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Motlak M, Mathews M, Al-Odat OS, Pandey MK. Is it possible to treat melanoma by intercepting the CXCR4/CXCL12 pathway? Cytokine 2024; 179:156629. [PMID: 38704961 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Melanoma is a particularly aggressive type of skin cancer that can spread to distant organs, resulting in poor patient outcomes. C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) interacts to the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4). This connection between CXCR4 and its companion ligand CXCL12 is important in melanoma metastasis and progression, encouraging cell proliferation, invasion, and survival via downstream signaling pathways. Furthermore, CXCR4 is implicated in the interaction between melanoma cells and the tumor microenvironment, which promotes malignant cell migration and immune evasion. Given the importance of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in melanoma, addressing this axis has the potential to prevent metastasis and improve patient outcomes. We present an overview of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in cancer progression and explain its role in the melanoma microenvironment in this paper. Furthermore, we investigate CXCR4's predictive usefulness as a possible biomarker for monitoring melanoma progression. Finally, we discuss the most recent research and clinical trials on CXCR4 inhibitors, emphasizing their efficacy and limits. We hope to improve the quality of life for melanoma patients by better understanding the role of CXCR4 and investigating novel therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Motlak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Meghna Mathews
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Omar S Al-Odat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Manoj K Pandey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
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2
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Ma Z, Zhou F, Jin H, Wu X. Crosstalk between CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 and the STAT3 Pathway. Cells 2024; 13:1027. [PMID: 38920657 PMCID: PMC11201928 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The reciprocal modulation between the CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 axis and the STAT3 signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the progression of various diseases and neoplasms. Activation of the CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 axis triggers the STAT3 pathway through multiple mechanisms, while the STAT3 pathway also regulates the expression of CXCL12. This review offers a thorough and systematic analysis of the reciprocal regulatory mechanisms between the CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 signaling axis and the STAT3 signaling pathway in the context of diseases, particularly tumors. It explores the potential clinical applications in tumor treatment, highlighting possible therapeutic targets and novel strategies for targeted tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaoming Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging & Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming 650500, China; (Z.M.); (F.Z.); (H.J.)
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3
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Sagini MN, Zepp M, Eyol E, Ali DM, Gromova S, Dahlmann M, Behrens D, Groeschel C, Tischmeier L, Hoffmann J, Berger MR, Forssmann WG. EPI-X4, a CXCR4 antagonist inhibits tumor growth in pancreatic cancer and lymphoma models. Peptides 2024; 175:171111. [PMID: 38036098 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous peptide inhibitor for CXCR4 (EPI-X4) is a CXCR4 antagonist with potential for cancer therapy. It is a processed fragment of serum albumin from the hemofiltrate of dialysis patients. This study reports the efficacy of fifteen EPI-X4 derivatives in pancreatic cancer and lymphoma models. In vitro, the peptides were investigated for antiproliferation (cytotoxicity) by MTT assay. The mRNA expression for CXCR4 and CXCL12 was determined by RT-PCR, chip array and RNA sequencing. Chip array analysis yielded 634 genes associated with CXCR4/CXCL12 signaling. About 21% of these genes correlated with metastasis in the context of cell motility, proliferation, and survival. Expression levels of these genes were altered in pancreatic cancer (36%), lymphoma models (53%) and in patients' data (58%). EPI-X4 derivatives failed to inhibit cell proliferation due to low expression of CXCR4 in vitro, but inhibited tumor growth in the bioassays with significant efficacy. In the pancreatic cancer model, EPI-X4a, f and k inhibited mean tumor growth by > 50% and even caused complete remissions. In the lymphoma model, EPI-X4b, n and p inhibited mean tumor growth by > 70% and caused stable disease. Given the non-toxic and non-immunogenic properties of EPI-X4, these findings underscore its status as a promising therapy of pancreatic cancer and lymphoma and warrant further studies. SIMPLE SUMMARY: This study examined the value of chemokine receptor CXCR4 as an antineoplastic target for the endogenous peptide inhibitor of CXCR4 (EPI-X4), a 12-meric peptide derived from serum albumin. EPI-X4 inhibits CXCR4 interaction with its natural ligand, CXCL12 (SDF1). Therefore, malignancies (including pancreatic cancer and lymphoma) that depend on the CXCR4/CXCL12 pathway for progression can be targeted with EPI-X4. Of 634 genes that were linked to the CXCR4/CXCL12 pathway, 21% were associated with metastasis. In cultured human Suit2-007 pancreatic cancer cells, CXCR4 showed low to undetectable expression, which was why EPI-X4 did not inhibit pancreatic cancer cell proliferation. These findings were different in vivo, where CXCR4 was highly expressed and EPI-X4 inhibited tumor growth in rodents harboring pancreatic cancer or lymphoma. In the pancreatic cancer model, EPI-X4 derivatives a, f and k caused complete remissions, while in lymphomas EPI-X4 derivatives b, n and p caused stable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah N Sagini
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Zepp
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ergül Eyol
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Doaa M Ali
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Svetlana Gromova
- EPO, Experimental Pharmacology & Oncology Berlin-Buch GmbH, Germany
| | - Mathias Dahlmann
- EPO, Experimental Pharmacology & Oncology Berlin-Buch GmbH, Germany
| | - Diana Behrens
- EPO, Experimental Pharmacology & Oncology Berlin-Buch GmbH, Germany
| | - Christian Groeschel
- NeoPep Pharma GmbH & Co. KG., Hannover, Germany and Hannover Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Germany
| | - Linus Tischmeier
- NeoPep Pharma GmbH & Co. KG., Hannover, Germany and Hannover Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Germany
| | - Jens Hoffmann
- EPO, Experimental Pharmacology & Oncology Berlin-Buch GmbH, Germany
| | - Martin R Berger
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Wolf-Georg Forssmann
- NeoPep Pharma GmbH & Co. KG., Hannover, Germany and Hannover Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Germany.
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Anastasiadou DP, Quesnel A, Duran CL, Filippou PS, Karagiannis GS. An emerging paradigm of CXCL12 involvement in the metastatic cascade. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 75:12-30. [PMID: 37949685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12, also known as stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1), has emerged as a pivotal regulator in the intricate molecular networks driving cancer progression. As an influential factor in the tumor microenvironment, CXCL12 plays a multifaceted role that spans beyond its traditional role as a chemokine inducing invasion and metastasis. Indeed, CXCL12 has been assigned functions related to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cancer cell stemness, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression, all of which are currently viewed as specialized biological programs contributing to the "metastatic cascade" among other cancer hallmarks. Its interaction with its cognate receptor, CXCR4, initiates a cascade of events that not only shapes the metastatic potential of tumor cells but also defines the niches within the secondary organs that support metastatic colonization. Given the profound implications of CXCL12 in the metastatic cascade, understanding its mechanistic underpinnings is of paramount importance for the targeted elimination of rate-limiting steps in the metastatic process. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge surrounding the role of CXCL12 in cancer metastasis, especially its molecular interactions rationalizing its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra P Anastasiadou
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Tumor Microenvironment & Metastasis Program, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Agathe Quesnel
- School of Health & Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, United Kingdom; National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington DL1 1HG, United Kingdom
| | - Camille L Duran
- Tumor Microenvironment & Metastasis Program, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Integrated Imaging Program for Cancer Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Panagiota S Filippou
- School of Health & Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, United Kingdom; National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington DL1 1HG, United Kingdom
| | - George S Karagiannis
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Tumor Microenvironment & Metastasis Program, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Integrated Imaging Program for Cancer Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Cancer Dormancy and Tumor Microenvironment Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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5
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Bodoque-Villar R, Padilla-Valverde D, González-López LM, Muñoz-Rodríguez JR, Arias-Pardilla J, Villar-Rodríguez C, Gómez-Romero FJ, Verdugo-Moreno G, Redondo-Calvo FJ, Serrano-Oviedo L. The importance of CXCR4 expression in tumor stroma as a potential biomarker in pancreatic cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2023; 21:287. [PMID: 37697316 PMCID: PMC10496205 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-023-03168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the main causes of cancer mortality in the world. A characteristic feature of this cancer is that a large part of the tumor volume is composed of a stroma with different cells and factors. Among these, we can highlight the cytokines, which perform their function through binding to their receptors. Given the impact of the CXCR4 receptor in the interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironment and its involvement in important signaling pathways in cancer, it is proposed as a very promising prognostic biomarker and as a goal for new targeted therapies. Numerous studies analyze the expression of CXCR4 but we suggest focusing on the expression of CXCR4 in the stroma. METHODS Expression of CXCR4 in specimens from 33 patients with PDAC was evaluated by immunohistochemistry techniques and matched with clinicopathological parameters, overall and disease-free survival rates. RESULTS The percentage of stroma was lower in non-tumor tissue (32.4 ± 5.2) than in tumor pancreatic tissue (67.4 ± 4.8), P-value = 0.001. The level of CXCR4 expression in stromal cells was diminished in non-tumor tissue (8.7 ± 4.6) and higher in tumor pancreatic tissue (23.5 ± 6.1), P-value = 0.022. No significant differences were identified in total cell count and inflammatory cells between non-tumor tissue and pancreatic tumor tissue. No association was observed between CXCR4 expression and any of the clinical or pathological data, overall and disease-free survival rates. Analyzing exclusively the stroma of tumor samples, the CXCR4 expression was associated with tumor differentiation, P-value = 0.05. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we reflect the importance of CXCR4 expression in the stroma of patients diagnosed with PDAC. Our results revealed a high CXCR4 expression in the tumor stroma, which is related to a poor tumor differentiation. On the contrary, we could not find an association between CXCR4 expression and survival and the rest of the clinicopathological variables. Focusing the study on the CXCR4 expression in the tumor stroma could generate more robust results. Therefore, we consider it key to develop more studies to enlighten the role of this receptor in PDAC and its implication as a possible biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Bodoque-Villar
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - David Padilla-Valverde
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Surgery, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Lucía María González-López
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Pathology, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José Ramón Muñoz-Rodríguez
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Javier Arias-Pardilla
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Clara Villar-Rodríguez
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gómez-Romero
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Gema Verdugo-Moreno
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Head of Research, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Redondo-Calvo
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Anesthesiology, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Leticia Serrano-Oviedo
- Traslational Investigation Unit, University General Hospital of Ciudad Real, SESCAM, Ciudad Real, Spain.
- Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Guo F, Kan K, Rückert F, Rückert W, Li L, Eberhard J, May T, Sticht C, Dirks WG, Reißfelder C, Pallavi P, Keese M. Comparison of Tumour-Specific Phenotypes in Human Primary and Expandable Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13530. [PMID: 37686338 PMCID: PMC10488093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an ongoing need for patient-specific chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer. Tumour cells isolated from human tissues can be used to predict patients' response to chemotherapy. However, the isolation and maintenance of pancreatic cancer cells is challenging because these cells become highly vulnerable after losing the tumour microenvironment. Therefore, we investigated whether the cells retained their original characteristics after lentiviral transfection and expansion. Three human primary pancreatic cancer cell lines were lentivirally transduced to create expandable (Ex) cells which were then compared with primary (Pri) cells. No obvious differences in the morphology or epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were observed between the primary and expandable cell lines. The two expandable cell lines showed higher proliferation rates in the 2D and 3D models. All three expandable cell lines showed attenuated migratory ability. Differences in gene expression between primary and expandable cell lines were then compared using RNA-Seq data. Potential target drugs were predicted by differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and differentially expressed pathways (DEPs) related to tumour-specific characteristics such as proliferation, migration, EMT, drug resistance, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. We found that the two expandable cell lines expressed similar chemosensitivity and redox-regulatory capability to gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in the 2D model as compared to their counterparts. In conclusion, we successfully generated expandable primary pancreatic cancer cell lines using lentiviral transduction. These expandable cells not only retain some tumour-specific biological traits of primary cells but also show an ongoing proliferative capacity, thereby yielding sufficient material for drug response assays, which may provide a patient-specific platform for chemotherapy drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Guo
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (F.G.); (K.K.); (L.L.); (J.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Kejia Kan
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (F.G.); (K.K.); (L.L.); (J.E.); (C.R.)
- European Center of Angioscience ECAS, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Felix Rückert
- Surgical Department, Diakonissen Krankenhaus Speyer, 67346 Speyer, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Rückert
- Ingenieurbüro Dr. Ing. Rückert Data Analysis, Kirchweg 4, 57647 Nistertal, Germany;
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (F.G.); (K.K.); (L.L.); (J.E.); (C.R.)
- European Center of Angioscience ECAS, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johannes Eberhard
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (F.G.); (K.K.); (L.L.); (J.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Tobias May
- InSCREENeX GmbH, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Next Generation Sequencing Core Facility, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Wilhelm G. Dirks
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ, German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Christoph Reißfelder
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (F.G.); (K.K.); (L.L.); (J.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Prama Pallavi
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (F.G.); (K.K.); (L.L.); (J.E.); (C.R.)
- European Center of Angioscience ECAS, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Keese
- European Center of Angioscience ECAS, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Theresienkrankenhaus, 68165 Mannheim, Germany
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7
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Yang Y, Li J, Lei W, Wang H, Ni Y, Liu Y, Yan H, Tian Y, Wang Z, Yang Z, Yang S, Yang Y, Wang Q. CXCL12-CXCR4/CXCR7 Axis in Cancer: from Mechanisms to Clinical Applications. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:3341-3359. [PMID: 37497001 PMCID: PMC10367567 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.82317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multi-step disease caused by the accumulation of genetic mutations and/or epigenetic changes, and is the biggest challenge around the world. Cytokines, including chemokines, exhibit expression changes and disorders in all human cancers. These cytokine abnormalities can disrupt homeostasis and immune function, and make outstanding contributions to various stages of cancer development such as invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Chemokines are a superfamily of small molecule chemoattractive cytokines that mediate a variety of cellular functions. Importantly, the interactions of chemokine members CXCL12 and its receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 have a broad impact on tumor cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, metastasis, and tumor microenvironment, and thus participate in the onset and development of many cancers including leukemia, breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer and multiple myeloma. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the latest research progress and future challenges regarding the role of CXCL12-CXCR4/CXCR7 signaling axis in cancer, and highlights the potential of CXCL12-CXCR4/CXCR7 as a biomarker or therapeutic target for cancer, providing essential strategies for the development of novel targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenmu Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiayan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenmu Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wangrui Lei
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenmu Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenmu Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunfeng Ni
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Airforce Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenmu Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huanle Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenmu Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yifan Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenmu Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Central Theater Command General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Airforce Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shulin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenmu Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenmu Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenmu Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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8
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Cobo I, Paliwal S, Bodas C, Felipe I, Melià-Alomà J, Torres A, Martínez-Villarreal J, Malumbres M, García F, Millán I, Del Pozo N, Park JC, MacDonald RJ, Muñoz J, Méndez R, Real FX. NFIC regulates ribosomal biology and ER stress in pancreatic acinar cells and restrains PDAC initiation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3761. [PMID: 37353485 PMCID: PMC10290102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic acinar cells rely on PTF1 and other transcription factors to deploy their transcriptional program. We identify NFIC as a NR5A2 interactor and regulator of acinar differentiation. NFIC binding sites are enriched in NR5A2 ChIP-Sequencing peaks. Nfic knockout mice have a smaller, histologically normal, pancreas with reduced acinar gene expression. NFIC binds and regulates the promoters of acinar genes and those involved in RNA/protein metabolism, and Nfic knockout pancreata show defective ribosomal RNA maturation. NFIC dampens the endoplasmic reticulum stress program through binding to gene promoters and is required for resolution of Tunicamycin-mediated stress. NFIC is down-regulated during caerulein pancreatitis and is required for recovery after damage. Normal human pancreata with low levels of NFIC transcripts display reduced expression of genes down-regulated in Nfic knockout mice. NFIC expression is down-regulated in mouse and human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Consistently, Nfic knockout mice develop a higher number of mutant Kras-driven pre-neoplastic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro Cobo
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sumit Paliwal
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Bodas
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Felipe
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Júlia Melià-Alomà
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Torres
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marina Malumbres
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando García
- Proteomics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, ProteoRed-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Millán
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Del Pozo
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joo-Cheol Park
- Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ray J MacDonald
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Javier Muñoz
- Proteomics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, ProteoRed-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Méndez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco X Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.
- Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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9
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Zhao J, Wang C, Fan R, Liu X, Zhang W. A prognostic model based on clusters of molecules related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Front Genet 2023; 13:1109903. [PMID: 36685840 PMCID: PMC9853015 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1109903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Most patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have poor prognosis; Effective predictive models for these patients are currently lacking. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) often occurs during idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis development, and is closely related to multiple pathways and biological processes. It is thus necessary for clinicians to find prognostic biomarkers with high accuracy and specificity from the perspective of Epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Methods: Data were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Using consensus clustering, patients were grouped based on Epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related genes. Next, functional enrichment analysis was performed on the results of consensus clustering using gene set variation analysis. The gene modules associated with Epithelial-mesenchymal transition were obtained through weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Prognosis-related genes were screened via least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis. The model was then evaluated and validated using survival analysis and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results: A total of 239 Epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related genes were obtained from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Six genes with strong prognostic associations (C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 [CXCR7], heparan sulfate-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 1 [HS3ST1], matrix metallopeptidase 25 [MMP25], murine retrovirus integration site 1 [MRVI1], transmembrane four L6 family member 1 [TM4SF1], and tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase 1 [TPST1]) were identified via least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and Cox regression analyses. A prognostic model was then constructed based on the selected genes. Survival analysis showed that patients with high-risk scores had worse prognosis based on the training set [hazard ratio (HR) = 7.31, p < .001] and validation set (HR = 2.85, p = .017). The time-dependent receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) values in the training set were .872, .905, and .868 for 1-, 2-, and 3-year overall survival rates, respectively. Moreover, the area under the curve values in the validation set were .814, .814, and .808 for 1-, 2-, and 3-year overall survival rates, respectively. Conclusion: The independent prognostic model constructed from six Epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related genes provides bioinformatics guidance to identify additional prognostic markers for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Can Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Rui Fan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Wei Zhang,
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10
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Roberto M, Arrivi G, Di Civita MA, Barchiesi G, Pilozzi E, Marchetti P, Santini D, Mazzuca F, Tomao S. The role of CXCL12 axis in pancreatic cancer: New biomarkers and potential targets. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1154581. [PMID: 37035150 PMCID: PMC10076769 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1154581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chemokines are small, secreted peptides involved in the mediation of the immune cell recruitment. Chemokines have been implicated in several diseases including autoimmune diseases, viral infections and also played a critical role in the genesis and development of several malignant tumors. CXCL12 is a homeostatic CXC chemokine involved in the process of proliferation, and tumor spread. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive tumors, that is still lacking effective therapies and with a dramatically poor prognosis. Method We conducted a scientific literature search on Pubmed and Google Scholar including retrospective, prospective studies and reviews focused on the current research elucidating the emerging role of CXCL12 and its receptors CXCR4 - CXCR7 in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer. Results Considering the mechanism of immunomodulation of the CXCL12-CXCR4-CXCR7 axis, as well as the potential interaction with the microenvironment in the PDAC, several combined therapeutic approaches have been studied and developed, to overcome the "cold" immunological setting of PDAC, like combining CXCL12 axis inhibitors with anti PD-1/PDL1 drugs. Conclusion Understanding the role of this chemokine's axis in disease initiation and progression may provide the basis for developing new potential biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets for related pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Roberto
- Oncology Unit (UOC) Oncologia A, Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anathomo-patological Science, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Arrivi
- Oncology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’ Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Alberto Di Civita
- Oncology Unit (UOC) Oncologia A, Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anathomo-patological Science, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Mattia Alberto Di Civita,
| | - Giacomo Barchiesi
- Oncology Unit (UOC) Oncologia A, Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anathomo-patological Science, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pilozzi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Anatomia Patologica Unit, Sant’ Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Marchetti
- Scientific Direction, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Santini
- Oncology Unit (UOC) Oncologia A, Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anathomo-patological Science, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Mazzuca
- Oncology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’ Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silverio Tomao
- Oncology Unit (UOC) Oncologia A, Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anathomo-patological Science, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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11
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Wu T, Yang W, Sun A, Wei Z, Lin Q. The Role of CXC Chemokines in Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010167. [PMID: 36612163 PMCID: PMC9818145 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CXC chemokines are small chemotactic and secreted cytokines. Studies have shown that CXC chemokines are dysregulated in multiple types of cancer and are closely correlated with tumor progression. The CXC chemokine family has a dual function in tumor development, either tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressive depending on the context of cellular signaling. Recent evidence highlights the pro-tumorigenic properties of CXC chemokines in most human cancers. CXC chemokines were found to play pivotal roles in promoting angiogenesis, stimulating inflammatory responses, and facilitating tumor metastases. Enhanced expression of CXC chemokines is always signatured with inferior survival and prognosis. The levels of CXC chemokines in cancer patients are in dynamic change according to the tumor contexts (e.g., chemotherapy resistance and tumor recurrence after surgery). Thus, CXC chemokines have great potential to be used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Currently, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of CXC chemokines on tumor inflammation and metastasis remain unclear and application of antagonists and neutralizing antibodies of CXC chemokines signaling for cancer therapy is still not fully established. This article will review the roles of CXC chemokines in promoting tumorigenesis and progression and address the future research directions of CXC chemokines for cancer treatment.
