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Eitner A, König C, Kohler FC, Hofmann GO, Wildemann B, Aurich M, Schaible HG. Importance of IL-6 trans-signaling and high autocrine IL-6 production in human osteoarthritic chondrocyte metabolism. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2024; 32:561-573. [PMID: 38369276 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neutralization of Interleukin (IL)-6-signaling by antibodies is considered a promising tool for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). To gain further insight into this potential treatment, this study investigated the effects of IL-6-signaling and IL-6 neutralization on chondrocyte metabolism and the release of IL-6-signaling-related mediators by human chondrocytes. DESIGN Chondrocytes were collected from 49 patients with advanced knee/hip OA or femoral neck fracture. Isolated chondrocytes were stimulated with different mediators to analyze the release of IL-6, soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) and soluble gp130 (sgp130). The effect of IL-6 and IL-6/sIL-6R complex as well as neutralization of IL-6-signaling on the metabolism was analyzed. RESULTS OA chondrocytes showed high basal IL-6 production and release, which was strongly negatively correlated with the production of cartilage-matrix-proteins. Chondrocytes produced and released sIL-6R and sgp130. The IL-6/sIL-6R complex significantly increased nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2 and matrix metalloproteinase 1 production, decreased Pro-Collagen Type II and mitochondrial ATP production, and increased glycolysis in OA chondrocytes. Neutralization of IL-6-signaling by antibodies did not significantly affect the metabolism of OA chondrocytes, but blocking of glycoprotein 130 (gp130)-signaling by SC144 significantly reduced the basal IL-6 release. CONCLUSION Although IL-6 trans-signaling induced by IL-6/sIL-6R complex negatively affects OA chondrocytes, antibodies against IL-6 or IL-6R did not affect chondrocyte metabolism. Since inhibition of gp130-signaling reduced the enhanced basal release of IL-6, interfering with gp130-signaling may ameliorate OA progression because high cellular release of IL-6 correlates with reduced production of cartilage-matrix-proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Eitner
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Experimental Trauma Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07747 Jena, Thuringia, Germany.
| | - Christian König
- Institute of Physiology 1/Neurophysiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Thuringia, Germany.
| | - Felix C Kohler
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Experimental Trauma Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07747 Jena, Thuringia, Germany.
| | - Gunther O Hofmann
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Experimental Trauma Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07747 Jena, Thuringia, Germany.
| | - Britt Wildemann
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Experimental Trauma Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07747 Jena, Thuringia, Germany.
| | - Matthias Aurich
- Department of Orthopaedics, Trauma, and Reconstructive Surgery, Halle University Hospital, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Saxony-Anhalt, Germany; BG Trauma Center Bergmannstrost, 06112 Halle (Saale), Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
| | - Hans-Georg Schaible
- Institute of Physiology 1/Neurophysiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Thuringia, Germany.
