TGF-β pathway, name current clinical trials, and explain promises and drawbacks that deserve to be adequately addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bedair Dewidar
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (B.D.); (C.M.); (S.D.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt
| | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (B.D.); (C.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (B.D.); (C.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Nadja Meindl-Beinker
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (B.D.); (C.M.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-621-383-4983; Fax: +49-621-383-1467
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10
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Li Y, Zhang S, Wang Y, Peng J, Fang F, Yang X. MLH1 enhances the sensitivity of human endometrial carcinoma cells to cisplatin by activating the MLH1/c-Abl apoptosis signaling pathway. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1294. [PMID: 30594176 PMCID: PMC6311060 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5218-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MLH1 plays a critical role in maintaining the fidelity of DNA replication, and defects in human MLH1 have been reported. However, the role of MLH1 in endometrial carcinoma has not been fully investigated. Therefore, we aimed to study the role of MLH1 in the sensitivity of human endometrial carcinoma cells to cisplatin. METHODS In this study, we detected the expression of MLH1 in Ishikawa and RL95-2 cells. MLH1-siRNA and ADV-MLH1 were adopted for the silencing and overexpression of MLH1, respectively. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, cell proliferation assays, and cell cycle and apoptotic analyses by flow cytometry were employed to explore the underlying mechanism. A mouse xenograft model was used to investigate the effect of MLH1 on tumor growth after treatment with cisplatin. RESULTS Over-expression of MLH1 in Ishikawa cells dramatically increased the sensitivity of cells to cisplatin and enhanced cell apoptosis. By contrast, knockdown of MLH1 yielded the opposite effects in vitro. Mechanistically, cisplatin induced the MLH1/c-Abl apoptosis signaling pathway in ADV-MLH1-infected endometrial carcinoma cells, and these effects involved c-Abl, caspase-9, caspase-3 and PARP. Altogether, our results indicate that ADV-MLH1 might attenuate Ishikawa cell growth in vivo, resulting in increased cisplatin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS MLH1 may render endometrial carcinoma cells more sensitive to cisplatin by activating the MLH1/c-Abl apoptosis signaling pathway. In addition, an applicable adenovirus vector (ADV-MLH1) for MLH1 overexpression in endometrial carcinoma was generated. Thus, ADV-MLH1 might be a novel potential therapeutic target for endometrial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, No. 70, Heping Road, WeiHai, Shandong, 264200, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, No. 70, Heping Road, WeiHai, Shandong, 264200, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjian Wang
- Huaxi Clinical Medical College of Sichuan University, Jiang'an campus, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 610207, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, No. 70, Heping Road, WeiHai, Shandong, 264200, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingsheng Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Kamibeppu T, Yamasaki K, Nakahara K, Nagai T, Terada N, Tsukino H, Mukai S, Kamoto T. Caveolin-1 and -2 regulate cell motility in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Res Rep Urol 2018; 10:135-144. [PMID: 30324095 PMCID: PMC6174915 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s173377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caveolin (Cav)-1 and Cav-2 are cell membrane proteins, which are structural proteins of caveolae and are reported to be positive regulators of cell survival and metastasis in prostate cancer (PC). In a previous study, we reported that elevated levels of Cav-1 and Cav-2 were significantly associated with PC progression. However, their functions in PC have not yet been clarified. In this study, we examined the function of Cav-1 and Cav-2 in PC cell invasiveness and motility. Materials and methods We introduced Cav-1- and Cav-2-specific small interfering into PC3 cells to knock-down (KD) both molecules. We also performed cell proliferation assay, wound healing assay, migration assay, and invasion assay using PC3 cells and compared the results between Cav-1-KD, Cav-2-KD, and negative control PC3 cells. In addition, we performed real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and RT2 Profiler PCR Array analysis to identify factors influencing migration. Results We observed no significant difference in the proliferative and invasive activities of Cav-1-KD and Cav-2-KD PC3 cells; however, the cell motility was significantly decreased compared with negative control PC3 cells. RT-qPCR revealed that the expression of vimentin and N-cadherin was downregulated in Cav-1-KD PC3 cells. In addition, PCR array revealed a decreased expression of MGAT5, MMP13, and MYCL in Cav-1-KD PC3 and ETV4, FGFR4, and SRC in Cav-2-KD PC3. Conclusion Cav-1 and Cav-2 may positively contribute to the upregulation of castration-resistant PC cell migration. Cav-induced regulation of several molecules including vimentin, N-cadherin, MGAT5, MMP13, MYCL, ETV4, FGFR4, and SRC may have an important role in PC3 cell motility. However, further examination will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyoharu Kamibeppu
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Japan,
| | - Koji Yamasaki
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Japan,
| | - Kozue Nakahara
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Japan,
| | - Takahiro Nagai
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Japan,
| | - Naoki Terada
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Japan,
| | - Hiromasa Tsukino
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Japan,
| | - Shoichiro Mukai
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Japan,
| | - Toshiyuki Kamoto
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Japan,
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12
