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Zhang Y, Chen X, Hu B, Zou B, Xu Y. Advancements in nanomedicine delivery systems: unraveling immune regulation strategies for tumor immunotherapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024:1-20. [PMID: 39011582 DOI: 10.1080/17435889.2024.2374230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the significant role of nanodrug delivery systems (NDDS) in enhancing the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. Focusing on the integration of NDDS with immune regulation strategies, it explores their transformative impacts on the tumor microenvironment and immune response dynamics. Key advancements include the optimization of drug delivery through NDDS, targeting mechanisms like immune checkpoint blockade and modulating the immunosuppressive tumor environment. Despite the progress, challenges such as limited clinical efficacy and complex manufacturing processes persist. The review emphasizes the need for further research to optimize these systems, potentially revolutionizing cancer treatment by improving delivery efficiency, reducing toxicity and overcoming immune resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Binbin Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Bingwen Zou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
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Aragón-Franco R, Ruiz-Manzano RA, Nava-Castro KE, Del Rìo Araiza VH, Garay-Canales CA, Pérez-Torres A, Chacón-Salinas R, Girón-Pérez MI, Morales-Montor J. Convergence between helminths and breast cancer: intratumoral injection of the excretory/secretory antigens of the human parasite Toxocara canis (EST) increase lung macro and micro metastasis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1332933. [PMID: 38576624 PMCID: PMC10993691 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1332933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Worldwide, breast cancer is the most important cancer in incidence and prevalence in women. Different risk factors interact to increase the probability of developing it. Biological agents such as helminth parasites, particularly their excretory/secretory antigens, may play a significant role in tumor development. Helminths and their antigens have been recognized as inducers or promoters of cancer due to their ability to regulate the host's immune response. Previously in our laboratory, we demonstrated that chronic infection by Toxocara canis increases the size of mammary tumors, affecting the systemic response to the parasite. However, the parasite does not invade the tumor, and we decided to study if the excretion/secretion of antigens from Toxocara canis (EST) can affect the progression of mammary tumors or the pathophysiology of cancer which is metastasis. Thus, this study aimed to determine whether excretion/secretion T. canis antigens, injected directly into the tumor, affect tumor growth and metastasis. Methods We evaluated these parameters through the monitoring of the intra-tumoral immune response. Results Mice injected intratumorally with EST did not show changes in the size and weight of the tumors; although the tumors showed an increased microvasculature, they did develop increased micro and macro-metastasis in the lung. The analysis of the immune tumor microenvironment revealed that EST antigens did not modulate the proportion of immune cells in the tumor, spleen, or peripheral lymph nodes. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses of the lungs showed increased metastasis in the EST-treated animals compared to controls, accompanied by an increase in VEGF systemic levels. Discussion Thus, these findings showed that intra-tumoral injection of T. canis EST antigens promote lung metastasis through modulation of the tumor immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Aragón-Franco
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ENCB-IPN), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rocío Alejandra Ruiz-Manzano
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunoendocrinología, Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Karen Elizabeth Nava-Castro
- Laboratorio de Biología y Química Atmosférica, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Víctor Hugo Del Rìo Araiza
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Endocrinoinmunitarias en Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Claudia Angelica Garay-Canales
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunoendocrinología, Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Armando Pérez-Torres
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Romel Chacón-Salinas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ENCB-IPN), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Manuel Iván Girón-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Jorge Morales-Montor
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunoendocrinología, Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Derry JM, Burns C, Frazier JP, Beirne E, Grenley M, DuFort CC, Killingbeck E, Leon M, Williams C, Gregory M, Houlton J, Clayburgh D, Swiecicki P, Huszar D, Berger A, Klinghoffer RA. Trackable Intratumor Microdosing and Spatial Profiling Provide Early Insights into Activity of Investigational Agents in the Intact Tumor Microenvironment. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:3813-3825. [PMID: 37389981 PMCID: PMC10502463 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer drug development is currently limited by a paradigm of preclinical evaluation that does not adequately recapitulate the complexity of the intact human tumor microenvironment (TME). To overcome this, we combined trackable intratumor microdosing (CIVO) with spatial biology readouts to directly assess drug effects in patient tumors in situ. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In a first-of-its-kind phase 0 clinical trial, we explored the effects of an investigational stage SUMOylation-activating enzyme (SAE) inhibitor, subasumstat (TAK-981) in 12 patients with head and neck carcinoma (HNC). Patients scheduled for tumor resection received percutaneous intratumor injections of subasumstat and vehicle control 1 to 4 days before surgery, resulting in spatially localized and graded regions of drug exposure (∼1,000-2,000 μm in diameter). Drug-exposed (n = 214) and unexposed regions (n = 140) were compared by GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiler, with evaluation at single-cell resolution in a subset of these by CosMx Spatial Molecular Imager. RESULTS Localized regions of subasumstat exposure revealed SUMO pathway inhibition, elevation of type I IFN response, and inhibition of cell cycle across all tumor samples. Single-cell analysis by CosMx demonstrated cell-cycle inhibition specific to the tumor epithelium, and IFN pathway induction commensurate with a TME shift from immune-suppressive to immune-permissive. CONCLUSIONS Pairing CIVO with spatial profiling enabled detailed investigation of response to subasumstat across a diverse sampling of native and intact TME. We demonstrate that drug mechanism of action can be directly evaluated in a spatially precise manner in the most translationally relevant setting: an in situ human tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dennis Huszar
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allison Berger
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
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Zhu H, Liu Y, Yi X, Zhu C, Fu Y, Huang Z, Zhu K, Zhang W, Hou H, Sun C, Zhong C, Liu W, Li Z, Wang B, Wo J. Novel biomimetic mesoporous silica nanoparticle system possessing targetability and immune synergy facilitates effective solid tumor immuno-chemotherapy. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 144:213229. [PMID: 36502749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