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12
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Aamna B, Kumar Dan A, Sahu R, Behera SK, Parida S. Deciphering the signaling mechanisms of β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2 in regulation of cancer cell cycle and metastasis. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3717-3733. [PMID: 35908197 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
β-Arrestins are ubiquitously expressed intracellular proteins with many functions which interact directly and indirectly with a wide number of cellular partners and mediate downstream signaling. Originally, β-arrestins were identified for their contribution to GPCR desensitization to agonist-mediated activation, followed by receptor endocytosis and ubiquitylation. However, current investigations have now recognized that in addition to GPCR arresting (hence the name arrestin). β-Arrestins are adaptor proteins that control the recruitment, activation, and scaffolding of numerous cytoplasmic signaling complexes and assist in G-protein receptor signaling, thus bringing them into close proximity. They have participated in various cellular processes such as cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and transcription via canonical and noncanonical pathways. Despite their significant recognition in several physiological processes, these activities are also involved in the onset and progression of various cancers. This review delivers a concise overview of the role of β-arrestins with a primary emphasis on the signaling processes which underlie the mechanism of β-arrestins in the onset of cancer. Understanding these processes has important implications for understanding the therapeutic intervention and treatment of cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bari Aamna
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Aritra Kumar Dan
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Raghaba Sahu
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Santosh Kumar Behera
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sagarika Parida
- Department of Botany, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India
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13
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Harper MM, Lin M, Cavnar MJ, Pandalai PK, Patel RA, Gao M, Kim J. Interaction of immune checkpoint PD-1 and chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) promotes a malignant phenotype in pancreatic cancer cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270832. [PMID: 35797269 PMCID: PMC9262213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent therapeutic advances, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a devastating disease with limited therapeutic options. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated promising results in many cancers, but thus far have yielded little clinical benefit in PDAC. Based on recent combined targeting of programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and a pilot clinical trial, we sought to elucidate potential interactions between PD-1 and CXCR4. We observed concomitant expression and direct interaction of PD-1 and CXCR4 in PDAC cells. This interaction was disrupted upon CXCR4 antagonism with AMD3100 and led to increased cell surface expression of PD-1. Importantly, CXCR4-mediated PDAC cell migration was also blocked by PD-1 inhibition. Our work provides a possible mechanism by which prior studies have demonstrated that combined CXCR4 and PD-1 inhibition leads to decreased tumor growth. This is the first report investigating PD-1 and CXCR4 interactions in PDAC cells and our results can serve as the basis for further investigation of combined therapeutic targeting of CXCR4 and PD-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M. Harper
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Miranda Lin
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Cavnar
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Prakash K. Pandalai
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Reema A. Patel
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Mei Gao
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Joseph Kim
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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14
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Harper MM, Lin M, Qasem SA, Patel RA, Cavnar MJ, Pandalai PK, Gao M, Kim J. Endogenous Pancreatic Cancer Cell PD-1 Activates MET and Induces Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition to Promote Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3051. [PMID: 35804822 PMCID: PMC9264908 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that immune checkpoint PD-1 was endogenously expressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. Our data indicated that PD-1 proteins are not exclusive to immune cells and have unrecognized signal transduction cascades intrinsic to cancer cells. Building on this paradigm shift, we sought to further characterize PD-1 expression in PDAC. We utilized a phospho-explorer array to identify pathways upregulated by PD-1 signaling. We discovered PD-1-mediated activation of the proto-oncogene MET in PDAC cells, which was dependent on hepatocyte growth factor (MET ligand) and not secondary to direct protein interaction. We then discovered that the PD-1/MET axis in PDAC cells regulated growth, migration, and invasion. Importantly, the PD-1/MET axis induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a well-established early oncogenic process in PDAC. We observed that combined targeting of PDAC cell PD-1 and MET resulted in substantial direct tumor cell cytotoxicity and growth inhibition in PDAC cell lines, patient-derived organoids, and patient-derived xenografts independent of cytotoxic immune responses. This is the first report of PDAC-endogenous PD-1 expression regulating MET signaling, which builds upon our growing body of work showing the oncogenic phenotype of PD-1 expression in PDAC cells is distinct from its immunogenic role. These results highlight a paradigm shift that the tumor-specific PD-1 axis is a novel target to effectively kill PDAC cells by antagonizing previously unrecognized PD-1-dependent oncogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M. Harper
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (M.M.H.); (M.L.); (M.J.C.); (P.K.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Miranda Lin
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (M.M.H.); (M.L.); (M.J.C.); (P.K.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Shadi A. Qasem
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
| | - Reema A. Patel
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
| | - Michael J. Cavnar
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (M.M.H.); (M.L.); (M.J.C.); (P.K.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Prakash K. Pandalai
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (M.M.H.); (M.L.); (M.J.C.); (P.K.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Mei Gao
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (M.M.H.); (M.L.); (M.J.C.); (P.K.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Joseph Kim
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (M.M.H.); (M.L.); (M.J.C.); (P.K.P.); (M.G.)
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15
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Ghasemi K, Ghasemi K. MSX-122: Is an effective small molecule CXCR4 antagonist in cancer therapy? Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108863. [PMID: 35623288 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines, a subgroup of cytokines along with their receptors, are involved in various biologic processes and regulation of a wide range of immune responses in different physiologic and pathologic states such as tissue repair, infection, and inflammation. C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), has one identified natural ligand termed stromal-derived factor-1(SDF-1 or CXCL12). Evidence demonstrated that the ligation of SDF-1 to CXCR4 initiates several intracellular signaling pathways, regulating cell proliferation, survival, chemotaxis, migration, angiogenesis, adhesion, as well as bone marrow (BM)-resident cells homing and mobilization. Additionally, CXCR4 is expressed by tumor cells in blood malignancies and solid tumors. Therefore, CXCR4 is considered a potential therapeutic target in cancer therapy, and CXCR4 antagonists, including AMD3100, MSX-122, BPRCX807, WZ811, Motixafortide, TN14003, AMD3465, and AMD1170, have been employed in experimental and clinical studies to enhance cancer therapy. MSX-122 is a specific small-molecule antagonist of CXCR4/CXCL12 and the only orally available non-peptide CXCR4 antagonist with promising anti-cancer properties. Studies have shown that MSX-122 is particularly important in treating metastatic cancers and has great therapeutic potential. Accordingly, this review summarized the characteristics of MSX-122 and its effects on the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis as well as cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kosar Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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16
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Malik S, Westcott JM, Brekken RA, Burrows FJ. CXCL12 in Pancreatic Cancer: Its Function and Potential as a Therapeutic Drug Target. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010086. [PMID: 35008248 PMCID: PMC8750050 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer is a challenging disease to treat effectively. Fibroblasts associated with pancreatic cancer contribute to disease progression by secreting factors that enhance tumor cell survival and help tumor cells avoid detection by the immune system. This overview focuses on a chemokine, CXCL12, produced by cancer-associated fibroblasts and how CXCL12 signaling enhances pancreatic cancer progression by contributing to various hallmarks of cancer including, but not limited to, tumor growth and evasion of immune response. These pro-oncogenic functions of CXCL12 make it an attractive target in pancreatic cancer. We discuss the different approaches in development to therapeutically target CXCL12 and finally propose a novel approach, the use of the farnesyl transferase inhibitor tipifarnib to inhibit CXCL12 expression in pancreatic fibroblasts. Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a disease with limited therapeutic options and dismal long-term survival. The unique tumor environment of PDAC, consisting of desmoplastic stroma, immune suppressive cells, and activated fibroblasts, contributes to its resistance to therapy. Activated fibroblasts (cancer-associated fibroblasts and pancreatic stellate cells) secrete chemokines and growth factors that support PDAC growth, spread, chemoresistance, and immune evasion. In this review, we focus on one such chemokine, CXCL12, secreted by the cancer-associated fibroblasts and discuss its contribution to several of the classical hallmarks of PDAC and other tumors. We review the various therapeutic approaches in development to target CXCL12 signaling in PDAC. Finally, we propose an unconventional use of tipifarnib, a farnesyl transferase inhibitor, to inhibit CXCL12 production in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jill M. Westcott
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, and Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Rolf A. Brekken
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, and Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
- Correspondence: (R.A.B.); (F.J.B.)
| | - Francis J. Burrows
- Kura Oncology, Inc., San Diego, CA 92130, USA;
- Correspondence: (R.A.B.); (F.J.B.)