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Lee YJ, Hsu JD, Lin WL, Kao SH, Wang CJ. Upregulation of caveolin-1 by mulberry leaf extract and its major components, chlorogenic acid derivatives, attenuates alcoholic steatohepatitis via inhibition of oxidative stress. Food Funct 2018; 8:397-405. [PMID: 28074952 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01539e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Excessive alcohol uptake exerts hepatocellular toxicity, ultimately leading to multiple liver diseases such as steatohepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Here, we aimed to explore the effects of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) and its major components chlorogenic acid (CGA) and neochlorogenic acid (nCGA) on alcoholic steatohepatitis. We determined the composition of MLE using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric (LC-MS) analysis, which showed that MLE consisted of mainly chlorogenic acid derivatives and other polyphenols. Next, we utilized a high alcohol-fed mouse model and demonstrated that MLE alleviated alcohol-induced hepatocellular disorders, resulting in lowered hepatic injury markers and lipid accumulation. In addition, MLE reduced lipid peroxidation and meanwhile elevated hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD). Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining revealed that MLE elevated the expression of caveolin-1 but reduced the expressions of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and receptor interacting protein (RIP) 1/3. Major components of MLE, CGA and nCGA, not only exerted a similar biological activity as MLE but also inhibited alcohol-induced pro-apoptotic signals. Involvement of caveolin-1 in MLE, CGA and nCGA was demonstrated by using specific small inhibitory RNA. In conclusion, MLE and its chlorogenic derivatives CGA and nCGA upregulate caveolin-1 expression and diminish EGFR/STAT3/iNOS signalling, which may contribute to lowered hepatic lipid accumulation and peroxidation and inhibited pro-apoptotic cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan and Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Dong Hsu
- Department of Pathology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wea-Lung Lin
- Department of Pathology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Hsuan Kao
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan and Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chau-Jong Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan and Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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13
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Nwosu ZC, Battello N, Rothley M, Piorońska W, Sitek B, Ebert MP, Hofmann U, Sleeman J, Wölfl S, Meyer C, Megger DA, Dooley S. Liver cancer cell lines distinctly mimic the metabolic gene expression pattern of the corresponding human tumours. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:211. [PMID: 30176945 PMCID: PMC6122702 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0872-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Although metabolism is profoundly altered in human liver cancer, the extent to which experimental models, e.g. cell lines, mimic those alterations is unresolved. Here, we aimed to determine the resemblance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines to human liver tumours, specifically in the expression of deregulated metabolic targets in clinical tissue samples. Methods We compared the overall gene expression profile of poorly-differentiated (HLE, HLF, SNU-449) to well-differentiated (HUH7, HEPG2, HEP3B) HCC cell lines in three publicly available microarray datasets. Three thousand and eighty-five differentially expressed genes in ≥2 datasets (P < 0.05) were used for pathway enrichment and gene ontology (GO) analyses. Further, we compared the topmost gene expression, pathways, and GO from poorly differentiated cell lines to the pattern from four human HCC datasets (623 tumour tissues). In well- versus poorly differentiated cell lines, and in representative models HLE and HUH7 cells, we specifically assessed the expression pattern of 634 consistently deregulated metabolic genes in human HCC. These data were complemented by quantitative PCR, proteomics, metabolomics and assessment of response to thirteen metabolism-targeting compounds in HLE versus HUH7 cells. Results We found that poorly-differentiated HCC cells display upregulated MAPK/RAS/NFkB signaling, focal adhesion, and downregulated complement/coagulation cascade, PPAR-signaling, among pathway alterations seen in clinical tumour datasets. In HLE cells, 148 downregulated metabolic genes in liver tumours also showed low gene/protein expression – notably in fatty acid β-oxidation (e.g. ACAA1/2, ACADSB, HADH), urea cycle (e.g. CPS1, ARG1, ASL), molecule transport (e.g. SLC2A2, SLC7A1, SLC25A15/20), and amino acid metabolism (e.g. PHGDH, PSAT1, GOT1, GLUD1). In contrast, HUH7 cells showed a higher expression of 98 metabolic targets upregulated in tumours (e.g. HK2, PKM, PSPH, GLUL, ASNS, and fatty acid synthesis enzymes ACLY, FASN). Metabolomics revealed that the genomic portrait of HLE cells co-exist with profound reliance on glutamine to fuel tricarboxylic acid cycle, whereas HUH7 cells use both glucose and glutamine. Targeting glutamine pathway selectively suppressed the proliferation of HLE cells. Conclusions We report a yet unappreciated distinct expression pattern of clinically-relevant metabolic genes in HCC cell lines, which could enable the identification and therapeutic targeting of metabolic vulnerabilities at various liver cancer stages. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0872-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeribe C Nwosu
- Department of Medicine II, Molecular Hepatology Section, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3 (H42, Floor 4), 68167, Mannheim, Germany.,Molecular Hepatology Section, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3 (H42, Floor 4), 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nadia Battello
- Luxembourg Science Center, 50 rue Emile Mark, L-4620, Differdange, Luxembourg
| | - Melanie Rothley
- Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, Campus Nord, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Medical Faculty Mannheim, CBTM TRIDOMUS-Gebäude Haus C, University of Heidelberg, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Weronika Piorońska
- Department of Medicine II, Molecular Hepatology Section, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3 (H42, Floor 4), 68167, Mannheim, Germany.,Molecular Hepatology Section, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3 (H42, Floor 4), 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Barbara Sitek
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Department of Clinical Proteomics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Matthias P Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, Molecular Hepatology Section, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3 (H42, Floor 4), 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tübingen, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jonathan Sleeman
- Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, Campus Nord, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Medical Faculty Mannheim, CBTM TRIDOMUS-Gebäude Haus C, University of Heidelberg, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Molecular Hepatology Section, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3 (H42, Floor 4), 68167, Mannheim, Germany.,Molecular Hepatology Section, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3 (H42, Floor 4), 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dominik A Megger
- Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, Campus Nord, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Virology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Molecular Hepatology Section, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3 (H42, Floor 4), 68167, Mannheim, Germany. .,Molecular Hepatology Section, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3 (H42, Floor 4), 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