New strategies that enhance both the targetability of chemotherapy drugs and the synergistic effects of chemotherapy and immunotherapy are urgently needed for efficacious solid tumor therapy. In this study, a novel biomimetic nanoparticle system possessing the properties of tumor targeting and immune synergy was designed to meet these requirements. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX) were coated with cell membranes modified by glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored anti-HER2 single chain variable fragment (scFv) and the GPI-anchored co-stimulatory molecule CD80 (to promote solid tumor-targeted chemotherapy and cooperated immunotherapy, respectively). The impact of the nanotherapeutic system on both tumor-targeted chemotherapy and cellular immune response was investigated through in vitro and in vivo experiments. The results show that the novel biomimetic therapeutic system effectively promoted antitumor efficiency in vitro and in vivo. In addition, this therapeutic system further enhanced antitumor capacity by increasing CD8+ T cell activation and cytokine production and reducing myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) levels in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinfeng Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Chuyun Zhu
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyue Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zerong Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kairui Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wencai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huige Hou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenghong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- The Affiliated Hospital (Jiangmen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhizhong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Baocheng Wang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jin Wo
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Chang W, Li H, Ou W, Wang SY. A novel zinc metabolism-related gene signature to predict prognosis and immunotherapy response in lung adenocarcinoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1147528. [PMID: 37033934 PMCID: PMC10079938 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Zinc is a key mineral element in regulating cell growth, development, and immune system. We constructed the zinc metabolism-related gene signature to predict prognosis and immunotherapy response for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Methods Zinc metabolism-associated gene sets were obtained from Molecular Signature Database. Then, the zinc metabolism-related gene signature (ZMRGS) was constructed and validated. After combining with clinical characteristics, the nomogram for practical application was constructed. The differences in biological pathways, immune molecules, and tumor microenvironment (TME) between the different groups were analyzed. Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion algorithm (TIDE) and two immunotherapy datasets were used to evaluate the immunotherapy response. Results The signature was constructed according to six key zinc metabolism-related genes, which can well predict the prognosis of LUAD patients. The nomogram also showed excellent prediction performance. Functional analysis showed that the low-risk group was in the status of immune activation. More importantly, the lower risk score of LUAD patients showed a higher response rate to immunotherapy. Conclusion The state of zinc metabolism is closely connected to prognosis, tumor microenvironment, and response to immunotherapy. The zinc metabolism-related signature can well evaluate the prognosis and immunotherapy response for LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuguang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongmu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Si-Yu Wang, ; Wei Ou,
| | - Si-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Si-Yu Wang, ; Wei Ou,
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Cao L, Cao Z, Liu H, Liang N, Bing Z, Tian C, Li S. Detection of Potential Mutated Genes Associated with Common Immunotherapy Biomarkers in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:5715-5730. [PMID: 36005189 PMCID: PMC9406727 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29080451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI), high tumor mutation burden (TMB-H) and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression are hot biomarkers related to the improvement of immunotherapy response. Two cohorts of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were collected and sequenced via targeted next-generation sequencing. Drug analysis was then performed on the shared genes using three different databases: Drugbank, DEPO and DRUGSURV. A total of 27 common genes were mutated in at least two groups of TMB-H-, MSI- and PD-L1-positive groups. AKT1, SMAD4, SCRIB and AXIN2 were severally involved in PI3K-activated, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-activated, Hippo-repressed and Wnt-repressed pathways. This study provides an understanding of the mutated genes related to the immunotherapy biomarkers of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhili Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hongsheng Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Naixin Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhongxing Bing
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Caijuan Tian
- Tianjin Marvel Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Marvelbio Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Shanqing Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-010-6915-2630
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Liu M, Liu N, Wang J, Fu S, Wang X, Chen D. Acetyl-CoA Synthetase 2 as a Therapeutic Target in Tumor Metabolism. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122896. [PMID: 35740562 PMCID: PMC9221533 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Acetyl-CoA Synthetase 2 (ACSS2) is highly expressed in a variety of tumors, which is very important for tumor growth, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis in the nutritional stress microenvironment. Studies have proven that ACSS2 inhibitors can be effective in halting cancer growth and can be combined with other antineoplastic drugs to reduce drug resistance. This article mainly reviews the mechanism of ACSS2-promoting tumor growth from many aspects and the prospect of clinical application of targeted inhibitors. Abstract Acetyl-CoA Synthetase 2 (ACSS2) belongs to a member of the acyl-CoA short-chain synthase family, which can convert acetate in the cytoplasm and nucleus into acetyl-CoA. It has been proven that ACSS2 is highly expressed in glioblastoma, breast cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, renal cancer, and other tumors, and is closely related to tumor stage and the overall survival rate of patients. Accumulating studies show that hypoxia and a low serum level induce ACSS2 expression to help tumor cells cope with this nutrient-poor environment. The potential mechanisms are associated with the ability of ACSS2 to promote the synthesis of lipids in the cytoplasm, induce the acetylation of histones in the nucleus, and facilitate the expression of autophagy genes. Novel-specific inhibitors of ACSS2 are developed and confirmed to the effectiveness in pre-clinical tumor models. Targeting ACSS2 may provide novel approaches for tumor treatment. This review summarizes the biological function of ACSS2, its relation to survival and prognosis in different tumors, and how ACSS2 mediates different pathways to promote tumor metastasis, invasion, and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xu Wang
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (D.C.)
