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Gilloteaux DJ, Jamison JM, Summers JL, Taper HS. Xenografts on nude mouse diaphragm of human DU145 prostate carcinoma cells: mesothelium removal by outgrowths and angiogenesis. Ultrastruct Pathol 2022; 46:413-438. [PMID: 36165802 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2022.2115596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells, androgen-independent malignant cells, implanted in the athymic nu/nu male mouse, developed numerous tumors on peritoneal and retro-peritoneal organs whose growth aspects and vascular supply have yet to be investigated with fine structure techniques. A series of necropsies from moribund implanted mice diaphragms were examined with light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. DU145 xenografts installations, far away from the implanted site, were described as the smallest installation to large diaphragm outgrowths in moribund mice. Carcinomas did not show extracellular matrix and, reaching more than 0.15 mm in thickness, they revealed new structures in these outgrowths. Voids to be gland-like structures with mediocre secretion and, unexpectedly, intercellular spaces connected with fascicles of elongated DU145 cells that merged with a vascular supply originated from either the tumor cells and/or some perimysium vessels. In the largest carcinomas, most important vascular invasions coincidently accompanied the mouse lethality, similarly to human cancers. This androgen-independent model would be useful to study tumor outgrowth's changes related to testing anticancer strategy, including anti-angiogenic therapies involving toxicity, simultaneously with those of other vital organs with combined biomolecular and fine structure techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dr Jacques Gilloteaux
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St Georges' University International School of Medicine, KB Taylor Global Scholar's Program, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, NE1 8JG.,Unit of Research in Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), NARILIS, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium, 5000.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Ohio Medical University (NEOMed/Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH, USA, 44272
| | - James M Jamison
- Department of Urology, Ohio Medical University (NEOMed/Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH, USA, 44272.,St Thomas Hospital, The Apatone Development Center, Summa Research Foundation, Akron, OH, USA, 44310
| | - Jack L Summers
- Department of Urology, Ohio Medical University (NEOMed/Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH, USA, 44272.,St Thomas Hospital, The Apatone Development Center, Summa Research Foundation, Akron, OH, USA, 44310
| | - Henryk S Taper
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Toxicologique et Cancérologique, School of Pharmacy, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium, 1200
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Zaballos MA, Acuña-Ruiz A, Morante M, Crespo P, Santisteban P. Regulators of the RAS-ERK pathway as therapeutic targets in thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R319-R344. [PMID: 30978703 DOI: 10.1530/erc-19-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is mostly an ERK-driven carcinoma, as up to 70% of thyroid carcinomas are caused by mutations that activate the RAS/ERK mitogenic signaling pathway. The incidence of thyroid cancer has been steadily increasing for the last four decades; yet, there is still no effective treatment for advanced thyroid carcinomas. Current research efforts are focused on impairing ERK signaling with small-molecule inhibitors, mainly at the level of BRAF and MEK. However, despite initial promising results in animal models, the clinical success of these inhibitors has been limited by the emergence of tumor resistance and relapse. The RAS/ERK pathway is an extremely complex signaling cascade with multiple points of control, offering many potential therapeutic targets: from the modulatory proteins regulating the activation state of RAS proteins to the scaffolding proteins of the pathway that provide spatial specificity to the signals, and finally, the negative feedbacks and phosphatases responsible for inactivating the pathway. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the biology of RAS/ERK regulators in human cancer highlighting relevant information on thyroid cancer and future areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Zaballos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Acuña-Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Morante
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Piero Crespo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Pilar Santisteban
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Gilloteaux J, Bhalla A, Faour O, Jamison JM. Formation of intracellular lumina in human prostate carcinoma (DU145) cells, maturation into signet cells, and the cribriform morphology of tumors. Ultrastruct Pathol 2016; 40:189-99. [PMID: 27044781 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2016.1155684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular or intracytoplasmic lumen (IL) is an enigmatic histological structure that occurs in various tumor cells. A reassessment of diverse ILs fine-structure micrographs obtained out of previous studies encompassing the human prostate carcinoma (DU145) cell line and xenotransplanted carcinomas enabled us to propose aspects of ILs development in cancer cells: a combination of altered expressions in intercellular contacts and their cytoskeletal components would