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14
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van Wenum M, Adam AAA, van der Mark VA, Chang JC, Wildenberg ME, Hendriks EJ, Jongejan A, Moerland PD, van Gulik TM, Oude Elferink RP, Chamuleau RAFM, Hoekstra R. Oxygen drives hepatocyte differentiation and phenotype stability in liver cell lines. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:575-588. [PMID: 29399736 PMCID: PMC6039343 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-018-0456-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vitro generation of terminally differentiated hepatocytes is an unmet need. We investigated the contribution of oxygen concentration to differentiation in human liver cell lines HepaRG and C3A. HepaRG cells were cultured under hypoxia (5%O2), normoxia (21%O2) or hyperoxia (40%O2). Cultures were analysed for hepatic functions, gene transcript levels, and protein expression of albumin, hepatic transcription factor CEBPα, hepatic progenitor marker SOX9, and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)1α. C3A cells were analysed after exposure to normoxia or hyperoxia. In hyperoxic HepaRG cultures, urea cycle activity, bile acid synthesis, CytochromeP450 3A4 (CYP3A4) activity and ammonia elimination were 165-266% increased. These effects were reproduced in C3A cells. Whole transcriptome analysis of HepaRG cells revealed that 240 (of 23.223) probes were differentially expressed under hyperoxia, with an overrepresentation of genes involved in hepatic differentiation, metabolism and extracellular signalling. Under hypoxia, CYP3A4 activity and ammonia elimination were inhibited almost completely and 5/5 tested hepatic genes and 2/3 tested hepatic transcription factor genes were downregulated. Protein expression of SOX9 and HIF1α was strongly positive in hypoxic cultures, variable in normoxic cultures and predominantly negative in hyperoxic cultures. Conversely, albumin and CEBPα expression were highest in hyperoxic cultures. HepaRG cells that were serially passaged under hypoxia maintained their capacity to differentiate under normoxia, in contrast to cells passaged under normoxia. Hyperoxia increases hepatocyte differentiation in HepaRG and C3A cells. In contrast, hypoxia maintains stem cell characteristics and inhibits hepatic differentiation of HepaRG cells, possibly through the activity of HIF1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martien van Wenum
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Surgical Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aziza A A Adam
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent A van der Mark
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Surgical Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jung-Chin Chang
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manon E Wildenberg
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik J Hendriks
- Surgical Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aldo Jongejan
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Perry D Moerland
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas M van Gulik
- Surgical Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A F M Chamuleau
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruurdtje Hoekstra
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Surgical Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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15
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Fonseca MDC, França A, Florentino RM, Fonseca RC, Lima Filho ACM, Vidigal PTV, Oliveira AG, Dubuquoy L, Nathanson MH, Leite MF. Cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains are needed for insulin signaling and proliferation in hepatic cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G80-G94. [PMID: 29471671 PMCID: PMC6109708 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00008.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte proliferation during liver regeneration is a well-coordinated process regulated by the activation of several growth factor receptors, including the insulin receptor (IR). The IR can be localized in part to cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains, but the role of such domains in insulin-mediated events in hepatocytes is not known. We investigated whether partitioning of IRs into cholesterol-enriched membrane rafts is important for the mitogenic effects of insulin in the hepatic cells. IR and lipid rafts were labeled in HepG2 cells and primary rat hepatocytes. Membrane cholesterol was depleted in vitro with metyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) and in vivo with lovastatin. Insulin-induced calcium (Ca2+) signals studies were examined in HepG2 cells and in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes as well as in whole liver in vivo by intravital confocal imaging. Liver regeneration was studied by 70% partial hepatectomy (PH), and hepatocyte proliferation was assessed by PCNA staining. A subpopulation of IR was found in membrane microdomains enriched in cholesterol. Depletion of cholesterol from plasma membrane resulted in redistribution of the IR along the cells, which was associated with impaired insulin-induced nuclear Ca2+ signals, a signaling event that regulates hepatocyte proliferation. Cholesterol depletion also led to ERK1/2 hyper-phosphorylation. Lovastatin administration to rats decreased hepatic cholesterol content, disrupted lipid rafts and decreased insulin-induced Ca2+ signaling in hepatocytes, and delayed liver regeneration after PH. Therefore, membrane cholesterol content and lipid rafts integrity showed to be important for the proliferative effects of insulin in hepatic cells. NEW & NOTEWORTHY One of insulin's actions is to stimulate liver regeneration. Here we show that a subpopulation of insulin receptors is in a specialized cholesterol-enriched region of the cell membrane and this subfraction is important for insulin's proliferative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus de Castro Fonseca
- 1Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil,2Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andressa França
- 2Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,3Department of Molecular Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Machado Florentino
- 2Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Roberta Cristelli Fonseca
- 2Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,4Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Teixeira Vieira Vidigal
- 5Department of Pathological Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - André Gustavo Oliveira
- 2Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,4Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laurent Dubuquoy
- 6Lille Inflammation Research International Center–UMR995, INSERM, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Michael H. Nathanson
- 7Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - M. Fátima Leite
- 2Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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16