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Munansangu BSM, Kenyon C, Walzl G, Loxton AG, Kotze LA, du Plessis N. Immunometabolism of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: Implications for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Insights from Tumor Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073512. [PMID: 35408873 PMCID: PMC8998693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of immunometabolism seeks to decipher the complex interplay between the immune system and the associated metabolic pathways. The role of small molecules that can target specific metabolic pathways and subsequently alter the immune landscape provides a desirable platform for new therapeutic interventions. Immunotherapeutic targeting of suppressive cell populations, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), by small molecules has shown promise in pathologies such as cancer and support testing of similar host-directed therapeutic approaches in MDSC-inducing conditions such as tuberculosis (TB). MDSC exhibit a remarkable ability to suppress T-cell responses in those with TB disease. In tumors, MDSC exhibit considerable plasticity and can undergo metabolic reprogramming from glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to facilitate their immunosuppressive functions. In this review we look at the role of MDSC during M. tb infection and how their metabolic reprogramming aids in the exacerbation of active disease and highlight the possible MDSC-targeted metabolic pathways utilized during M. tb infection, suggesting ways to manipulate these cells in search of novel insights for anti-TB therapies.
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Kang L, Miao MS, Song YG, Fang XY, Zhang J, Zhang YN, Miao JX. Total flavonoids of Taraxacum mongolicum inhibit non-small cell lung cancer by regulating immune function. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 281:114514. [PMID: 34384846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. has been used in lung cancer treatment in Chinese medicine. However, its specific mechanism of action has not yet been reported, and developing pharmaceutical anti-cancer resources is important. Here, we aimed to elucidate the anti-tumor effects of dandelion in vitro and in vivo and assess its effects on immune function in lung cancer patients. AIM OF THE STUDY In the present study, we mainly observed the therapeutic effects of total flavonoids from Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. (TFTM) on non-small cell lung cancer and its influence on the body's immune function. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro experiments on A549 and H1299 cells were performed using the CCK8 method; the proliferation and migration of cells were observed to investigate the wound healing effects of TFTM, and flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptotic rate of TFTM on lung cancer cells. In vivo experiments were preformed to establish a non-small cell lung cancer mouse model using subcutaneously transplanted Lewis cells, and the body weight and tumor growth of the mice were recorded. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed for tumor tissue to assess pathological changes. The thymus, spleen, and lungs were isolated for to calculate organ index. The CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+/CD8+ levels were detected in mouse spleen using flow cytometry, and IL-2, IL-3, IFN-γ, and TNF-α levels were determined in serum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expressions of IL-2, IL-3, IFN-γ, and TNF-α were detected using quantitative real-time PCR in tumor tissues, and Ki67 expression was observed by immunofluorescence. RESULTS At 24 h, TFTM (100 and 200 μg/mL) had the best inhibitory effect on the proliferation of A549 and H1299 cells. The cell migration rate significantly reduced (P < 0.01), and the tumor inhibition rate increased (P < 0.01) and promoted apoptosis (P < 0.01). The mouse thymus index significantly increased (P < 0.05) and mouse spleen index reduced (P < 0.05). The CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+/CD8+ levels in Lewis lung cancer mouse model increased, as did the levels of IL-2, IL-3, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in the serum and tumor of mice; Ki67 expression in tumor tissues significantly reduced (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION TFTM has an inhibitory effect on lung cancer. The mechanism may be that it improves the host's protective immune response by having a milder tumor growth inhibitory effect than cyclophosphamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Kang
- National International Cooperation Base of Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Ming-San Miao
- National International Cooperation Base of Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Ya-Gang Song
- National International Cooperation Base of Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Fang
- National International Cooperation Base of Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- National International Cooperation Base of Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Jin-Xin Miao
- Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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Chen Y, Wang W, Jiang B, Yao L, Xia F, Li X. Integrating Tumor Stroma Biomarkers With Clinical Indicators for Colon Cancer Survival Stratification. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:584747. [PMID: 33365318 PMCID: PMC7750539 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.584747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor stroma plays an important role in tumor progression and chemotherapeutic resistance; however, its role in colon cancer (CC) survival prognosis remains to be investigated. Here, we identified tumor stroma biomarkers and evaluated their role in CC prognosis stratification. Four independent datasets containing a total of 1,313 patients were included in this study and were divided into training and testing sets. Stromal scores calculated using the estimation of stromal and immune cells in malignant tumors using expression data (ESTIMATE) algorithm were used to assess the tumor stroma level. Kaplan-Meier curves and the log-rank test were used to identify relationships between stromal score and prognosis. Tumor stroma biomarkers were identified by cross-validation of multiple datasets and bioinformatics methods. Cox proportional hazards regression models were constructed using four prognosis factors (age, tumor stage, the ESTIMATE stromal score, and the biomarker stromal score) in different combinations for prognosis prediction and compared. Patients with high stromal scores had a lower overall survival rate (p = 0.00016), higher risk of recurrence (p < 0.0001), and higher probability of chemotherapeutic resistance (p < 0.0001) than those with low scores. We identified 16 tumor stroma biomarkers and generated a new prognosis indicator termed the biomarker stromal score (ranging from 0 to 16) based on their expression levels. Its addition to an age/tumor stage-based model significantly improved prognosis prediction accuracy. In conclusion, the tumor stromal score is significantly negatively associated with CC survival prognosis, and the new tumor stroma indicator can improve CC prognosis stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fada Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinying Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Abstract
Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), a highly heterogeneous disease, shows genomic instability and a high mutation rate. Clinical outcomes are variable and responses to conventional chemotherapy differ among patients (due to inter-patient tumor heterogeneity and inter-tumor heterogeneity) and even within each individual tumor (intra-tumor heterogeneity). Emerging evidence indicates that tumor heterogeneity may play an important role in cancer progression, resistance to therapy, and metastasis. Comprehensive molecular subtyping classifies MIBC into distinct categories that have potential to guide prognosis, patient stratification, and treatment. Genomic characterization of time-series analyses at the single cell level, and of cell-free circulating tumor DNA or circulating tumor cells, are emerging technologies that enable dissection of the complex clonal architecture of MIBC. This review provides insight into the clinical significance of the molecular mechanisms underlying heterogeneity, focusing on inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity, with special emphasis on molecular classification and methods used to analyze the complex patterns involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Won Kang
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Woonyoung Choi
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute and Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seok Joong Yun
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
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12
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Immune Cell Infiltration and Identifying Genes of Prognostic Value in the Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma Microenvironment by Bioinformatics Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5019746. [PMID: 32775427 PMCID: PMC7399742 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5019746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) is one of the most common histological subtypes of renal cell carcinoma. Type 1 and type 2 PRCC are reported to be clinically and biologically distinct. However, little is known about immune infiltration and the expression patterns of immune-related genes in these two histologic subtypes, thereby limiting the development of immunotherapy for PRCC. Thus, we analyzed the expression of 22 immune cells in type 1 and type 2 PRCC tissues by combining The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database with the ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithms. Subsequently, we extracted a list of differentially expressed genes associated with the immune microenvironment. Multichip mRNA microarray data sets for PRCC were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to further validate our findings. We found that the immune scores and stromal scores were associated with overall survival in patients with type 2 PRCC rather than type 1 PRCC. Tumor-infiltrating M1 and M2 macrophages could predict the clinical outcome by reflecting the host's immune capacity against type 2 PRCC. Furthermore, CCL19/CCR7, CXCL12/CXCR4, and CCL20/CCR6 were shown to be potential new targets for tumor gene therapy in type 2 PRCC. Our findings provide valuable resources for improving immunotherapy for PRCC.
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13
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Kato K, Doki Y, Ura T, Hamamoto Y, Kojima T, Tsushima T, Hironaka S, Hara H, Kudo T, Iwasa S, Muro K, Yasui H, Minashi K, Yamaguchi K, Ohtsu A, Kitagawa Y. Long-term efficacy and predictive correlates of response to nivolumab in Japanese patients with esophageal cancer. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:1676-1684. [PMID: 32160365 PMCID: PMC7226206 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term efficacy of nivolumab in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its association with disease biomarkers are currently not well known. Therefore, we investigated the association in Japanese patients with treatment-refractory advanced esophageal cancer who participated in an open-label, single-arm, multicenter phase II study. Patients received nivolumab 3 mg/kg i.v. every 2 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity, and were followed up for 2 years after the initial dosing of the last patient. Archival tissue samples were collected before treatment and analyzed for programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and CD8+ status of tumors and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and human leukocyte antigen class 1. Efficacy end-points included objective response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), time to response, and duration of response. Of 65 enrolled patients (83% male), 64 were evaluable for efficacy and 41 (63%) for biomarkers. The ORR, median OS, and survival rate were 17.2%, 10.78 months, and 17.2%, respectively. Time to response was 1.45 months and duration of response was 11.17 months. The PD-L1 positivity of tumor cells was possibly associated with better PFS (2.04 vs 1.41 months, cut-off 1%) and OS (11.33 vs 6.24 months, cut-off 1%). Median OS was prolonged in patients with a median number of TILs greater than 63.75% vs 63.75% or less (11.33 vs 7.85 months). Nivolumab showed continued long-term efficacy, as seen by the stability of PFS and OS, in Japanese patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Further investigation of PD-L1 tumor expression and TILs as potential biomarkers for predicting patients likely to benefit from nivolumab therapy is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kato
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Ura
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Clinical Oncology, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuo Hamamoto
- Keio Cancer Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tsushima
- Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hironaka
- Clinical Trial Promotion Department, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kudo
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Medical Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoru Iwasa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Muro
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yasui
- Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Keiko Minashi
- Clinical Trial Promotion Department, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kensei Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Chemotherapy, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ohtsu