favor a disarray of self-apical polarity orientation; those defects, associated with a local, entwined enriched membranous structures growing as microvilli-like formations out of a disrupted endoplasm and trans-Golgi sorting, create ILs in cells' perikarya. These misplaced intracytoplasmic domains can become enlarged through spaces made between the finger-like structures by accruing membranes of coalescent intracytoplasmic vesicles then adding microvilli and glycocalyx to constitute ILs. Cationic mucins added with or without a progressive or total loss of microvilli and content generate signet or ring cell, while ILs enlarge. Variable build-ups of these cells' populations in carcinomas result in architectural mix-up of adjacent cells around these voids, misconstrued as new lumen, and establish a "cribriform" tumor pattern that often implies a poor cancer prognosis. Alternatively, cytotoxic changes caused by anticancer pro-oxidant treatment favor membrane alterations and exaggerate the ILs in xenotransplants into intracellular crypts that accompany other tumor degenerative changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gilloteaux
- a Department of Anatomical Sciences , St. George's University International School of Medicine, K. B. Taylor Global Scholar's Programme with Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK.,b Faculté de Médecine , Laboratoire des Cellules et Tissus, Unité de Recherche en Physiologie Moléculaire (URPhyM), University of Namur , Namur , Belgium
| | - Aneil Bhalla
- a Department of Anatomical Sciences , St. George's University International School of Medicine, K. B. Taylor Global Scholar's Programme with Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Omar Faour
- a Department of Anatomical Sciences , St. George's University International School of Medicine, K. B. Taylor Global Scholar's Programme with Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - James M Jamison
- c The Apatone Development Center , St. Thomas Hospital, Summa Research Foundation , Akron , OH , USA
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Schiefermeier N, Scheffler JM, de Araujo MEG, Stasyk T, Yordanov T, Ebner HL, Offterdinger M, Munck S, Hess MW, Wickström SA, Lange A, Wunderlich W, Fässler R, Teis D, Huber LA. The late endosomal p14-MP1 (LAMTOR2/3) complex regulates focal adhesion dynamics during cell migration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 205:525-40. [PMID: 24841562 PMCID: PMC4033770 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201310043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Late endosomes locally regulate cell migration by transporting the p14–MP1 scaffold complex to the vicinity of focal adhesions. Cell migration is mediated by the dynamic remodeling of focal adhesions (FAs). Recently, an important role of endosomal signaling in regulation of cell migration was recognized. Here, we show an essential function for late endosomes carrying the p14–MP1 (LAMTOR2/3) complex in FA dynamics. p14–MP1-positive endosomes move to the cell periphery along microtubules (MTs) in a kinesin1- and Arl8b-dependent manner. There they specifically target FAs to regulate FA turnover, which is required for cell migration. Using genetically modified fibroblasts from p14-deficient mice and Arl8b-depleted cells, we demonstrate that MT plus end–directed traffic of p14–MP1-positive endosomes triggered IQGAP1 disassociation from FAs. The release of IQGAP was required for FA dynamics. Taken together, our results suggest that late endosomes contribute to the regulation of cell migration by transporting the p14–MP1 scaffold complex to the vicinity of FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Schiefermeier
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, AustriaDivision of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julia M Scheffler
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mariana E G de Araujo
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Taras Stasyk
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Teodor Yordanov
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hannes L Ebner
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, AustriaDivision of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Offterdinger
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastian Munck
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael W Hess
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sara A Wickström
- Paul Gerson Unna group "Skin Homeostasis and Ageing", Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anika Lange
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Winfried Wunderlich
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Oncotyrol, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - David Teis
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas A Huber
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Marina M, Wang L, Conrad SE. The scaffold protein MEK Partner 1 is required for the survival of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells. Cell Commun Signal 2012; 10:18. [PMID: 22776333 PMCID: PMC3406937 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-10-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