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Kim J, Hyun J, Wang S, Lee C, Jung Y. MicroRNA-378 is involved in hedgehog-driven epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in hepatocytes of regenerating liver. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:721. [PMID: 29915286 PMCID: PMC6006434 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0762-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Healthy livers have a remarkable regenerative capacity for reconstructing functional hepatic parenchyma after 70% partial hepatectomy (PH). Hepatocytes, usually quiescent in normal healthy livers, proliferate to compensate for hepatic loss after PH. However, the mechanism of hepatocyte involvement in liver regeneration remains unclear. Hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays an important role in tissue reconstitution by regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in liver disease. MicroRNA (miRNA) is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation during embryonic development and carcinogenesis. It was recently reported that miR-378 inhibits transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells into myofibroblasts by suppressing Gli-Krüppel family member 3 (Gli3), the Hh-target gene. We hypothesized that miR-378 influences EMT in hepatocytes by interfering with Hh signaling during liver regeneration. As hepatocytes were highly proliferative after PH in mice, miR-378 and epithelial marker, Ppar-g or E-cadherin were downregulated, whereas both Hh activators, Smoothened (Smo) and Gli3, and the EMT-inducing genes, Tgfb, Snail and Vimentin, were upregulated in the regenerating livers and in hepatocytes isolated from them. Compared to cells with or without scramble miRNA, primary hepatocytes transfected with miR-378 inhibitor contained higher levels of Gli3 with increased expression of the EMT-promoting genes, Tgfb, Snail, Col1a1, and Vimentin, suggesting that miR-378 influenced EMT in hepatocytes. Smo-depleted hepatocytes isolated from PH livers of Smo-flox mice showed downregulation of EMT-promoting genes and Gli3, with upregulation of miR-378 and E-cadherin compared to Smo-expressing hepatocytes from PH liver. In addition, delivery hepatocyte-specific AAV8 viral vector bearing Cre recombinase into Smo-flox mice impeded EMT in Smo-suppressed hepatocytes of PH liver, indicating that Smo is critical for regulating hepatocyte EMT. Furthermore, the application of miR-378 mimic into mice with PH delayed liver regeneration by interrupting hepatocyte EMT. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that miR-378 is involved in hepatocyte EMT by regulating Hh signaling during liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Korea
| | - Jeongeun Hyun
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Korea
| | - Sihyung Wang
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Korea
| | - Chanbin Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Korea
| | - Youngmi Jung
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Korea. .,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Korea.
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17
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Messner S, Fredriksson L, Lauschke VM, Roessger K, Escher C, Bober M, Kelm JM, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Moritz W. Transcriptomic, Proteomic, and Functional Long-Term Characterization of Multicellular Three-Dimensional Human Liver Microtissues. APPLIED IN VITRO TOXICOLOGY 2018; 4:1-12. [PMID: 32953943 PMCID: PMC7500040 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Three-Dimensional (3D) liver microtissues, specifically prepared from primary human hepatocytes (PHH) in coculture with nonparenchymal cells (NPCs), have been shown to be a valuable tool for in vitro toxicology. However, a lack of thorough characterization on a functional, transcriptomic, and proteomic level of such models during long-term cultivation is evident. By integrating multiple omics technologies, we provide in this study an in-depth long-term characterization of 3D microtissues composed of PHH from three different donors cocultured with primary NPCs. The 3D human liver microtissues (hLiMTs) exhibited stable adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and albumin secretion over 5 weeks. Histological analysis indicated a healthy liver tissue with polarized expression of bile salt export pump (BSEP) and multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) in a structure reminiscent of bile canaliculi. The 3D microtissues exhibited stable basal and inducible cytochrome P450 activities up to 5 weeks in culture. Analysis of 40,716 transcripts using RNA arrays revealed distinct similarities to native human liver gene expression. Long-term culture showed a stable phenotype up to 5 weeks, with differences in liver gene expression primarily attributed to individual donors. Proteomic profiling of 2200 unique proteins by label-free LC-MS/MS revealed a relatively stable protein expression where only 7.3% were up- or downregulated more than twofold from day 7 to 35 in culture. Taken together, these results suggest that hLiMTs represent a responsive and physiologically relevant in vitro liver model that maintains stable function over 5 weeks and is therefore well suited for repeated-dose toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Fredriksson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker M. Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ethanol sensitizes hepatocytes for TGF-β-triggered apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:51. [PMID: 29352207 PMCID: PMC5833779 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is a global health problem causing a substantial fraction of chronic liver diseases. Abundant TGF-β—a potent pro-fibrogenic cytokine—leads to disease progression. Our aim was to elucidate the crosstalk of TGF-β and alcohol on hepatocytes. Primary murine hepatocytes were challenged with ethanol and TGF-β and cell fate was determined. Fluidigm RNA analyses revealed transcriptional effects that regulate survival and apoptosis. Mechanistic insights were derived from enzyme/pathway inhibition experiments and modulation of oxidative stress levels. To substantiate findings, animal model specimens and human liver tissue cultures were investigated. Results: On its own, ethanol had no effect on hepatocyte apoptosis, whereas TGF-β increased cell death. Combined treatment led to massive hepatocyte apoptosis, which could also be recapitulated in human HCC liver tissue treated ex vivo. Alcohol boosted the TGF-β pro-apoptotic gene signature. The underlying mechanism of pathway crosstalk involves SMAD and non-SMAD/AKT signaling. Blunting CYP2E1 and ADH activities did not prevent this effect, implying that it was not a consequence of alcohol metabolism. In line with this, the ethanol metabolite acetaldehyde did not mimic the effect and glutathione supplementation did not prevent the super-induction of cell death. In contrast, blocking GSK-3β activity, a downstream mediator of AKT signaling, rescued the strong apoptotic response triggered by ethanol and TGF-β. This study provides novel information on the crosstalk between ethanol and TGF-β. We give evidence that ethanol directly leads to a boost of TGF-β’s pro-apoptotic function in hepatocytes, which may have implications for patients with chronic alcoholic liver disease.