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17
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Terasaki M, Nishizaka Y, Murase W, Kubota A, Kojima H, Kojoma M, Tanaka T, Maeda H, Miyashita K, Mutoh M, Takahashi M. Effect of Fucoxanthinol on Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells from an N-Nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine-initiated Syrian Golden Hamster Pancreatic Carcinogenesis Model. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2021; 18:407-423. [PMID: 33994364 PMCID: PMC8240037 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Fucoxanthinol (FxOH) is a marine carotenoid metabolite with potent anti-cancer activity. However, little is known about the efficacy of FxOH in pancreatic cancer. In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of FxOH on six types of cells cloned from N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP)-induced hamster pancreatic cancer (HaPC) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS FxOH action and its molecular mechanisms were investigated in HaPC cells using flow-cytometry, comprehensive gene array, and western blotting analyses. RESULTS FxOH (5.0 μM) significantly suppressed the growth of four out of six types of HaPC cells. Moreover, FxOH significantly suppressed cell cycle, chemokine, integrin, actin polymerization, microtubule organization and PI3K/AKT and TGF-β signals, and activated caspase-3 followed by apoptosis and anoikis induction in HaPC-5 cells. CONCLUSION FxOH may have a high potential as a cancer chemopreventive agent in a hamster pancreatic carcinogenesis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Terasaki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan;
- Advanced Research Promotion Center, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yusaku Nishizaka
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Wataru Murase
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Kubota
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kojima
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
- Advanced Research Promotion Center, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mareshige Kojoma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takuji Tanaka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Research Center of Diagnostic Pathology, Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hayato Maeda
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kazuo Miyashita
- Center for Industry-University Collaboration, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mutoh
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mami Takahashi
- Central Animal Division, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Trujillo-Nolasco M, Cruz-Nova P, Ferro-Flores G, Gibbens-Bandala B, Morales-Avila E, Aranda-Lara L, Vargas M, Ocampo-García B. Development of 177Lu-DN(C19)-CXCR4 Ligand Nanosystem for Combinatorial Therapy in Pancreatic Cancer. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:263-278. [PMID: 33785097 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is highly lethal and has a poor prognosis. The most common alteration during the formation of pancreatic tumors is the activation of KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog) oncogene. As a new therapeutic strategy, the C19 molecule ((2S)-N-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-methylamine]propanamide) blocks the KRAS-membrane association in cancer cells. In addition, the chemokine receptor CXCR4 is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer. In this research, a new dendrimer-based nanoradiopharmaceutical (177Lu-DN(C19)-CXCR4L) encapsulating C19 and functionalized to target CXCR4 receptors is proposed as both, a targeted radiotherapy system (lutetium-177) and an oncotherapeutic approach by the stabilization of KRAS4b-PDESδ complex to produce dual-specific therapy in pancreatic cancer. 177The Lu-DN(C19)-CXCR4L was synthesized and characterized, C19 was encapsulated with 81% efficiency, the final nanosystem rendered a particle size of 67 nm and the specific uptake in pancreatic cell lines was demonstrated. The major cytotoxic effect was observed in the KRAS-dependent and radioresistant cell line Mia PaCa-2, which expresses a high density of CXCR4 receptors. The radiation dose of 3 Gy/Bq decreased viability to 7%, and this effect was attributed to the presence of C19. A synergistic effect (radio and chemotherapy) capable of reducing viability in pancreatic cancer cells through apoptotic mechanisms was demonstrated. Thus, 177Lu-DN(C19)-CXCR4L nanoradiopharmaceutical is efficacious in pancreatic cancer cell lines overexpressing the CXCR4 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maydelid Trujillo-Nolasco
- Departamento de Materials Radiactivos, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Carretera México-Toluca S/N, Ocoyoacac, Estado de México, 52750, Mexico
| | - Pedro Cruz-Nova
- Departamento de Materials Radiactivos, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Carretera México-Toluca S/N, Ocoyoacac, Estado de México, 52750, Mexico
| | - Guillermina Ferro-Flores
- Departamento de Materials Radiactivos, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Carretera México-Toluca S/N, Ocoyoacac, Estado de México, 52750, Mexico
| | - Brenda Gibbens-Bandala
- Departamento de Materials Radiactivos, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Carretera México-Toluca S/N, Ocoyoacac, Estado de México, 52750, Mexico
| | - Enrique Morales-Avila
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan S/N, Toluca, Estado de México, 50180, Mexico
| | - Liliana Aranda-Lara
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, 50180 Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Miguel Vargas
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. I.P.N., 07360, Ciudad de México
| | - Blanca Ocampo-García
- Departamento de Materials Radiactivos, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Carretera México-Toluca S/N, Ocoyoacac, Estado de México, 52750, Mexico
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CXCR4 Regulates Temporal Differentiation via PRC1 Complex in Organogenesis of Epithelial Glands. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020619. [PMID: 33435128 PMCID: PMC7826811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CXC-chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), a 7-transmembrane receptor family member, displays multifaceted roles, participating in immune cell migration, angiogenesis, and even adipocyte metabolism. However, the activity of such a ubiquitously expressed receptor in epithelial gland organogenesis has not yet been fully explored. To investigate the relationship between CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling and embryonic glandular organogenesis, we used an ex vivo culture system with live imaging and RNA sequencing to elucidate the transcriptome and protein-level signatures of AMD3100, a potent abrogating reagent of the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis, imprinted on the developing organs. Immunostaining results showed that CXCR4 was highly expressed in embryonic submandibular gland, lung, and pancreas, especially at the periphery of end buds containing numerous embryonic stem/progenitor cells. Despite no significant increase in apoptosis, AMD3100-treated epithelial organs showed a retarded growth with significantly slower branching and expansion. Further analyses with submandibular glands revealed that such responses resulted from the AMD3100-induced precocious differentiation of embryonic epithelial cells, losing mitotic activity. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that inhibition of CXCR4 significantly down-regulated polycomb repressive complex (PRC) components, known as regulators of DNA methylation. Treatment with PRC inhibitor recapitulated the AMD3100-induced precocious differentiation. Our results indicate that the epigenetic modulation by the PRC-CXCR12/CXCR4 signaling axis is crucial for the spatiotemporal regulation of proliferation and differentiation of embryonic epithelial cells during embryonic glandular organogenesis.
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20
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O'Bryan SM, Mathis JM. CXCL12 Retargeting of an Oncolytic Adenovirus Vector to the Chemokine CXCR4 and CXCR7 Receptors in Breast Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 12:311-336. [PMID: 34178415 DOI: 10.4236/jct.2021.126029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women under 60, and the second most diagnosed cancer in women over 60. While significant progress has been made in developing targeted therapies for breast cancer, advanced breast cancer continues to have high mortality, with poor 5-year survival rates. Thus, current therapies are insufficient in treating advanced stages of breast cancer; new treatments are sorely needed to address the complexity of advanced-stage breast cancer. Oncolytic virotherapy has been explored as a therapeutic approach capable of systemic administration, targeting cancer cells, and sparing normal tissue. In particular, oncolytic adenoviruses have been exploited as viral vectors due to their ease of manipulation, production, and demonstrated clinical safety profile. In this study, we engineered an oncolytic adenovirus to target the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7. The overexpression of CXCR4 and CXCR7 is implicated in the initiation, survival, progress, and metastasis of breast cancer. Both receptors bind to the ligand, CXCL12 (SDF-1), which has been identified to play a crucial role in the metastasis of breast cancer cells. This study incorporated a T4 fibritin protein fused to CXCL12 into the tail domain of an adenovirus fiber to retarget the vector to the CXCR4 and CXCR7 chemokine receptors. We showed that the modified virus targets and infects CXCR4- and CXCR7-overexpressing breast cancer cells more efficiently than a wild-type control vector. In addition, the substitution of the wild-type fiber and knob with the modified chimeric fiber did not interfere with oncolytic capability. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of retargeting adenovirus vectors to chemokine receptor-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia M O'Bryan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana USA
| | - J Michael Mathis
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana USA.,University of North Texas Health Science Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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21
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Morita T, Kodama Y, Shiokawa M, Kuriyama K, Marui S, Kuwada T, Sogabe Y, Matsumori T, Kakiuchi N, Tomono T, Mima A, Ueda T, Tsuda M, Yamauchi Y, Nishikawa Y, Sakuma Y, Ota Y, Maruno T, Uza N, Nagasawa T, Chiba T, Seno H. CXCR4 in Tumor Epithelial Cells Mediates Desmoplastic Reaction in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2020; 80:4058-4070. [PMID: 32606001 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) features abundant stromal cells with an excessive extracellular matrix (ECM), termed the desmoplastic reaction. CXCR4 is a cytokine receptor for stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12) expressed in PDAC, but its roles in PDAC and the characteristic desmoplastic reaction remain unclear. Here, we generated a mouse model of PDAC with conditional knockout of Cxcr4 (KPC-Cxcr4-KO) by crossing Cxcr4 flox mice with Pdx1-Cre;KrasLSL-G12D/+;Trp53LSL-R172H/+ (KPC-Cxcr4-WT) mice to assess the development of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and pancreatic cancers. Tumor cell characteristics of those two types were analyzed in vitro. In addition, CXCR4 expression in human pancreatic cancer specimens was evaluated by IHC staining. In KPC-Cxcr4-KO mice, the number and pathologic grade of PanIN lesions were reduced, but the frequency of pancreatic cancers did not differ from that in KPC-Cxcr4-WT mice. The pancreatic tumor phenotype in KPC-Cxcr4-KO mice was significantly larger and undifferentiated, characterized by abundant vimentin-expressing cancer cells, significantly fewer fibroblasts, and markedly less deposition of ECM. In vitro, KPC-Cxcr4-KO tumor cells exhibited higher proliferative and migratory activity than KPC-Cxcr4-WT tumor cells. Myofibroblasts induced invasion activity in KPC-Cxcr4-WT tumor cells, showing an epithelial-mesenchymal interaction, whereas KPC-Cxcr4-KO tumor cells were unaffected by myofibroblasts, suggesting their unique nature. In human pancreatic cancer, undifferentiated carcinoma did not express CXCR4 and exhibited histologic and IHC features similar to those in KPC-Cxcr4-KO mice. In summary, the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis may play an important role in the desmoplastic reaction in PDAC, and loss of CXCR4 induces phenotype changes in undifferentiated carcinoma without a desmoplastic reaction. SIGNIFICANCE: The current study uncovers CXCR4 as a key regulator of desmoplastic reaction in PDAC and opens the way for new therapeutic approaches to overcome the chemoresistance in patients with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Morita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuzo Kodama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shiokawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Kuriyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saiko Marui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuwada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuko Sogabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Matsumori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kakiuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teruko Tomono
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Ueda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Tsuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamauchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yojiro Sakuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Ota
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahisa Maruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Uza
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Fukushima-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Seno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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22
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Xin Q, Sun Q, Zhang CS, Zhang Q, Li CJ. Functions and mechanisms of chemokine receptor 7 in tumors of the digestive system. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:2448-2463. [PMID: 32607322 PMCID: PMC7322425 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i12.2448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 7 (CXCR7), recently termed ACKR3, belongs to the G protein-coupled cell surface receptor family, binds to stromal cell-derived factor-1 [SDF-1, or chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12] or chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11, and is the most common chemokine receptor expressed in a variety of cancer cells. SDF-1 binds to its receptor chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) and regulates cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis and migration. In recent years, another new receptor for SDF-1, CXCR7, has been discovered, and CXCR7 has also been found to be expressed in a variety of tumor cells and tumor-related vascular endothelial cells. Many studies have shown that CXCR7 can promote the growth and metastasis of a variety of malignant tumor cells. Unlike CXCR4, CXCR7 exhibits a slight modification in the DRYLAIV motif and does not induce intracellular Ca2+ release following ligand binding, which is essential for recruiting and activating G proteins. CXCR7 is generally thought to work in three ways: (1) Recruiting β-arrestin 2; (2) Heterodimerizing with CXCR4; and (3) Acting as a “scavenger” of SDF-1, thus lowering the level of SDF-1 to weaken the activity of CXCR4. In the present review, the expression and role of CXCR7, as well as its prognosis in cancers of the digestive system, were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xin
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin 300170, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Quan Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Chuan-Shan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Chun-Jun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Health Management Center, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin 300121, China
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23
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The YY1/miR-548t-5p/CXCL11 signaling axis regulates cell proliferation and metastasis in human pancreatic cancer. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:294. [PMID: 32341359 PMCID: PMC7186231 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2475-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignant tumor with a poor prognosis and high mortality. However, the biological role of miR-548t-5p in PC has not been reported. In this study, we found that miR-548t-5p expression was significantly decreased in PC tissues compared with adjacent tissues, and that low miR-548t-5p expression was associated with malignant PC behavior. In addition, high miR-548t-5p expression inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PC cell lines. Regarding the molecular mechanism, the luciferase reporter gene, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and functional recovery assays revealed that YY1 binds to the miR-548t-5p promoter and positively regulates the expression and function of miR-548t-5p. miR-548t-5p also directly regulates CXCL11 to inhibit its expression. A high level of CXCL11 was associated with worse Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM) staging in patients with PC, enhancing proliferation and metastasis in PC cells. Our study shows that the YY1/miR-548t-5p/CXCL11 axis plays an important role in PC and provides a new potential candidate for the treatment of PC.