- National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Wang L, Wu W, Zhu X, Ng W, Gong C, Yao C, Ni Z, Yan X, Fang C, Zhu S. The Ancient Chinese Decoction Yu-Ping-Feng Suppresses Orthotopic Lewis Lung Cancer Tumor Growth Through Increasing M1 Macrophage Polarization and CD4 + T Cell Cytotoxicity. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1333. [PMID: 31780946 PMCID: PMC6857089 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The tumor microenvironment (TME) has a deep influence on cancer progression and has become into a new target for cancer treatment. In our previous study, we found that Yu-Ping-Feng (YPF), an ancient Chinese herbal decoction, significantly inhibited the Lewis lung cancer (LLC) tumor growth in a subcutaneous xenograft tumor model, and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. But the regulation of Yu-Ping-Feng on tumor microenvironment is unknown. Methods: To access the effect of Yu-Ping-Feng on non-small cell lung cancer, an orthotopic luciferase stably expressed Lewis lung cancer tumor model was established on C57BL/6 mice, and then the survival and the tumor growth were evaluated. To address the tumor microenvironment immune regulation, the percentages of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, natural killer cells (NK), regulatory T cells (Treg), macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in spleens and tumor tissues, the macrophage polarization and CD4+ T cell cytotocixity were analyzed by flow cytometry, biophotonic cell killing activity assay, real-time PCR and western-blot. Results: Yu-Ping-Feng significantly prolonged orthotopic lung tumor-bearing mouse survival, and increased the percentages of CD4+ T cell and M1 macrophages and the cytotoxicity of CD4+ T cells. Yu-Ping-Feng significantly enhanced macrophage-mediated lysis of LLC in a concentration-dependent manner, and had no effect on CD4+ T cell-mediated lysis of LLC, but significantly increased CD4+ T cell-mediated lysis after co-incubated with macrophages. In addition, Yu-Ping-Feng induced M1 macrophage polarization through promoting the phosphorylation of STAT1. Conclusion: Yu-Ping-Feng induced M1 macrophages polarization, and then activated CD4+ T lymphocytes, resulting in killing of LLC cells. Yu-Ping-Feng was a potent regulator of M1 macrophage polarization and might have a promising application in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wang
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbin Wu
- Experiment Animal Center, Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhu
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanyi Ng
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyuan Gong
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Yao
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongya Ni
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuewei Yan
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Fang
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiguo Zhu
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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15
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Kuczma M, Ding ZC, Zhou G. Immunostimulatory Effects of Melphalan and Usefulness in Adoptive Cell Therapy with Antitumor CD4+ T Cells. Crit Rev Immunol 2017; 36:179-191. [PMID: 27910767 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2016017507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The alkylating agent melphalan is used in the treatment of hematological malignancies, especially multiple myeloma. In the past, the usefulness of melphalan has been solely attributed to its cytotoxicity on fastgrowing cancerous cells. Although the immunomodulatory effects of melphalan were suggested many years ago, only recently has this aspect of melphalan's activity begun to be elucidated at the molecular level. Emerging evidence indicates that melphalan can foster an immunogenic microenvironment by inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) as characterized by membrane translocation of endoplasmic reticulum protein calreticulin (CRT) and by release of chromatin-binding protein high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). In addition, the lympho-depletive effect of melphalan can induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, deplete regulatory T cells, and create space to facilitate the expansion of infused tumor-reactive T cells. These features suggest that melphalan can be used as a preparative chemotherapy for adoptive T-cell therapy. This notion is supported by our recent work demonstrating that the combination of melphalan and adoptive transfer of tumor-reactive CD4+ T cells can mediate potent antitumor effects in animal models. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding and utilizing the immunomodulatory effects of melphalan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kuczma
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhi-Chun Ding
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gang Zhou
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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16
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Ishii H, Azuma K, Kawahara A, Matsuo N, Tokito T, Kinoshita T, Yamada K, Sasada T, Akiba J, Hoshino T. Programmed cell death-ligand 1 expression and immunoscore in stage II and III non-small cell lung cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:61618-61625. [PMID: 28977890 PMCID: PMC5617450 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) receptor–ligand interaction is a major pathway that is often hijacked by tumors to suppress immune control. Immunoscore (IS), a combinational index of CD3 and CD8 tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) density in the tumor’s center and invasive margin, is a new prognostic tool suggested to be superior to conventional tumor-staging methods in various tumors. This retrospective study aimed to investigate the prevalence and prognostic roles of PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and IS in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. PD-L1 expression and TIL density were evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis in 36 patients with stage II and III NSCLC. Tumors with staining in over 1% of their cells were scored as positive for PD-L1 expression, and we determined the median number of CD3- and CD8-positive TILs as the cutoff point for TIL density. To determine IS, each patient was given a binary score (0 for low and 1 for high) for CD3 and CD8 density in both the tumor center and invasive margin region. PD-L1 expression in tumor cells was observed in 61.1% (22/36) of patients. PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with high IS, and highest IS tended to have a favorable disease-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Ishii
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Koichi Azuma
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kawahara
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Japan
| | - Norikazu Matsuo
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takaaki Tokito
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takashi Kinoshita
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamada
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Sasada
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jun Akiba
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Hoshino
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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17
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Nestvold J, Wang MY, Camilio KA, Zinöcker S, Tjelle TE, Lindberg A, Haug BE, Kvalheim G, Sveinbjørnsson B, Rekdal Ø. Oncolytic peptide LTX-315 induces an immune-mediated abscopal effect in a rat sarcoma model. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1338236. [PMID: 28920000 PMCID: PMC5593701 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1338236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