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The level of caveolin-1 expression determines response to TGF-β as a tumour suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3098. [PMID: 29022911 PMCID: PMC5680590 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a heterogeneous tumour associated with poor prognostic outcome. Caveolin-1 (CAV1), a membrane protein involved in the formation of caveolae, is frequently overexpressed in HCC. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine having a dual role in hepatocarcinogenesis: inducer of apoptosis at early phases, but pro-tumourigenic once cells acquire mechanisms to overcome its suppressor effects. Apoptosis induced by TGF-β is mediated by upregulation of the NADPH oxidase NOX4, but counteracted by transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway. Previous data suggested that CAV1 is required for the anti-apoptotic signals triggered by TGF-β in hepatocytes. Whether this mechanism is relevant in hepatocarcinogenesis has not been explored yet. Here we analysed the TGF-β response in HCC cell lines that express different levels of CAV1. Accordingly, stable CAV1 knockdown or overexpressing cell lines were generated. We demonstrate that CAV1 is protecting HCC cells from TGF-β-induced apoptosis, which attenuates its suppressive effect on clonogenic growth and increases its effects on cell migration. Downregulation of CAV1 in HLE cells promotes TGF-β-mediated induction of the pro-apoptotic BMF, which correlates with upregulation of NOX4, whereas CAV1 overexpression in Huh7 cells shows the opposite effect. CAV1 silenced HLE cells show attenuation in TGF-β-induced EGFR transactivation and activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. On the contrary, Huh7 cells, which do not respond to TGF-β activating the EGFR pathway, acquire the capacity to do so when CAV1 is overexpressed. Analyses in samples from HCC patients revealed that tumour tissues presented higher expression levels of CAV1 compared with surrounding non-tumoural areas. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation among the expression of CAV1 and TGFB1 was observed. We conclude that CAV1 has an essential role in switching the response to TGF-β from cytostatic to tumourigenic, which could have clinical meaning in patient stratification.
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Identification of the Consistently Altered Metabolic Targets in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 4:303-323.e1. [PMID: 28840186 PMCID: PMC5560912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cancer cells rely on metabolic alterations to enhance proliferation and survival. Metabolic gene alterations that repeatedly occur in liver cancer are largely unknown. We aimed to identify metabolic genes that are consistently deregulated, and are of potential clinical significance in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS We studied the expression of 2,761 metabolic genes in 8 microarray datasets comprising 521 human HCC tissues. Genes exclusively up-regulated or down-regulated in 6 or more datasets were defined as consistently deregulated. The consistent genes that correlated with tumor progression markers (ECM2 and MMP9) (Pearson correlation P < .05) were used for Kaplan-Meier overall survival analysis in a patient cohort. We further compared proteomic expression of metabolic genes in 19 tumors vs adjacent normal liver tissues. RESULTS We identified 634 consistent metabolic genes, ∼60% of which are not yet described in HCC. The down-regulated genes (n = 350) are mostly involved in physiologic hepatocyte metabolic functions (eg, xenobiotic, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism). In contrast, among consistently up-regulated metabolic genes (n = 284) are those involved in glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, nucleotide biosynthesis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, proton transport, membrane lipid, and glycan metabolism. Several metabolic genes (n = 434) correlated with progression markers, and of these, 201 predicted overall survival outcome in the patient cohort analyzed. Over 90% of the metabolic targets significantly altered at the protein level were similarly up- or down-regulated as in genomic profile. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first exposition of the consistently altered metabolic genes in HCC and show that these genes are potentially relevant targets for onward studies in preclinical and clinical contexts.