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24
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Li X, Wang X, Li Z, Liu Y, Sang L, Zhang Z, Zhang Y. Expression and regulation effects of chemokine receptor 7 in colon cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:226-234. [PMID: 32565949 PMCID: PMC7285870 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In China the incidence and mortality rates of colon cancer have been increasing annually. Studies have revealed that CXCR7 is expressed in many tumors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the function of CXCR7 in colon cancer. The expression level of chemokine receptor 7 (CXCR7) in Caco-2 and HCT116 cells was investigated to elucidate the effect of CXCR7 on cell biological behavior. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analysis were used to detect the expression level of CXCR7 in Caco-2 and HCT116 cells after transfection with small interfering (si)RNA. To analyze the in vitro biological function of CXCR7, cell proliferation was measured using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and cell invasion and migration were measured using Matrigel, and Transwell and wound healing assays. siRNAs were successfully transfected into Caco-2 and HCT116 cells and resulted in a decrease in CXCR7 protein and mRNA expression. Downregulation of CXCR7 inhibited Caco-2 and HCT116 cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Regulation of CXCR7 expression may affect the biological behavior of Caco-2 and HCT116 cells, suggesting that CXCR7 has a potential role in molecular therapy in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Zitao Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Liang Sang
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yixia Zhang
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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25
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Sriram K, Salmerón C, Wiley SZ, Insel PA. GPCRs in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: Contributors to tumour biology and novel therapeutic targets. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2434-2455. [PMID: 32060895 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has one of the highest mortality rates (5-year survival ~9%) among cancers. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is the most common (>80%) and the most lethal type of pancreatic cancer. A need exists for new approaches to treat pancreatic adenocarcinoma. GPCRs, the largest family of cell-surface receptors and drug targets, account for ~35% of approved drugs. Recent studies have revealed roles for GPCRs in PAAD cells and cells in the tumour micro-environment. This review assesses current information regarding GPCRs in PAAD by summarizing omics data for GPCRs expression in PAAD. The PAAD "GPCRome" includes GPCRs with approved agents, thereby offering potential for their repurposing/repositioning. We then reviewed the evidence for functional roles of specific GPCRs in PAAD. We also highlight gaps in understanding the contribution of GPCRs to PAAD biology and identify several GPCRs that may be novel therapeutic targets for future work in search of GPCR-targeted drugs to treat PAAD tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Cristina Salmerón
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shu Z Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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26
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Anbil S, Pigula M, Huang HC, Mallidi S, Broekgaarden M, Baglo Y, De Silva P, Simeone DM, Mino-Kenudson M, Maytin EV, Rizvi I, Hasan T. Vitamin D Receptor Activation and Photodynamic Priming Enables Durable Low-dose Chemotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1308-1319. [PMID: 32220968 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Patients with cancer often confront the decision of whether to continue high-dose chemotherapy at the expense of cumulative toxicities. Reducing the dose of chemotherapy regimens while preserving efficacy is sorely needed to preserve the performance status of these vulnerable patients, yet has not been prioritized. Here, we introduce a dual pronged approach to modulate the microenvironment of desmoplastic pancreatic tumors and enable significant dose deescalation of the FDA-approved chemotherapeutic nanoliposomal irinotecan (nal-IRI) without compromising tumor control. We demonstrate that light-based photodynamic priming (PDP) coupled with vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) activation within fibroblasts increases intratumoral nal-IRI accumulation and suppresses protumorigenic CXCL12/CXCR7 crosstalk. Combined photodynamic and biochemical modulation of the tumor microenvironment enables a 75% dose reduction of nal-IRI while maintaining treatment efficacy, resulting in improved tolerability. Modifying the disease landscape to increase the susceptibility of cancer, via preferentially modulating fibroblasts, represents a promising and relatively underexplored strategy to enable dose deescalation. The approach presented here, using a combination of three clinically available therapies with nonoverlapping toxicities, can be rapidly translated with minimal modification to treatment workflow, and challenges the notion that significant improvements in chemotherapy efficacy can only be achieved at the expense of increased toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Anbil
- Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.,Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Pigula
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Huang-Chiao Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Srivalleesha Mallidi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mans Broekgaarden
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yan Baglo
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pushpamali De Silva
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Diane M Simeone
- Department of Surgery, Langone School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edward V Maytin
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Imran Rizvi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
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27
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Lokeshwar BL, Kallifatidis G, Hoy JJ. Atypical chemokine receptors in tumor cell growth and metastasis. Adv Cancer Res 2020; 145:1-27. [PMID: 32089162 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) are seven-transmembrane cell surface protein receptors expressed in immune cells, normal mesenchymal cells, and several tumor cells. As of this writing, six ACKRs have been characterized by diverse activities. They bind both cysteine-cysteine (CC) type and cysteine-X-cysteine (CXC)-type chemokines, either alone, or together with a ligand bound-functional G-protein coupled (typical) chemokine receptor. The major structural difference between ACKRs and typical chemokine receptors is the substituted DRYLAIV amino acid motif in the second intracellular loop of the ACKR. Due to this substitution, these receptors cannot bind Gαi-type G-proteins responsible for intracellular calcium mobilization and cellular chemotaxis. Although initially characterized as non-signaling transmembrane receptors (decoy receptors) that attenuate ligand-induced signaling by GPCRs, studies of all ACKRs have shown ligand-independent and ligand-dependent transmembrane signaling in both non-tumor and tumor cells. The precise function and mechanism of the differential expression of ACKRs in many tumors are not understood well. The use of antagonists of ACKRs ligands has shown limited antitumor potential; however, depleting ACKR expression resulted in a reduction in experimental tumor growth and metastasis. The ACKRs represent a unique class of transmembrane signaling proteins that regulate growth, survival, and metastatic processes in tumor cells, affecting multiple pathways of tumor growth. Therefore, closer investigations of ACKRs have a high potential for identifying therapeutics which affect the intracellular signaling, preferentially via the ligand-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bal L Lokeshwar
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Research Service, Charlie Norwood Veterans Administration Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States.
| | - Georgios Kallifatidis
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Research Service, Charlie Norwood Veterans Administration Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - James J Hoy
- LCMB Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
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28
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Mousavi A. CXCL12/CXCR4 signal transduction in diseases and its molecular approaches in targeted-therapy. Immunol Lett 2019; 217:91-115. [PMID: 31747563 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are small molecules called "chemotactic cytokines" and regulate many processes like leukocyte trafficking, homing of immune cells, maturation, cytoskeletal rearrangement, physiology, migration during development, and host immune responses. These proteins bind to their corresponding 7-membrane G-protein-coupled receptors. Chemokines and their receptors are anti-inflammatory factors in autoimmune conditions, so consider as potential targets for neutralization in such diseases. They also express by cancer cells and function as angiogenic factors, and/or survival/growth factors that enhance tumor angiogenesis and development. Among chemokines, the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis has significantly been studied in numerous cancers and autoimmune diseases. CXCL12 is a homeostatic chemokine, which is acts as an anti-inflammatory chemokine during autoimmune inflammatory responses. In cancer cells, CXCL12 acts as an angiogenic, proliferative agent and regulates tumor cell apoptosis as well. CXCR4 has a role in leukocyte chemotaxis in inflammatory situations in numerous autoimmune diseases, as well as the high levels of CXCR4, observed in different types of human cancers. These findings suggest CXCL12/CXCR4 as a potential therapeutic target for therapy of autoimmune diseases and open a new approach to targeted-therapy of cancers by neutralizing CXCL12 and CXCR4. In this paper, we reviewed the current understanding of the role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in disease pathology and cancer biology, and discuss its therapeutic implications in cancer and diseases.