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Schmidt-Arras D, Rose-John S. Endosomes as Signaling Platforms for IL-6 Family Cytokine Receptors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:688314. [PMID: 34141712 PMCID: PMC8204807 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.688314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is the name-giving cytokine of a family of eleven members, including IL-6, CNTF, LIF, and IL-27. IL-6 was first recognized as a B-cell stimulating factor but we now know that the cytokine plays a pivotal role in the orchestration of inflammatory processes as well as in inflammation associated cancer. Moreover, IL-6 is involved in metabolic regulation and it has been shown to be involved in major neural activities such as neuroprotection, which can help to repair and to reduce brain damage. Receptor complexes of all members formed at the plasma membrane contain one or two molecules of the signaling receptor subunit GP130 and the mechanisms of signal transduction are well understood. IL-6 type cytokines can also signal from endomembranes, in particular the endosome, and situations have been reported in which endocytosis of receptor complexes are a prerequisite of intracellular signaling. Moreover, pathogenic GP130 variants were shown to interfere with spatial activation of downstream signals. We here summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying spatial regulation of IL-6 family cytokine signaling and discuss its relevance for pathogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schmidt-Arras
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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3
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Flynn CM, Kespohl B, Daunke T, Garbers Y, Düsterhöft S, Rose-John S, Haybaeck J, Lokau J, Aparicio-Siegmund S, Garbers C. Interleukin-6 controls recycling and degradation, but not internalization of its receptors. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100434. [PMID: 33610555 PMCID: PMC8010714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine implicated in proinflammatory as well as regenerative processes and acts via receptor complexes consisting of the ubiquitously expressed, signal-transducing receptor gp130 and the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R). The IL-6R is expressed only on hepatocytes and subsets of leukocytes, where it mediates specificity of the receptor complex to IL-6 as the subunit gp130 is shared with all other members of the IL-6 cytokine family such as IL-11 or IL-27. The amount of IL-6R at the cell surface thus determines the responsiveness of the cell to the cytokine and might therefore be decisive in the development of inflammatory disorders. However, how the expression levels of IL-6R and gp130 at the cell surface are controlled is largely unknown. Here, we show that IL-6R and gp130 are constitutively internalized independent of IL-6. This process depends on dynamin and clathrin and is temporally controlled by motifs within the intracellular region of gp130 and IL-6R. IL-6 binding and internalization of the receptors is a prerequisite for activation of the Jak/STAT signaling cascade. Targeting of gp130, but not of the IL-6R, to the lysosome for degradation depends on stimulation with IL-6. Furthermore, we show that after internalization and activation of signaling, both the IL-6R and gp130 are recycled back to the cell surface, a process that is enhanced by IL-6. These data reveal an important function of IL-6 beyond the pure activation of signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Birte Kespohl
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tina Daunke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Düsterhöft
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Department of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany.
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4
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Schmidt-Arras D, Böhmer FD. Mislocalisation of Activated Receptor Tyrosine Kinases - Challenges for Cancer Therapy. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:833-847. [PMID: 32593582 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activating mutations in genes encoding receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) mediate proliferation, cell migration, and cell survival, and are therefore important drivers of oncogenesis. Numerous targeted cancer therapies are directed against activated RTKs, including small compound inhibitors, and immunotherapies. It has recently been discovered that not only certain RTK fusion proteins, but also many full-length RTKs harbouring activating mutations, notably RTKs of the class III family, are to a large extent mislocalised in intracellular membranes. Active kinases in these locations cause aberrant activation of signalling pathways. Moreover, low levels of activated RTKs at the cell surface present an obstacle for immunotherapy. We outline here why understanding of the mechanisms underlying mislocalisation will help in improving existing and developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schmidt-Arras
- Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Biochemistry, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Frank-D Böhmer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, CMB, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Floss DM, Scheller J. Naturally occurring and synthetic constitutive-active cytokine receptors in disease and therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 47:1-20. [PMID: 31147158 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines control immune related events and are critically involved in a plethora of patho-physiological processes including autoimmunity and cancer development. Mutations which cause ligand-independent, constitutive activation of cytokine receptors are quite frequently found in diseases. Many constitutive-active cytokine receptor variants have been directly connected to disease development and mechanistically analyzed. Nature's solutions to generate constitutive cytokine receptors has been recently adopted by synthetic cytokine receptor biology, with the goal to optimize immune therapeutics. Here, CAR T cell immmunotherapy represents the first example to combine synthetic biology with genetic engineering during therapy. Hence, constitutive-active cytokine receptors are therapeutic targets, but also emerging tools to improve or modulate immunotherapeutic strategies. This review gives a comprehensive insight into the field of naturally occurring and synthetic constitutive-active cytokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen M Floss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Lokau J, Garbers C. Activating mutations of the gp130/JAK/STAT pathway in human diseases. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 116:283-309. [PMID: 31036294 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family are involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes. Dysregulated and increased activities of its members can be found in practically all human inflammatory diseases including cancer. All cytokines activate several intracellular signaling cascades, including the Jak/STAT, MAPK, PI3K, and Src/YAP signaling pathways. Additionally, several mutations in proteins involved in these signaling cascades have been identified in human patients, which render these proteins constitutively active and result in a hyperactivation of the signaling pathway. Interestingly, some of these mutations are associated with or even causative for distinct human diseases, making them interesting targets for therapy. This chapter describes the basic biology of the gp130/Jak/STAT pathway, summarizes what is known about the molecular mechanisms of the activating mutations, and gives an outlook how this knowledge can be exploited for targeted therapy in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Lamertz L, Rummel F, Polz R, Baran P, Hansen S, Waetzig GH, Moll JM, Floss DM, Scheller J. Soluble gp130 prevents interleukin-6 and interleukin-11 cluster signaling but not intracellular autocrine responses. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/550/eaar7388. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aar7388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine of the IL-6 family, members of which signal through a complex of a cytokine-specific receptor and the signal-transducing subunit gp130. The interaction of IL-6 with the membrane-bound IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) and gp130 stimulates “classic signaling,” whereas the binding of IL-6 and a soluble version of the IL-6R to gp130 stimulates “trans-signaling.” Alternatively, “cluster signaling” occurs when membrane-bound IL-6:IL-6R complexes on transmitter cells activate gp130 receptors on neighboring receiver cells. The soluble form of gp130 (sgp130) is a selective trans-signaling inhibitor, but it does not affect classic signaling. We demonstrated that the interaction of soluble gp130 with natural and synthetic membrane-bound IL-6:IL-6R complexes inhibited IL-6 cluster signaling. Similarly, IL-11 cluster signaling through the IL-11R to gp130 was also inhibited by soluble gp130. However, autocrine classic and trans-signaling was not inhibited by extracellular inhibitors such as sgp130 or gp130 antibodies. Together, our results suggest that autocrine IL-6 signaling may occur intracellularly.
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8
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Kim SJ, Guerrero N, Wassef G, Xiao J, Mehta HH, Cohen P, Yen K. The mitochondrial-derived peptide humanin activates the ERK1/2, AKT, and STAT3 signaling pathways and has age-dependent signaling differences in the hippocampus. Oncotarget 2018; 7:46899-46912. [PMID: 27384491 PMCID: PMC5216912 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanin is a small secreted peptide that is encoded in the mitochondrial genome. Humanin and its analogues have a protective role in multiple age-related diseases including type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, through cytoprotective and neuroprotective effects both in vitro and in vivo. However, the humanin-mediated signaling pathways are not well understood. In this paper, we demonstrate that humanin acts through the GP130/IL6ST receptor complex to activate AKT, ERK1/2, and STAT3 signaling pathways. Humanin treatment increases phosphorylation in AKT, ERK 1/2, and STAT3 where PI3K, MEK, and JAK are involved in the activation of those three signaling pathways, respectively. Furthermore, old mice, but not young mice, injected with humanin showed an increase in phosphorylation in AKT and ERK1/2 in the hippocampus. These findings uncover a key signaling pathway of humanin that is important for humanin's function and also demonstrates an age-specific in vivo effect in a region of the brain that is critical for memory formation in an age-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jeong Kim
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Noel Guerrero
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gabriella Wassef
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jialin Xiao
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hemal H Mehta
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kelvin Yen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Synthetic Deletion of the Interleukin 23 Receptor (IL-23R) Stalk Region Led to Autonomous IL-23R Homodimerization and Activation. Mol Cell Biol 2017. [PMID: 28630278 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00014-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 23 (IL-23) regulates the development of TH17 cells, which are important for antimicrobial and antifungal responses and autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. IL-23-induced Jak/STAT signaling is mediated via the heterodimeric IL-23 receptor (IL-23R)-IL-12 receptor β1 (IL-12Rβ1) complex. The typical signal-transducing receptor of the IL-6/IL-12 family contains three extracellular-membrane-proximal fibronectin type III (FNIII) domains, which are not involved in cytokine binding but are mandatory for signal transduction. In place of FNIII-type domains, IL-23R has a structurally undefined stalk. We hypothesized that the IL-23R stalk acts as a spacer to position the cytokine binding domains at a defined distance from the plasma membrane to enable signal transduction. Minor deletions of the murine, but not of the human, IL-23R stalk resulted in unresponsiveness to IL-23. Complete deletion of the human IL-23R stalk and the extended murine IL-23R stalk, including a 20-amino-acid-long duplication of domain 3, however, induced ligand-independent, autonomous receptor activation, as determined by STAT3 phosphorylation and cell proliferation. Ligand-independent, autonomous activity was caused by IL-23R homodimers and was independent of IL-12Rβ1. Our data show that deletion of the stalk results in biologically active IL-23R homodimers, thereby creating an as-yet-undescribed receptor complex of the IL-6/IL-12 cytokine family.