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Key Words
- EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- FA, fatty acid
- HCC
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- Liver Cancer
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NB, nucleotide biosynthesis
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation
- PPP, pentose phosphate pathway
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas
- Tumor Metabolism
- XM, xenobiotics metabolism
- logFC, log of fold change
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Mehta A, Comunale MA, Rawat S, Casciano JC, Lamontagne J, Herrera H, Ramanathan A, Betesh L, Wang M, Norton P, Steel LF, Bouchard MJ. Intrinsic hepatocyte dedifferentiation is accompanied by upregulation of mesenchymal markers, protein sialylation and core alpha 1,6 linked fucosylation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27965. [PMID: 27328854 PMCID: PMC4916422 DOI: 10.1038/srep27965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in N-linked glycosylation have long been associated with cancer but for the most part, the reasons why have remained poorly understood. Here we show that increased core fucosylation is associated with de-differentiation of primary hepatocytes and with the appearance of markers indicative of a transition of cells from an epithelial to a mesenchymal state. This increase in core fucosylation was associated with increased levels of two enzymes involved in α-1,6 linked fucosylation, GDP-mannose 4, 6-dehydratase (Gmds) and to a lesser extent fucosyltransferase 8 (Fut8). In addition, the activation of cancer-associated cellular signaling pathways in primary rat hepatocytes can increase core fucosylation and induce additional glycoform alterations on hepatocyte proteins. Specifically, we show that increased levels of protein sialylation and α-1,6-linked core fucosylation are observed following activation of the β-catenin pathway. Activation of the Akt signaling pathway or induction of hypoxia also results in increased levels of fucosylation and sialylation. We believe that this knowledge will help in the better understanding of the genetic factors associated with altered glycosylation and may allow for the development of more clinically relevant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Mehta
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Mary Ann Comunale
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Siddhartha Rawat
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics Graduate Program, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Jessica C Casciano
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics Graduate Program, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Jason Lamontagne
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Harmin Herrera
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Aarti Ramanathan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Lucy Betesh
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Mengjun Wang
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Pamela Norton
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Laura F Steel
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Michael J Bouchard
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex physiological and pathological process in which epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal characteristics. EMT occurs during embryogenesis and organ development, wound healing and organ regeneration, tumor migration and invasion. In recent years, cholangiocytes have been shown to undergo EMT in different cholangiopathies including hepatolithiasis. Transforming growth factor-β/Smads signaling is considered the master regulator. The purpose of this article is to introduce the concept and type of EMT, summarize recent advances that support or refute the concept that cholangiocytes are capable of phenotype transition of hepaticlithiasis and discuss the probable mechanism.
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Singh S, Liu S, Rockey DC. Caveolin-1 is upregulated in hepatic stellate cells but not sinusoidal endothelial cells after liver injury. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:126-32. [PMID: 26847875 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC) and hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are closely associated specialized vascular cells residing in the hepatic sinusoid. These cells have been shown to play important roles in many different pathophysiologic processes, in particular in liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Caveolin-1 functions as a scaffolding protein, and has a variety of functions including in many disease states, such as liver cirrhosis. Although previous studies have shown that in the injured rat liver, caveolin-1 is upregulated, the precise cells in which remains unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the cell type (or types) in which caveolin-1 is expressed in normal and injured rat liver. We have utilized both detailed immunohistochemical labeling with cell specific markers as well as cell isolation techniques (isolating sinusoidal endothelial cells, HSCs, and hepatocytes) in normal and injured (bile duct ligation) rat liver. We show here that in the normal liver caveolin-1 is expressed predominantly in HSCs and SECs but after liver injury there is upregulation of caveolin-1 in HSCs, but not in SECs. These data have functional implications for the cells in which caveolin-1 is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Medicine, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Songling Liu
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Medicine, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Don C Rockey
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Medicine, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health problem. In human hepatocarcinogenesis, the balance between cell death and proliferation is deregulated, tipping the scales for a situation where antiapoptotic signals are overpowering the death-triggering stimuli. HCC cells harbor a wide variety of mutations that alter the regulation of apoptosis and hence the response to chemotherapeutical drugs, making them resistant to the proapoptotic signals. Considering all these modifications found in HCC cells, therapeutic approaches need to be carefully studied in order to specifically target the antiapoptotic signals. This review deals with the recent relevant contributions reporting molecular alterations for HCC that lead to a deregulation of apoptosis, as well as the challenge of death-inducing chemotherapeutics in current HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Moreno-Càceres
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Physiological Sciences II, University of Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Physiological Sciences II, University of Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Hepatocyte fate upon TGF-β challenge is determined by the matrix environment. Differentiation 2015; 89:105-16. [PMID: 25982745 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary hepatocytes are a versatile tool to investigate all aspects of liver function, and frequently used in drug development and testing. Upon TGF-β challenge, hepatocytes either undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) or apoptosis: culture on stiff collagen (monolayer) results in EMT whereas hepatocytes in a soft collagen matrix (sandwich) undergo programmed cell death. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptional programs triggered by TGF-β under different culture conditions. Our results indicate that TGF-β initiates an identical transcription profile in hepatocytes irrespective of the cellular environment. The fact that we nevertheless observe two vastly different phenotypes indicates that the matrix environment rather than the TGF-β induced expression signature is the major determinant of the hepatocellular response. To confirm the impact of the surrounding matrix environment on the hepatocytes׳ phenotype in response to TGF-β signaling, we studied the effect of Snail overexpression and knockout in both culture conditions. Neither genetic manipulation showed an impact on hepatocytes' fate upon TGF-β treatment, confirming the crucial role of the surrounding matrix. Our findings provide novel insights into the hepatocellular basis of the fate decision between EMT and apoptotic cell death, and might explain why liver cells can react in very different manners to identical stimuli when tissue remodeling has changed the matrix environment, as occurs in a fibrotic liver.