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29
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Li X, Wang X, Li Z, Zhang Z, Zhang Y. Chemokine receptor 7 targets the vascular endothelial growth factor via the AKT/ERK pathway to regulate angiogenesis in colon cancer. Cancer Med 2019; 8:5327-5340. [PMID: 31348616 PMCID: PMC6718596 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have shown that CXCR7 is expressed in many tumors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the function of CXCR7 in colon cancer. Although evidence indicates that CXCR7 promotes angiogenesis in colon cancer, the mechanism involved in this process remains unclear. Methods The expression of CXCR7 in colon cancer was evaluated by quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. After transfection, cell proliferation, migration, and lumen formation were measured in vitro. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to identify the functional target of CXCR7 in vivo and in vitro. Results In this study, CXCR7 was differentially expressed in four colon cancer cell lines. The proliferation and migration experiments showed that overexpression of CXCR7 enhanced cell growth and migration. Moreover, the tube formation assays showed that co‐culture of colon cancer cells overexpressing CXCR7 with human umbilical vein endothelial cells significantly promoted tube formation in the latter cells. Conversely, the stable knockdown of CXCR7 significantly reduced this malignant activity. In addition, we found that CXCR7 activates the AKT and ERK pathways in colon cancer cells. The phosphorylation of AKT and ERK, as well as the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor, can be inhibited using the LY294002 and U0126 inhibitors. Furthermore, the angiogenic ability of CXCR7‐induced colon cancer cells was eliminated. Conclusion Expression of CXCR7 contributes to colon cancer growth and angiogenesis, by activating the AKT and ERK pathways. CXCR7 provides a potential therapeutic target against colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Zitao Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yixia Zhang
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
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CXCL12 and Its Isoforms: Different Roles in Pancreatic Cancer? JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:9681698. [PMID: 31275385 PMCID: PMC6582792 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9681698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CXCL12 is a chemokine that acts through CXCR4 and ACKR3 receptors and plays a physiological role in embryogenesis and haematopoiesis. It has an important role also in tumor development, since it is released by stromal cells of tumor microenvironment and alters the behavior of cancer cells. Many studies investigated the roles of CXCL12 in order to understand if it has an anti- or protumor role. In particular, it seems to promote tumor invasion, proliferation, angiogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Nevertheless, some evidence shows opposite functions; therefore research on CXCL12 is still ongoing. These discrepancies could be due to the presence of at least six CXCL12 splicing isoforms, each with different roles. Interestingly, three out of six variants have the highest levels of expression in the pancreas. Here, we report the current knowledge about the functions of this chemokine and then focus on pancreatic cancer. Moreover, we discuss the methods applied in recent studies in order to understand if they took into account the existence of the CXCL12 isoforms.
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31
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Utilization of Biased G Protein-Coupled ReceptorSignaling towards Development of Safer andPersonalized Therapeutics. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112052. [PMID: 31146474 PMCID: PMC6600667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in a wide variety of physiological processes. Therefore, approximately 40% of currently prescribed drugs have targeted this receptor family. Discovery of β-arrestin mediated signaling and also separability of G protein and β-arrestin signaling pathways have switched the research focus in the GPCR field towards development of biased ligands, which provide engagement of the receptor with a certain effector, thus enriching a specific signaling pathway. In this review, we summarize possible factors that impact signaling profiles of GPCRs such as oligomerization, drug treatment, disease conditions, genetic background, etc. along with relevant molecules that can be used to modulate signaling properties of GPCRs such as allosteric or bitopic ligands, ions, aptamers and pepducins. Moreover, we also discuss the importance of inclusion of pharmacogenomics and molecular dynamics simulations to achieve a holistic understanding of the relation between genetic background and structure and function of GPCRs and GPCR-related proteins. Consequently, specific downstream signaling pathways can be enriched while those that bring unwanted side effects can be prevented on a patient-specific basis. This will improve studies that centered on development of safer and personalized therapeutics, thus alleviating the burden on economy and public health.
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32
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Liu B, Song S, Setroikromo R, Chen S, Hu W, Chen D, van der Wekken AJ, Melgert BN, Timens W, van den Berg A, Saber A, Haisma HJ. CX Chemokine Receptor 7 Contributes to Survival of KRAS-Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer upon Loss of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040455. [PMID: 30935067 PMCID: PMC6520904 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS-driven non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients have no effective targeted treatment. In this study, we aimed to investigate targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a therapeutic approach in KRAS-driven lung cancer cells. We show that ablation of EGFR significantly suppressed tumor growth in KRAS-dependent cells and induced significantly higher expression of CX chemokine receptor 7 (CXCR7) and activation of MAPK (ERK1/2). Conversely, rescue of EGFR led to CXCR7 downregulation in EGFR−/− cells. Dual EGFR and CXCR7 inhibition led to substantial reduction of MAPK (pERK) and synergistic inhibition of cell growth. Analysis of two additional EGFR knockout NSCLC cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9 revealed genotype dependency of CXCR7 expression. In addition, treatment of different cells with gefitinib increased CXCR7 expression in EGFRwt but decreased it in EGFRmut cells. CXCR7 protein expression was detected in all NSCLC patient samples, with higher levels in adenocarcinoma as compared to squamous cell lung carcinoma and healthy control cases. In conclusion, EGFR and CXCR7 have a crucial interaction in NSCLC, and dual inhibition may be a potential therapeutic option for NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Shanshan Song
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Toxicology and Targeting Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacokinetics, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rita Setroikromo
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Siwei Chen
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wenteng Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Deng Chen
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anthonie J van der Wekken
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Barbro N Melgert
- Toxicology and Targeting Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacokinetics, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
- GRIAC- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim Timens
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anke van den Berg
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ali Saber
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hidde J Haisma
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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33
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Bagnato A, Rosanò L. New Routes in GPCR/β-Arrestin-Driven Signaling in Cancer Progression and Metastasis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:114. [PMID: 30837880 PMCID: PMC6390811 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells acquire invasive and metastatic behavior by sensing changes in the localization and activation of signaling pathways, which in turn determine changes in actin cytoskeleton. The core-scaffold machinery associated to β-arrestin (β-arr) is a key mechanism of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) to achieve spatiotemporal specificity of different signaling complexes driving cancer progression. Within different cellular contexts, the scaffold proteins β-arr1 or β-arr2 may now be considered organizers of protein interaction networks involved in tumor development and metastatic dissemination. Studies have uncovered the importance of the β-arr engagement with a growing number of receptors, signaling molecules, cytoskeleton regulators, epigenetic modifiers, and transcription factors in GPCR-driven tumor promoting pathways. In many of these molecular complexes, β-arrs might provide a physical link to active dynamic cytoskeleton, permitting cancer cells to adapt and modify the tumor microenvironment to promote the metastatic spread. Given the complexity and the multidirectional β-arr-driven signaling in cancer cells, therapeutic targeting of specific GPCR/β-arr molecular mechanisms is an important avenue to explore when considering future new therapeutic options. The focus of this review is to integrate the most recent developments and exciting findings of how highly connected components of β-arr-guided molecular connections to other pathways allow precise control over multiple signaling pathways in tumor progression, revealing ways of therapeutically targeting the convergent signals in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bagnato
- Unit of Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Rosanò
- Unit of Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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34
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Liu Y, Zhu D, Xing H, Hou Y, Sun Y. A 6‑gene risk score system constructed for predicting the clinical prognosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients. Oncol Rep 2019; 41:1521-1530. [PMID: 30747226 PMCID: PMC6365694 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.6979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) is the most common type of pancreatic cancer, which commonly has an unfavorable prognosis. The present study aimed to develop a novel prognostic prediction strategy for PAC patients. mRNA sequencing data of PAC (the training dataset) were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, and the validation datasets (GSE62452 and GSE79668) were acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between good and poor prognosis groups were analyzed by limma package, and then prognosis‑associated genes were screened using Cox regression analysis. Subsequently, the risk score system was constructed and confirmed using Kaplan‑Meier (KM) survival analysis. After the survival associated‑clinical factors were screened using Cox regression analysis, they were performed with stratified analysis. Using DAVID tool, the DEGs correlated with risk scores were conducted with enrichment analysis. The results revealed that there were a total of 242 DEGs between the poor and good prognosis groups. Afterwards, a risk score system was constructed based on 6 prognosis‑associated genes (CXCL11, FSTL4, SEZ6L, SPRR1B, SSTR2 and TINAG), which was confirmed in both the training and validation datasets. Cox regression analysis showed that risk score, targeted molecular therapy, and new tumor (the new tumor event days after the initial treatment according to the TCGA database) were significantly related to clinical prognosis. Under the same clinical condition, 6 clinical factors (age, history of chronic pancreatitis, alcohol consumption, radiation therapy, targeted molecular therapy and new tumor (event days) had significant associations with clinical prognosis. Under the same risk condition, only targeted molecular therapy was significantly correlated with clinical prognosis. In conclusion, the 6‑gene risk score system may be a promising strategy for predicting the outcome of PAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Dongyan Zhu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, China Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Hongjian Xing
- Department of Orthopedics, China Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Yi Hou
- Department of Urology, China Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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35
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New insights into the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton dynamics by GPCR/β-arrestin in cancer invasion and metastasis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 346:129-155. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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36
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Del Molino Del Barrio I, Wilkins GC, Meeson A, Ali S, Kirby JA. Breast Cancer: An Examination of the Potential of ACKR3 to Modify the Response of CXCR4 to CXCL12. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3592. [PMID: 30441765 PMCID: PMC6274818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon binding with the chemokine CXCL12, the chemokine receptor CXCR4 has been shown to promote breast cancer progression. This process, however, can be affected by the expression of the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3. Given ACKR3's ability to form heterodimers with CXCR4, we investigated how dual expression of both receptors differed from their lone expression in terms of their signalling pathways. We created single and double CXCR4 and/or ACKR3 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell transfectants. ERK and Akt phosphorylation after CXCL12 stimulation was assessed and correlated with receptor internalization. Functional consequences in cell migration and proliferation were determined through wound healing assays and calcium flux. Initial experiments showed that CXCR4 and ACKR3 were upregulated in primary breast cancer and that CXCR4 and ACKR3 could form heterodimers in transfected CHO cells. This co-expression modified CXCR4's Akt activation after CXCL12's stimulation but not ERK phosphorylation (p < 0.05). To assess this signalling disparity, receptor internalization was assessed and it was observed that ACKR3 was recycled to the surface whilst CXCR4 was degraded (p < 0.01), a process that could be partially inhibited with a proteasome inhibitor (p < 0.01). Internalization was also assessed with the ACKR3 agonist VUF11207, which caused both CXCR4 and ACKR3 to be degraded after internalization (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001), highlighting its potential as a dual targeting drug. Interestingly, we observed that CXCR4 but not ACKR3, activated calcium flux after CXCL12 stimulation (p < 0.05) and its co-expression could increase cellular migration (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that both receptors can signal through ERK and Akt pathways but co-expression can alter their kinetics and internalization pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Del Molino Del Barrio
- Applied Immunobiology and Transplantation Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Georgina C Wilkins
- Applied Immunobiology and Transplantation Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Annette Meeson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK.