LTX 315 is an oncolytic peptide with potent immunological properties. In the present study, we demonstrate that intratumoral treatment with LTX-315 resulted in a complete regression and systemic immune response in a rat fibrosarcoma model. The treatment was T-cell dependent, and also resulted in an abscopal effect as demonstrated by the regression of distal non-treated lesions. Significant infiltration of CD8+ T cells was observed in both treated and non-treated lesions, as shown by immunohistochemical and flow cytometric analysis. LTX-315 rapidly killed the cells in vitro with a lytic mode of action followed by the subsequent release of Danger-Associated Molecular Pattern (DAMP) molecules such as HMGB1, ATP and Cytochrome c. Together, our data demonstrate that LTX-315 represents a new approach to cancer immunotherapy, which has the potential as a novel immunotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Nestvold
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0732 Oslo, Norway
| | - Meng-Yu Wang
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0379 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ketil A Camilio
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0379 Oslo, Norway.,Lytix Biopharma, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Severin Zinöcker
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torunn Elisabeth Tjelle
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alf Lindberg
- Lytix Biopharma, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bengt Erik Haug
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Pharmacy, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Baldur Sveinbjørnsson
- Lytix Biopharma, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Øystein Rekdal
- Lytix Biopharma, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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18
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Yao Q, Bao X, Xue R, Liu H, Liu H, Li J, Dong J, Duan Z, Ren M, Zhao J, Song Q, Yu H, Zhu Y, Lu J, Meng Q. Prognostic value of immunoscore to identify mortality outcomes in adults with HBV-related primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6735. [PMID: 28445292 PMCID: PMC5413257 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine if the immunoscore (IS) staging system would be a potential prognostic factor in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC) in China.IS was performed in a consecutive cohort of HBV-HCC patients (n= 92). CD3+, CD8+, and CD45RO+ T cells were quantified by immunohistochemical analyses. The patients were stratified into 5 IS groups: I0, I1, I2, I3, I4 for every 2 cell phenotypes (IS1 (CD8/CD45RO, IS2 (CD3/CD8), and IS3 (CD3/CD45RO), respectively. ImagePro Plus software was used in the calculation of the paraffin-embedded tumor sections.The staining of CD3+, CD8+, and CD45RO+ cells in the HBV-HCC tissue demonstrated that there were higher density and larger area of lymphocytes in the invasive margins (IM) region than in the center (CT). Univariate analysis showed that preoperative TNM staging (P = .01), serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) level (P = .03), vascular invasion (P = .00), and density of CD3+T (CT) (P = 0.01) were correlated significantly with disease-free survival (DFS); serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level (P = .02), tumor size (P = .00), serum cholinesterase (CHE) (P = .04), and GGT level (P = .01), density of CD3+T(CT) (P = .00), CD8+T(CT)(P = .00), CD45RO+T(CT) (P = .00), and CD45RO+T (IM) (P = .02) were correlated with overall survival (OS). Multivariate analysis showed that TNM staging was not an independent prognostic factor of DFS and OS. Our results showed ISs did not have a significantly correlation with DFS (P = .35, .19, and .07, respectively), but it was correlated significantly with OS (P = .00, .00, and .00, respectively). There were statistical differences among the OS of every ISs subgroup except I0 and I1 by the Cox regressions analysis.The IS staging was closely related to the outcome of patients. It can compensate the TNM tumor classification system in predicting the prognosis of HBV-HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xuli Bao
- Hepatology and Cancer Biotherapy Ward
| | - Ran Xue
- Ward of Severe Liver Disease
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Pathological; Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing, PR China
| | | | - Juan Li
- Ward of Severe Liver Disease
| | | | | | | | | | - Qi Song
- Ward of Severe Liver Disease
| | | | | | - Jun Lu
- Hepatology and Cancer Biotherapy Ward
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19
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Čunderlíková B. Clinical significance of immunohistochemically detected extracellular matrix proteins and their spatial distribution in primary cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 105:127-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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20
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Emens LA. It's TIME for a biomarker-driven approach to cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:43. [PMID: 27532018 PMCID: PMC4986195 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leisha A Emens
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Bunting-Blaustein Cancer Research Building 1, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 409, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000 USA
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21
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Cardoso TC, Sakamoto SS, Stockmann D, Souza TFB, Ferreira HL, Gameiro R, Vieira FV, Louzada MJQ, Andrade AL, Flores EF. A three-dimensional cell culture system as an in vitro canine mammary carcinoma model for the expression of connective tissue modulators. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:582-593. [PMID: 26991309 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, derived complex carcinoma (CC) and simple carcinoma (SC) cell lines were established and cultured under two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) conditions. The 3D was performed in six-well AlgiMatrix™ (LifeTechnologies®, Carlsbad, CA, USA) scaffolds, resulting in spheroids sized 50-125 µm for CC and 175-200 µm for SC. Cell viability was demonstrated up to 14 days for both models. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was expressed in CC and SC in both systems. However, higher mRNA and protein levels were observed in SC 2D and 3D systems when compared with CC (P < 0.005). The connective tissue modulators, metalloproteinases-1, -2, -9 and -13 (MMPs), relaxin receptors 1 and 2 (RXR1 and RXR2) and E-cadherin (CDH1) were quantitated. All were upregulated similarly when canine mammary tumour (CMT)-derived cell lines were cultured under 3D AlgiMatrix, except CDH1 that was downregulated (P < 0.005). These results are promising towards the used of 3D system to increase a high throughput in vitro canine tumour model.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Cardoso
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, University of São Paulo State, Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, Araçatuba, Brazil.,Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Clinical, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, University of São Paulo State, Veterinary Hospital Section, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - S S Sakamoto
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Clinical, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, University of São Paulo State, Veterinary Hospital Section, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - D Stockmann