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26
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Abstract
It has been over 20 years since the discovery that caveolar lipid rafts function as signalling organelles. Lipid rafts create plasma membrane heterogeneity, and caveolae are the most extensively studied subset of lipid rafts. A newly emerging paradigm is that changes in caveolae also generate tumour metabolic heterogeneity. Altered caveolae create a catabolic tumour microenvironment, which supports oxidative mitochondrial metabolism in cancer cells and which contributes to dismal survival rates for cancer patients. In this Review, we discuss the role of caveolae in tumour progression, with a special emphasis on their metabolic and cell signalling effects, and their capacity to transform the tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubaldo E Martinez-Outschoorn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Federica Sotgia
- 1] Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK. [2] Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Michael P Lisanti
- 1] Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK. [2] Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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27
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Wang Y, Tong J, Chang B, Wang BF, Zhang D, Wang BY. Effects of ethanol on the expression of caveolin-1 in HepG2 cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:4409-13. [PMID: 25651074 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of ethanol on the expression of caveolin‑1 (CAV‑1) in HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells. Ethanol‑treated HepG2 cells were investigated using the in vitro model to determine whether ethanol can influence the expression of CAV‑1. Cell viability was measured using the colorimetric 3‑(4, 5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Expression of CAV‑1 was detected using western blot analysis. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to determine CAV‑1 mRNA levels. The distribution of CAV‑1 in HepG2 cells was analyzed using immunofluorescence. The MTT assay results revealed that cell viability was not altered at ethanol concentrations of <1.0%, while ethanol concentrations >1.0% caused cell shedding, but not cell fragmentation. Western blot analysis showed significant differences in the levels of CAV‑1 expression between the control group and the 1.0% ethanol‑treated group at 6, 12 and 24 h (all P<0.05). qPCR showed significant differences in the expression levels of caveolin‑1 mRNA between the control group and the 1.0% ethanol‑treated group at 6 h, 12 h and 24 h (all P<0.05). Immunofluorescence demonstrated that CAV‑1 was distributed discontinuously at the boundaries of HepG2 cells. The results indicate that ethanol may increase the expression of CAV‑1 in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Jing Tong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Bing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Bai-Fang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Dai Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Yuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Salis O, Bedir A, Gulten S, Okuyucu A, Kulcu C, Alacam H. Cytotoxic effect of fluvastatin on MCF-7 cells possibly through a reduction of the mRNA expression levels of SGK1 and CAV1. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2014; 29:368-75. [PMID: 25347557 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2013.1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluvastatin (FLU) prevents the conversion of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) to mevalonic acid by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and decreases cholesterol level. Although the effects of FLU treatment on several cancer types through many mechanisms have been identified, its relationship with unfolded protein response and apoptosis has not been clearly understood. In this recent study, we aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effect of Fluvastatin on MCF-7 cells and define the transcriptional regulation of specific genes during the occurrence of this cytotoxic effect. We administered 0.62, 2.5, 5, and 40 μM FLU on MCF-7 cells singly and in combination with 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), and we monitored cell viability and proliferation for 48 hours using real-time cell analyzer system (xCELLigence). At the same time, we measured the mRNA expression levels of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein, homologous protein (CHOP), caveolin-1 (CAV1), NDRG1 Variant 1 and Variant 2, HMOX1, SGK1, and prostate apoptosis response-4 (PAR4) genes using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (LightCycler 480 II). We accepted GAPDH gene and control groups as the reference gene and calibrator, respectively. We performed relative gene expression analyses of the study groups using the QIAGEN 2009 Relative Expression Software Tool (REST). FLU revealed an antiproliferative and cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells, while causing the transcriptional regulation of many genes. Of these genes, the mRNA expressions of CHOP, heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) V1, and NDRG1 V2 increased. On the other hand, the mRNA expression levels of SGK1 and CAV1 decreased. The antiproliferative effects of FLU may be related to the decreased expression levels of SGK1 and CAV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Salis
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University , Samsun, Turkey
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29
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Gao L, Zhou Y, Zhong W, Zhao X, Chen C, Chen X, Gu Y, Chen J, Lv Z, Shen J. Caveolin-1 is essential for protecting against binge drinking-induced liver damage through inhibiting reactive nitrogen species. Hepatology 2014; 60:687-99. [PMID: 24710718 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is known to participate in many diseases, but its roles in alcoholic liver injury remain unknown. In the present study, we aimed to explore the roles of Cav-1 in protecting hepatocytes from ethanol-mediated nitrosative injury. We hypothesized that Cav-1 could attenuate ethanol-mediated nitrosative stress and liver damage through regulating epidermal growth factor receptor/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/inducible nitric oxide synthase (EGFR/STAT3/iNOS)-signaling cascades. Ethanol-fed mice had time- and dose-dependent increases of Cav-1 in serum and liver with peak increase at 12 hours. Compared to wild-type mice, Cav-1 deficiency mice revealed higher expression of iNOS, higher levels of nitrate/nitrite and peroxynitrite, and had more serious liver damage, accompanied with higher levels of cleaved caspase-3 and apoptotic cell death in liver, and higher levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum. Furthermore, the results revealed that the ethanol-mediated Cav-1 increase was in an extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent manner, and Cav-1 protected hepatocytes from ethanol-mediated apoptosis by inhibiting iNOS activity and regulating EGFR- and STAT3-signaling cascades. In agreement with these findings, clinical trials in human subjects revealed that serum Cav-1 level was time dependently elevated and peak concentration was observed 12 hours after binge drinking. Alcohol-induced liver lesions were negatively correlated with Cav-1 level, but positively correlated with nitrate/nitrite level, in serum of binge drinkers. CONCLUSIONS Cav-1 could be a cellular defense protein against alcoholic hepatic injury through inhibiting reactive nitrogen species and regulating EGFR/STAT3/iNOS-signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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30
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Liang W, Hao Z, Han JL, Zhu DJ, Jin ZF, Xie WL. CAV-1 contributes to bladder cancer progression by inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Urol Oncol 2014; 32:855-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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31