| | - Simi Ali
- Applied Immunobiology and Transplantation Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - John A Kirby
- Applied Immunobiology and Transplantation Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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37
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Gao M, Lin M, Moffitt RA, Salazar MA, Park J, Vacirca J, Huang C, Shroyer KR, Choi M, Georgakis GV, Sasson AR, Talamini MA, Kim J. Direct therapeutic targeting of immune checkpoint PD-1 in pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer 2018; 120:88-96. [PMID: 30377341 PMCID: PMC6325157 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer (PC) hijacks innate cellular processes to promote cancer growth. We hypothesized that PC exploits PD-1/PD-L1 not only to avoid immune responses, but to directly enhance growth. We also hypothesized that immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have direct cytotoxicity in PC. We sought to elucidate therapeutic targeting of PD-1/PD-L1. METHODS PD-1 was assessed in PC cells, patient-derived organoids (PDOs), and clinical tissues. Then, PC cells were exposed to PD-L1 to evaluate proliferation. To test PD-1/PD-L1 signaling, cells were exposed to PD-L1 and MAPK was examined. Radio-immunoconjugates with anti-PD-1 drugs were developed to test uptake in patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDTXs). Next, PD-1 function was assessed by xenografting PD-1-knockdown cells. Finally, PC models were exposed to ICIs. RESULTS PD-1 expression was demonstrated in PCs. PD-L1 exposure increased proliferation and activated MAPK. Imaging PDTXs revealed uptake of radio-immunoconjugates. PD-1 knockdown in vivo revealed 67% smaller volumes than controls. Finally, ICI treatment of both PDOs/PDTXs demonstrated cytotoxicity and anti-MEK1/2 combined with anti-PD-1 drugs produced highest cytotoxicity in PDOs/PDTXs. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal PCs innately express PD-1 and activate druggable oncogenic pathways supporting PDAC growth. Strategies directly targeting PC with novel ICI regimens may work with adaptive immune responses for optimal cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Gao
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Miranda Lin
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Richard A Moffitt
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Marcela A Salazar
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jinha Park
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Vacirca
- New York Cancer Specialists, East Setauket, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chuan Huang
- Departments of Radiology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth R Shroyer
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Minsig Choi
- Departments of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Aaron R Sasson
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Mark A Talamini
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. .,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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38
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Janssens R, Struyf S, Proost P. Pathological roles of the homeostatic chemokine CXCL12. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 44:51-68. [PMID: 30396776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CXCL12 is a CXC chemokine that traditionally has been classified as a homeostatic chemokine. It contributes to physiological processes such as embryogenesis, hematopoiesis and angiogenesis. In contrast to these homeostatic functions, increased expression of CXCL12 in general, or of a specific CXCL12 splicing variant has been demonstrated in various pathologies. In addition to this increased or differential transcription of CXCL12, also upregulation of its receptors CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) contributes to the onset or progression of diseases. Moreover, posttranslational modification of CXCL12 during disease progression, through interaction with locally produced molecules or enzymes, also affects CXCL12 activity, adding further complexity. As CXCL12, CXCR4 and ACKR3 are broadly expressed, the number of pathologies wherein CXCL12 is involved is growing. In this review, the role of the CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 axis will be discussed for the most prevalent pathologies. Administration of CXCL12-neutralizing antibodies or small-molecule antagonists of CXCR4 or ACKR3 delays disease onset or prevents disease progression in cancer, viral infections, inflammatory bowel diseases, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, asthma and acute lung injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and WHIM syndrome. On the other hand, CXCL12 has protective properties in Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis, has a beneficial role in wound healing and has crucial homeostatic properties in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Janssens
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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39
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Lee NH, Nikfarjam M, He H. Functions of the CXC ligand family in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment. Pancreatology 2018; 18:705-716. [PMID: 30078614 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic resistance is the major contributor to the poor prognosis of and low survival from pancreatic cancer (PC). Cancer progression is a complex process reliant on interactions between the tumor and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Members of the CXCL family of chemokines are present in the pancreatic TME and seem to play a vital role in regulating PC progression. As pancreatic tumors interact with the TME and with PC stem cells (CSCs), determining the roles of specific members of the CXCL family is vital to the development of improved therapies. This review highlights the roles of selected CXCLs in the interactions between pancreatic tumor and its stroma, and in CSC phenotypes, which can be used to identify potential treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nien-Hung Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mehrdad Nikfarjam
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hong He
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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40
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Łukaszewicz-Zając M, Gryko M, Mroczko B. The role of selected chemokines and their specific receptors in pancreatic cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 33:141-147. [PMID: 29799354 DOI: 10.1177/1724600817753094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic carcinoma is a highly malignant disease associated with an extremely poor prognosis, which is caused by late presentation, aggressive invasion and metastases, as well as the detection of pancreatic carcinoma in its advanced stages. Thus, better understanding of the tumour biology of this malignancy is sorely needed to improve the clinical outcome. A great challenge for the medical practice is finding a new biomarker of pancreatic carcinoma that will be helpful in diagnosis, in prognosis and in making clinical decisions, including the assessment of patients' response to therapy. It is suggested that selected chemokines and their specific receptors play an important role in tumour progression, such as tumour growth, angiogenesis, proliferation and development of metastasis. In the present review, general characteristics of chemokines and their specific receptors as well as the significance of these molecules in tumour development are described. The crucial issue of this review is to summarise the importance of various chemokines and their specific receptors in pancreatic carcinoma. Understanding the role of chemokines in the pathogenesis of pancreatic carcinoma is extremely important since these proteins may be used as a potential tool in the diagnosis and prognosis of pancreatic carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Łukaszewicz-Zając
- 1 Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok - Poland
| | - Mariusz Gryko
- 2 Second Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok - Poland
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- 3 Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok - Poland
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41
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Wang C, Chen W, Shen J. CXCR7 Targeting and Its Major Disease Relevance. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:641. [PMID: 29977203 PMCID: PMC6021539 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are the target of small peptide chemokines. They play various important roles in physiological and pathological processes. CXCR7, later renamed ACKR3, is a non-classical seven transmembrane-spanning receptor whose function as a signaling or non-signaling scavenger/decoy receptor is currently under debate. Even for cell signaling mechanisms, there has been inconsistency on whether CXCR7 couples to G-proteins or β-arrestins. Several reasons may contribute to this uncertainty or controversy. In one hand, it has been neglected that CXCR7 has more than five natural ligands and unfortunately, most of the prior research only studied SDF-1 (CXCL12) and/or I-TAC (CXCL11); on the other hand, there are mounting evidence supporting ligand and tissue bias for receptor signaling, but limited such information is available for CXCR7. In this review we focus on summarizing the endogenous and exogenous ligands of CXCR7, the main diseases related to CXCR7 and the biased signaling events happening on CXCR7. These three aspects of CXCR7 pharmacologic properties may explain why the contradicting opinions of whether CXCR7 is a signaling or non-signaling receptor exist. Further, potential new direction and perspective for the study of CXCR7 biology and pharmacology are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Weilin Chen
- Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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42
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Guo JC, Li J, Zhou L, Yang JY, Zhang ZG, Liang ZY, Zhou WX, You L, Zhang TP, Zhao YP. CXCL12-CXCR7 axis contributes to the invasive phenotype of pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:62006-62018. [PMID: 27542220 PMCID: PMC5308707 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 7 (CXCR7) and its ligand, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12), were established to be involved in biological behaviors and associated with prognosis in many cancers. However, effects, underlying mechanisms of CXCL12-CXCR7 axis in invasive phenotype of pancreatic cancer (PC) and its clinicopathologic significances have not been comprehensively explored. In the present study, it was first found by tissue microarray-based immunohistochemistry that CXCL12 and CXCR7 staining scores were significantly associated with vessel invasion and overall survival in two independent cohorts of PC. Besides, co-expression of these proteins was an independent prognosticator in multivariate analysis in both cohorts. Then, migration and invasion, but not proliferation, were decreased in CXCR7-stably silenced PC cells, whereas opposite changes were observed in CXCR7-stably overexpressed cells, accompanied by alterations of mTOR and Rho/ROCK pathways. CXCL12 stimulated migration, invasion, CXCR7 expression and phosphorylation of key mTOR proteins. AMD3100 did not influence effects of CXCL12. Two mTOR inhibitors, rapamycin and Torin1, reversed enhanced invasive phenotypes and mTOR phosphorylation in CXCR7-overexpressed cells. Moreover, CXCR7 directly interacts with mTOR. Finally, liver metastasis, but not growth, was affected by CXCR7 status in orthotopically-implanted PC models in nude mice. Collectively, CXCL12-CXCR7 axis accelerates migration and invasion of PC cells through mTOR and Rho/ROCK pathways, and predicts poor prognosis of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Chao Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.,Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jian-Yu Yang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Liang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wei-Xun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lei You
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Tai-Ping Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yu-Pei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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Chemokine CXCL3 mediates prostate cancer cells proliferation, migration and gene expression changes in an autocrine/paracrine fashion. Int Urol Nephrol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-018-1818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Johnson BA, Yarchoan M, Lee V, Laheru DA, Jaffee EM. Strategies for Increasing Pancreatic Tumor Immunogenicity. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 23:1656-1669. [PMID: 28373364 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has changed the standard of care for multiple deadly cancers, including lung, head and neck, gastric, and some colorectal cancers. However, single-agent immunotherapy has had little effect in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Increasing evidence suggests that the PDAC microenvironment is comprised of an intricate network of signals between immune cells, PDAC cells, and stroma, resulting in an immunosuppressive environment resistant to single-agent immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss differences between immunotherapy-sensitive cancers and PDAC, the complex interactions between PDAC stroma and suppressive tumor-infiltrating cells that facilitate PDAC development and progression, the immunologic targets within these complex networks that are druggable, and data supporting combination drug approaches that modulate multiple PDAC signals, which should lead to improved clinical outcomes. Clin Cancer Res; 23(7); 1656-69. ©2017 AACRSee all articles in this CCR Focus section, "Pancreatic Cancer: Challenge and Inspiration."