MEK Partner 1 (MP1 or MAPKSP1) is a scaffold protein that has been reported to function in multiple signaling pathways, including the ERK, PAK and mTORC pathways. Several of these pathways influence the biology of breast cancer, but MP1’s functional significance in breast cancer cells has not been investigated. In this report, we demonstrate a requirement for MP1 expression in estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer cells. MP1 is widely expressed in both ER-positive and negative breast cancer cell lines, and in non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cell lines. However, inhibition of its expression using siRNA duplexes resulted in detachment and apoptosis of several ER-positive breast cancer cell lines, but not ER-negative breast cancer cells or non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cells. Inhibition of MP1 expression in ER-positive MCF-7 cells did not affect ERK activity, but resulted in reduced Akt1 activity and reduced ER expression and activity. Inhibition of ER expression did not result in cell death, suggesting that decreased ER expression is not the cause of cell death. In contrast, pharmacological inhibition of PI3K signaling did induce cell death in MCF-7 cells, and expression of a constitutively active form of Akt1 partially rescued the cell death observed when the MP1 gene was silenced in these cells. Together, these results suggest that MP1 is required for pro-survival signaling from the PI3K/Akt pathway in ER-positive breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Marina
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Westerman BA, Braat AK, Taub N, Potman M, Vissers JHA, Blom M, Verhoeven E, Stoop H, Gillis A, Velds A, Nijkamp W, Beijersbergen R, Huber LA, Looijenga LHJ, van Lohuizen M. A genome-wide RNAi screen in mouse embryonic stem cells identifies Mp1 as a key mediator of differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:2675-89. [PMID: 22143885 PMCID: PMC3244037 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20102037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite intense investigation of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that regulate pluripotency, the process of initial fate commitment of embryonic stem (ES) cells is still poorly understood. We used a genome-wide short hairpin RNA screen in mouse ES cells to identify genes that are essential for initiation of differentiation. Knockdown of the scaffolding protein Mek binding protein 1 (Mp1, also known as Lamtor3 or Map2k1ip1) stimulated self-renewal of ES cells, blocked differentiation, and promoted proliferation. Fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) signaling is required for initial fate commitment of ES cells. Knockdown of Mp1 inhibited FGF4-induced differentiation but did not alter FGF4-driven proliferation. This uncoupling of differentiation and proliferation was also observed when oncogenic Ras isoforms were overexpressed in ES cells. Knockdown of Mp1 redirected FGF4 signaling from differentiation toward pluripotency and up-regulated the pluripotency-related genes Esrrb, Rex1, Tcl1, and Sox2. We also found that human germ cell tumors (GCTs) express low amounts of Mp1 in the invasive embryonic carcinoma and seminoma histologies and higher amounts of Mp1 in the noninvasive carcinoma in situ precursor and differentiated components. Knockdown of Mp1 in invasive GCT cells resulted in resistance to differentiation, thereby showing a functional role for Mp1 both in normal differentiation of ES cells and in germ cell cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart A Westerman
- Division of Molecular Genetics, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Simulating EGFR-ERK signaling control by scaffold proteins KSR and MP1 reveals differential ligand-sensitivity co-regulated by Cbl-CIN85 and endophilin. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22933. [PMID: 21829671 PMCID: PMC3148240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
ERK activation is enhanced by the scaffolding proteins KSR and MP1, localized near the cell membrane and late endosomes respectively, but little is known about their dynamic interplay. We develop here a mathematical model with ordinary differential equations to describe the dynamic activation of EGFR-ERK signaling under a conventional pathway without scaffolds, a KSR-scaffolded pathway, and an MP1-scaffolded pathway, and their impacts were examined under the influence of the endosomal regulators, Cbl-CIN85 and Endophilin A1. This new integrated model, validated against experimental results and computational constraints, shows that changes of ERK activation and EGFR endocytosis in response to EGF concentrations (i.e ligand sensitivity) depend on these scaffold proteins and regulators. The KSR-scaffolded and the conventional pathways act synergistically and are sensitive to EGF stimulation. When the KSR level is high, the sensitivity of ERK activation from this combined pathway remains low when Cbl-CIN85 level is low. But, such sensitivity can be increased with increasing levels of Endophilin if Cbl-CIN85 level becomes high. However, reduced KSR levels already present high sensitivity independent of Endophilin levels. In contrast, ERK activation by MP1 is additive to that of KSR but it shows little ligand-sensitivity under high levels of EGF. This can be partly reversed by increasing level of Endophilin while keeping Cbl-CIN85 level low. Further analyses showed that high levels of KSR affect ligand-sensitivity of EGFR endocytosis whereas MP1 ensures the robustness of endosomal ERK activation. These simulations constitute a multi-dimensional exploration of how EGF-dependent EGFR endocytosis and ERK activation are dynamically affected by scaffolds KSR and MP1, co-regulated by Cbl-CIN85 and Endophilin A1. Together, these results provide a detailed and quantitative demonstration of how regulators and scaffolds can collaborate to fine-tune the ligand-dependent sensitivity of EGFR endocytosis and ERK activation which could underlie differences during normal physiology, disease states and drug responses.
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