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Wanet A, Remacle N, Najar M, Sokal E, Arnould T, Najimi M, Renard P. Mitochondrial remodeling in hepatic differentiation and dedifferentiation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 54:174-85. [PMID: 25084555 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism have recently emerged as important actors of stemness and differentiation. On the one hand, the differentiation of stem cells is associated with an induction of mitochondrial biogenesis and a shift from glycolysis toward oxidative phosphorylations (OXPHOS). In addition, interfering with mitochondrial biogenesis or function impacts stem cell differentiation. On the other hand, some inverse changes in mitochondrial abundance and function are observed during the reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Yet although great promises in cell therapy might generate better knowledge of the mechanisms regulating the stemness and differentiation of somatic stem cells (SSCs)-which are preferred over embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and iPSCs because of ethical and safety considerations-little interest was given to the study of their mitochondria. This study provides a detailed characterization of the mitochondrial biogenesis occurring during the hepatogenic differentiation of bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). During the hepatogenic differentiation of BM-MSCs, an increased abundance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is observed, as well as an increased expression of several mitochondrial proteins and biogenesis regulators, concomitant with increased OXPHOS activity, capacity, and efficiency. In addition, opposite changes in mitochondrial morphology and in the abundance of several OXPHOS subunits were found during the spontaneous dedifferentiation of primary hepatocytes. These data support reverse mitochondrial changes in a different context from genetically-engineered reprogramming. They argue in favor of a mitochondrial involvement in hepatic differentiation and dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Wanet
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Noémie Remacle
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Mehdi Najar
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Etienne Sokal
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Clinique et Expérimentale (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Thierry Arnould
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Mustapha Najimi
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Clinique et Expérimentale (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Patricia Renard
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
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Caveolin-1 is required for TGF-β-induced transactivation of the EGF receptor pathway in hepatocytes through the activation of the metalloprotease TACE/ADAM17. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1326. [PMID: 25032849 PMCID: PMC4123087 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) plays a dual role in hepatocytes, inducing both pro- and anti-apoptotic responses, whose balance decides cell fate. Survival signals are mediated by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway, which is activated by TGF-β in these cells. Caveolin-1 (Cav1) is a structural protein of caveolae linked to TGF-β receptors trafficking and signaling. Previous results have indicated that in hepatocytes, Cav1 is required for TGF-β-induced anti-apoptotic signals, but the molecular mechanism is not fully understood yet. In this work, we show that immortalized Cav1(-/-) hepatocytes were more sensitive to the pro-apoptotic effects induced by TGF-β, showing a higher activation of caspase-3, higher decrease in cell viability and prolonged increase through time of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). These results were coincident with attenuation of TGF-β-induced survival signals in Cav1(-/-) hepatocytes, such as AKT and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and NFκ-B activation. Transactivation of the EGFR pathway by TGF-β was impaired in Cav1(-/-) hepatocytes, which correlated with lack of activation of TACE/ADAM17, the metalloprotease responsible for the shedding of EGFR ligands. Reconstitution of Cav1 in Cav1(-/-) hepatocytes rescued wild-type phenotype features, both in terms of EGFR transactivation and TACE/ADAM17 activation. TACE/ADAM17 was localized in detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) fractions in Cav1(+/+) cells, which was not the case in Cav1(-/-) cells. Disorganization of lipid rafts after treatment with cholesterol-binding agents caused loss of TACE/ADAM17 activation after TGF-β treatment. In conclusion, in hepatocytes, Cav1 is required for TGF-β-mediated activation of the metalloprotease TACE/ADAM17 that is responsible for shedding of EGFR ligands and activation of the EGFR pathway, which counteracts the TGF-β pro-apoptotic effects. Therefore, Cav1 contributes to the pro-tumorigenic effects of TGF-β in liver cancer cells.
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Xie G, Diehl AM. Evidence for and against epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in the liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G881-90. [PMID: 24157970 PMCID: PMC3882441 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00289.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of liver injury is determined by the success of repair. Liver repair involves replacement of damaged liver tissue with healthy liver epithelial cells (including both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes) and reconstruction of normal liver structure and function. Current dogma posits that replication of surviving mature hepatocytes and cholangiocytes drives the regeneration of liver epithelium after injury, whereas failure of liver repair commonly leads to fibrosis, a scarring condition in which hepatic stellate cells, the main liver-resident mesenchymal cells, play the major role. The present review discusses other mechanisms that might be responsible for the regeneration of new liver epithelial cells and outgrowth of matrix-producing mesenchymal cells during hepatic injury. This theory proposes that, during liver injury, some epithelial cells undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), acquire myofibroblastic phenotypes/features, and contribute to fibrogenesis, whereas certain mesenchymal cells (namely hepatic stellate cells and stellate cell-derived myofibroblasts) undergo mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), revert to epithelial cells, and ultimately differentiate into either hepatocytes or cholangiocytes. Although this theory is highly controversial, it suggests that the balance between EMT and MET modulates the outcome of liver injury. This review summarizes recent advances that support or refute the concept that certain types of liver cells are capable of phenotype transition (i.e., EMT and MET) during both culture conditions and chronic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Xie
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke Univ., Snyderman Bldg., Suite 1073, 595 LaSalle St., Durham, NC 27710.
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Meyer C, Liu Y, Dooley S. Caveolin and TGF-β entanglements. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:2097-102. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Meyer
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II; Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
| | - Yan Liu
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II; Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics; Leiden University Medical Center; RC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Steven Dooley
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II; Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
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