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Affiliation(s)
- Burles A Johnson
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Yarchoan
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Valerie Lee
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel A Laheru
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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45
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Blurring Boundaries: Receptor Tyrosine Kinases as functional G Protein-Coupled Receptors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 339:1-40. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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46
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Goodwin TJ, Zhou Y, Musetti SN, Liu R, Huang L. Local and transient gene expression primes the liver to resist cancer metastasis. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:364ra153. [PMID: 27831902 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aag2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the primary site of metastasis for gastrointestinal cancers and is a location highly susceptible to the establishment of metastasis in numerous other primary cancers, including breast, lung, and pancreatic cancers. The current standard of care typically consists of primary tumor resection and systemic administration of potent but toxic chemotherapeutics, yielding a minimal improvement in the median survival rate. CXCL12, a chemokine, is a key factor for activating the migration/survival pathways of CXCR4+ cancer cells and for recruiting immunosuppressive cells to areas of inflammation. Therefore, reducing CXCL12 concentrations within the liver has the potential to decrease tumor and immunosuppressive cell activation/migration within the liver. However, because of off-target toxicities associated with systemic administration of anti-CXCL12 therapies, transient and liver-specific expression of a CXCL12 trap is necessary. To address this challenge, we developed a lipid calcium phosphate nanoparticle optimized for delivering plasmid DNA, encoding an engineered CXCL12 protein trap, to the nucleus of liver hepatocytes. This pCXCL12-trap formulation yielded transient (4 days) liver-specific expression, which greatly decreased the occurrence of liver metastasis in two aggressive liver metastasis models, including colorectal [CT-26(FL3)] and breast (4T1) cancers. Subsequent studies in an aggressive human colorectal liver metastasis model (HT-29) decreased the establishment of liver metastasis more effectively than did systemic administration of the CXCL12 protein trap and to a level comparable to a high-dose regimen of a potent CXCR4 antagonist (AMD3100).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Goodwin
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yingqiu Zhou
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sara N Musetti
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rihe Liu
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. .,Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Klein S, Abraham M, Bulvik B, Dery E, Weiss ID, Barashi N, Abramovitch R, Wald H, Harel Y, Olam D, Weiss L, Beider K, Eizenberg O, Wald O, Galun E, Pereg Y, Peled A. CXCR4 Promotes Neuroblastoma Growth and Therapeutic Resistance through miR-15a/16-1-Mediated ERK and BCL2/Cyclin D1 Pathways. Cancer Res 2017; 78:1471-1483. [PMID: 29259008 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CXCR4 expression in neuroblastoma tumors correlates with disease severity. In this study, we describe mechanisms by which CXCR4 signaling controls neuroblastoma tumor growth and response to therapy. We found that overexpression of CXCR4 or stimulation with CXCL12 supports neuroblastoma tumorigenesis. Moreover, CXCR4 inhibition with the high-affinity CXCR4 antagonist BL-8040 prevented tumor growth and reduced survival of tumor cells. These effects were mediated by the upregulation of miR-15a/16-1, which resulted in downregulation of their target genes BCL-2 and cyclin D1, as well as inhibition of ERK. Overexpression of miR-15a/16-1 in cells increased cell death, whereas antagomirs to miR-15a/16-1 abolished the proapoptotic effects of BL-8040. CXCR4 overexpression also increased miR-15a/16-1, shifting their oncogenic dependency from the BCL-2 to the ERK signaling pathway. Overall, our results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of CXCR4 inhibition in neuroblastoma treatment and provide a rationale to test combination therapies employing CXCR4 and BCL-2 inhibitors to increase the efficacy of these agents.Significance: These results provide a mechanistic rationale for combination therapy of CXCR4 and BCL-2 inhibitors to treat a common and commonly aggressive pediatric cancer.Cancer Res; 78(6); 1471-83. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Klein
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Elia Dery
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ido D Weiss
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Neta Barashi
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rinat Abramovitch
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hanna Wald
- Biokine Therapeutics Ltd., Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Yaniv Harel
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Devorah Olam
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lola Weiss
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Katia Beider
- Hematology Division, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Tel Aviv University, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Ori Wald
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eithan Galun
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Amnon Peled
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel. .,Biokine Therapeutics Ltd., Ness Ziona, Israel
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Shi A, Shi H, Dong L, Xu S, Jia M, Guo X, Wang T. CXCR7 as a chemokine receptor for SDF-1 promotes gastric cancer progression via MAPK pathways. Scand J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:745-753. [PMID: 28281844 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2017.1300681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As the alternate receptor for stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) except CXCR4, CXCR7 has been shown to be involved in the progression of some malignancies. However, the role of SDF-1/CXCR7 in gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS CXCR7 expression was examined in 83 human GC tissues and adjacent non-cancer tissues (ANCTs) by immunohistochemistry, in three human GC cell lines (MGC-803, BGC-823 and SGC-7901) by reverse transcription-PCR and western blot. CXCR7 was stably knocked down via lentiviral vectors. The cells proliferation was evaluated using CCK-8 and colony formation assay; MAPK pathways (ERK1/2, p38 and SAPK/JNK) were detected using western blot. Besides, the xenograft model of nude mice for GC growth was performed. RESULTS CXCR7 expression in GC tissues was significantly higher than that in ANCTs and associated with tumor size, TNM stage and lymph node metastasis. CXCR7 and CXCR4 were both detectable in three GC cell lines and SGC-7901 cells expressed CXCR7 the most abundantly. SDF-1 promoted the proliferation of SGC-7901 cells, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 and CXCR7 knockdown distinctly reversed these changes; the proliferation stimulated with SDF-1 was attenuated by U0126 (MEK1/2 inhibitor). Furthermore, CXCR7 knockdown inhibited the growth of GC subcutaneous xenografts and decreased the microvessel density and VEGF expression in vivo. CONCLUSION CXCR7 was identified as a novel promoter in GC initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameng Shi
- a Department of Gastroenterology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Shaanxi , China
| | - Haitao Shi
- a Department of Gastroenterology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Shaanxi , China
| | - Lei Dong
- a Department of Gastroenterology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Shaanxi , China
| | - Shaoxian Xu
- a Department of Gastroenterology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Shaanxi , China
| | - Miao Jia
- a Department of Gastroenterology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Shaanxi , China
| | - Xiaoyan Guo
- a Department of Gastroenterology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Shaanxi , China
| | - Ting Wang
- a Department of Gastroenterology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Shaanxi , China
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Xu F, Chang K, Ma J, Qu Y, Xie H, Dai B, Gan H, Zhang H, Shi G, Zhu Y, Zhu Y, Shen Y, Ye D. The Oncogenic Role of COL23A1 in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9846. [PMID: 28852123 PMCID: PMC5575106 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common adult renal neoplasm and its incidence continues to increase. Collagen is the most abundant extracellular matrix protein in stroma, and contributes to the development and progression of ccRCC. We examined the human collagen type XXIII α1 chain (COL23A1) expression in ccRCC and the relationship between COL23A1 and patients' survival. We found COL23A1 mRNA was elevated in tumor compared with adjacent normal tissues, which was further validated by TCGA cohort. IHC results from 151 ccRCC cases suggested that high COL23A1 expression correlated with larger tumor size (P = 0.017) and advanced T stage (P = 0.011). The overall survival (OS) was shorter for ccRCC patients with high COL23A1 expression (P = 0.002). In multivariate analysis, high COL23A1 expression was an independent prognostic factor of OS (HR: 3.024, P = 0.017). Furthermore, COL23A1 knockdown repressed proliferation of ccRCC cell lines by blocking cell cycle progression. Cell adhesion and migration capacity was also downregulated by knockdown of COL23A1. Our data indicate that COL23A1 may be a novel prognostic indicator in ccRCC and might be a specific and accessible biomarker as well as a potential new target for clinical diagnosis of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujiang Xu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Kun Chang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Huyang Xie
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Dai
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hualei Gan
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guohai Shi
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yao Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yiping Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yijun Shen
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dingwei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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50
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Chang K, Li GX, Kong YY, Shen XX, Qu YY, Jia ZW, Wang Y, Dai B, Ye DW. Chemokine Receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 are Associated with Tumor Aggressiveness and Prognosis in Extramammary Paget Disease. J Cancer 2017; 8:2471-2477. [PMID: 28900484 PMCID: PMC5595076 DOI: 10.7150/jca.19127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are involved in many aspects of oncogenesis, including regulation of cancer cell growth, dissemination and host-tumor response. However, the potential of the chemokine receptors, CXCR4 and CXCR7, in serving as biomarkers in extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) has been rarely examined. Expressions of CXCR4 and CXCR7 were evaluated in 92 EMPD specimens by immunohistochemistry. High expression of CXCR4 and CXCR7 were both correlated with regional lymph node metastasis and presence of lymphovascular invasion. High expression of CXCR7 also correlated with the depth of invasion. The prognostic value of these two chemokines were also investigated in progression-free survival (PFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). Both high expression of CXCR4 and CXCR7 were indicative of shorter PFS and CSS. In the combined prognostic model, concomitant high expression of CXCR4 and CXCR7 were suggestive of poor prognosis compared with the other two groups. In the multivariate analysis, depth of invasion, combined prognostic model and regional lymph node metastasis at diagnosis were the independent prognostic factors for EMPD patients for PFS, and the former two factors independently impacted CSS. Our results demonstrated that CXCR4 and CXCR7 can be used as prognostic biomarkers and prediction of aggressiveness of EMPD. Therapy targeting CXCR4 and CXCR7 may helpful to prevent EMPD progression and improve the prognosis of EMPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gao-Xiang Li
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yun-Yi Kong
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xu-Xia Shen
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Qu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Jia
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Dai
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ding-Wei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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