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Clinical, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, University of São Paulo State, Veterinary Hospital Section, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - T F B Souza
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Clinical, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, University of São Paulo State, Veterinary Hospital Section, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - H L Ferreira
- Department of de Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade Zotecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos-USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - R Gameiro
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, University of São Paulo State, Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - F V Vieira
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, University of São Paulo State, Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - M J Q Louzada
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, University of São Paulo State, Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - A L Andrade
- Veterinary Medicine School, Department of Clinical, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, University of São Paulo State, Veterinary Hospital Section, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - E F Flores
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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22
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O'Sullivan Coyne G, Gulley JL. Adding fuel to the fire: immunogenic intensification. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3306-12. [PMID: 25483630 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.973318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The durable long term clinical benefits seen for certain patients treated with immunotherapy agents has suggested there is significant therapeutic potential to be derived from these agents, as shown by the increasing prominence of this treatment strategy in upcoming clinical trials. There has been a renewed interest and focus on the drivers of tumoral antigen recognition, and the pathways by which various cells of the immune system can stimulate, propagate and execute an effective anti-tumor response. Various challenges lie ahead in the further development of these treatments, including induction of an endogenous anti-tumor response, tumor microenvironment modulation, and T-cell response amplification. Novel treatment combinations may prove of significant added benefit by immunogenic intensification.
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Key Words
- APC, antigen-presenting cells
- CARs, chimeric antigen receptors
- HER2, epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- MHC I, major histocompatibility class I molecules
- PD-1, programmed death-1
- PD-L1
- PD-L1, programmed death-ligand-1
- TAA, tumor-associated antigen
- TAP, transporter of antigen processing
- TILs, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes
- Tregs, regulatory T cells
- activated T cell
- cancer
- checkpoint inhibitor
- immunogenic intensification
- mAB, monoclonal antibodies
- mCRPC, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer
- vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine O'Sullivan Coyne
- a Genitourinary Malignancies Branch; Medical Oncology Service; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health ; Bethesda , MD USA
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23
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Sun C, Xu J, Song J, Liu C, Wang J, Weng C, Sun H, Wei H, Xiao W, Sun R, Tian Z. The predictive value of centre tumour CD8+ T cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison with Immunoscore. Oncotarget 2015; 6:35602-15. [PMID: 26415232 PMCID: PMC4742128 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing evidences suggest that Immunoscore(IS), a combinatorial density analysis of CD8+ and CD3+ cells in the centre and invasive margin of tumour (CT and IM), has an advantage over the currently used tumour staging methods in a variety of tumours; however, IS in hepatocellular carcinoma remains unreported. In this study, IS was performed on serial sections from two HCC cohorts (total 449) and compared with current tumour staging systems. Kaplan–Meier curves illustrate a positive association between a higher IS (IS≥2) and longer survival of HCC patients. Although the IS was highly related to the outcome of patients, however, IS seems not to be the optimal prognostic factor when compared with the CD8CT. As noted, among CD8CT, CD8IM, CD3CT, CD3IM and IS, CD8CT, as an independent indicator, demonstrated the highest prognostic impact on both DFS and OS in our Cox multivariate regression analysis (P< 0.0001). In our study, the minimum cut-off value was 93 CD8CT cells per mm2, to be used to divide the patients into CD8CTHi group and CD8CTLo group in clinical settings. Our results suggest that CD8CT densities analysis notably improved the accuracy of survival prediction with convenience of clinical manipulation in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Sun
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxi Song
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - ChaoQun Liu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chenchun Weng
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haoyu Sun
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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24
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Establishment of a heterotypic 3D culture system to evaluate the interaction of TREG lymphocytes and NK cells with breast cancer. J Immunol Methods 2015. [PMID: 26215372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culture approaches to investigate breast tumour progression are yielding information more reminiscent of the in vivo microenvironment. We have established a 3D Matrigel system to determine the interactions of luminal phenotype MCF-7 cells and basal phenotype MDA-MB-231 cells with regulatory T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells. Immune cells were isolated from peripheral blood using magnetic cell sorting and their phenotype validated using flow cytometry both before and after activation with IL-2 and phytohaemagglutinin. Following the establishment of the heterotypic culture system, tumour cells displayed morphologies and cell-cell associations distinct to that observed in 2D monolayer cultures, and associated with tissue remodelling and invasion processes. We found that the level of CCL4 secretion was influenced by breast cancer phenotype and immune stimulation. We further established that for RNA extraction, the use of proteinase K in conjunction with the Qiagen RNeasy Mini Kit and only off-column DNA digestion gave the best RNA yield, purity and integrity. We also investigated the efficacy of the culture system for immunolocalisation of the biomarkers oestrogen receptor-α and the glycoprotein mucin 1 in luminal phenotype breast cancer cells; and epidermal growth factor receptor in basal phenotype breast cancer cells, in formalin-fixed, paraffin-wax embedded cultures. The expression of these markers was shown to vary under immune mediation. We thus demonstrate the feasibility of using this co-culture system for downstream applications including cytokine analysis, immunolocalisation of tumour biomarkers on serial sections and RNA extraction in accordance with MIQE guidelines.