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Hara Y, Obata Y, Horikawa K, Tasaki Y, Suzuki K, Murata T, Shiina I, Abe R. M-COPA suppresses endolysosomal Kit-Akt oncogenic signalling through inhibiting the secretory pathway in neoplastic mast cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175514. [PMID: 28403213 PMCID: PMC5389679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in Kit receptor tyrosine kinase result in the development of a variety of cancers, such as mast cell tumours, gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs), acute myeloid leukemia, and melanomas. The drug imatinib, a selective inhibitor of Kit, is used for treatment of mutant Kit-positive cancers. However, mutations in the Kit kinase domain, which are frequently found in neoplastic mast cells, confer an imatinib resistance, and cancers expressing the mutants can proliferate in the presence of imatinib. Recently, we showed that in neoplastic mast cells that endogenously express an imatinib-resistant Kit mutant, Kit causes oncogenic activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt (PI3K-Akt) pathway and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) but only on endolysosomes and on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), respectively. Here, we show a strategy for inhibition of the Kit-PI3K-Akt pathway in neoplastic mast cells by M-COPA (2-methylcoprophilinamide), an inhibitor of this secretory pathway. In M-COPA-treated cells, Kit localization in the ER is significantly increased, whereas endolysosomal Kit disappears, indicating that M-COPA blocks the biosynthetic transport of Kit from the ER. The drug greatly inhibits oncogenic Akt activation without affecting the association of Kit with PI3K, indicating that ER-localized Kit-PI3K complex is unable to activate Akt. Importantly, M-COPA but not imatinib suppresses neoplastic mast cell proliferation through inhibiting anti-apoptotic Akt activation. Results of our M-COPA treatment assay show that Kit can activate Erk not only on the ER but also on other compartments. Furthermore, Tyr568/570, Tyr703, Tyr721, and Tyr936 in Kit are phosphorylated on the ER, indicating that these five tyrosine residues are all phosphorylated before mutant Kit reaches the plasma membrane (PM). Our study provides evidence that Kit is tyrosine-phosphorylated soon after synthesis on the ER but is unable to activate Akt and also demonstrates that M-COPA is efficacious for growth suppression of neoplastic mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Hara
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuuki Obata
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Keita Horikawa
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Tasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyohei Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Murata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isamu Shiina
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Abe
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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Schaper F, Rose-John S. Interleukin-6: Biology, signaling and strategies of blockade. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:475-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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You LL, Cao DH, Jiang J, Hou Z, Suo YE, Wang SD, Cao XY. Transgenic mouse models of gastric cancer: Pathological characteristic and applications. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:2754-2760. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i17.2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic animal models of gastric cancer have high specificity and similar tumor characteristics to human gastric cancer. Current research and application of transgenic animal models of gastric cancer are wide, and several models have been developed. In transgenic animal models of gastric cancer, primary gastric carcinoma can develop spontaneously. These transgenic animal models have been widely used to study the mechanism of gastric cancer development, and have great significance for clinical diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer. This paper systematically summarizes several different kinds of transgenic animal models and describes the molecular pathogenic mechanisms and pathological characteristics of gastric mucosal lesions in these models as well as their applications.
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Rinis N, Müller-Newen G. 159. Cytokine 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.07.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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