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25
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Hutchinson RA, Adams RA, McArt DG, Salto-Tellez M, Jasani B, Hamilton PW. Epidermal growth factor receptor immunohistochemistry: new opportunities in metastatic colorectal cancer. J Transl Med 2015; 13:217. [PMID: 26149458 PMCID: PMC4492076 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0531-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of cancer is becoming more precise, targeting specific oncogenic drivers with targeted molecular therapies. The epidermal growth factor receptor has been found to be over-expressed in a multitude of solid tumours. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in the fields of diagnostic and personalised medicine to localise and visualise disease specific proteins. To date the clinical utility of epidermal growth factor receptor immunohistochemistry in determining monoclonal antibody efficacy has remained somewhat inconclusive. The lack of an agreed reproducible scoring criteria for epidermal growth factor receptor immunohistochemistry has, in various clinical trials yielded conflicting results as to the use of epidermal growth factor receptor immunohistochemistry assay as a companion diagnostic. This has resulted in this test being removed from the licence for the drug panitumumab and not performed in clinical practice for cetuximab. In this review we explore the reasons behind this with a particular emphasis on colorectal cancer, and to suggest a way of resolving the situation through improving the precision of epidermal growth factor receptor immunohistochemistry with quantitative image analysis of digitised images complemented with companion molecular morphological techniques such as in situ hybridisation and section based gene mutation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Hutchinson
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK.
- Waring Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Centre for Translational Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Richard A Adams
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Institute of Medical Genetics Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Darragh G McArt
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Manuel Salto-Tellez
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Bharat Jasani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Peter W Hamilton
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK.
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26
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Hossain F, Al-Khami AA, Wyczechowska D, Hernandez C, Zheng L, Reiss K, Valle LD, Trillo-Tinoco J, Maj T, Zou W, Rodriguez PC, Ochoa AC. Inhibition of Fatty Acid Oxidation Modulates Immunosuppressive Functions of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Enhances Cancer Therapies. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:1236-47. [PMID: 26025381 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) promote tumor growth by inhibiting T-cell immunity and promoting malignant cell proliferation and migration. The therapeutic potential of blocking MDSC in tumors has been limited by their heterogeneity, plasticity, and resistance to various chemotherapy agents. Recent studies have highlighted the role of energy metabolic pathways in the differentiation and function of immune cells; however, the metabolic characteristics regulating MDSC remain unclear. We aimed to determine the energy metabolic pathway(s) used by MDSC, establish its impact on their immunosuppressive function, and test whether its inhibition blocks MDSC and enhances antitumor therapies. Using several murine tumor models, we found that tumor-infiltrating MDSC (T-MDSC) increased fatty acid uptake and activated fatty acid oxidation (FAO). This was accompanied by an increased mitochondrial mass, upregulation of key FAO enzymes, and increased oxygen consumption rate. Pharmacologic inhibition of FAO blocked immune inhibitory pathways and functions in T-MDSC and decreased their production of inhibitory cytokines. FAO inhibition alone significantly delayed tumor growth in a T-cell-dependent manner and enhanced the antitumor effect of adoptive T-cell therapy. Furthermore, FAO inhibition combined with low-dose chemotherapy completely inhibited T-MDSC immunosuppressive effects and induced a significant antitumor effect. Interestingly, a similar increase in fatty acid uptake and expression of FAO-related enzymes was found in human MDSC in peripheral blood and tumors. These results support the possibility of testing FAO inhibition as a novel approach to block MDSC and enhance various cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fokhrul Hossain
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Amir A Al-Khami
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Dorota Wyczechowska
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Claudia Hernandez
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Liqin Zheng
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Krzystoff Reiss
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. Department of Internal Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Luis Del Valle
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jimena Trillo-Tinoco
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Tomasz Maj
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paulo C Rodriguez
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Augusto C Ochoa
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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27
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Butterfield LH, Disis ML, Fox BA, Khleif SN, Marincola FM. Preamble to the 2015 SITC immunotherapy biomarkers taskforce. J Immunother Cancer 2015; 3:8. [PMID: 25806107 PMCID: PMC4371796 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-015-0052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) has regularly hosted workshops and working groups focused on immunologic monitoring and immune biomarkers. Due to advances in cancer immunotherapy, including positive results from clinical trials testing new agents and combinations, emerging new technologies for measuring aspects of immunity, and novel candidate biomarkers from early phase trials, the SITC Immune Biomarkers Taskforce has reconvened to review the state of the art, identify current hurdles to further success and to make recommendations to the field. Topics being addressed by individual working groups include: (1) validation of candidate biomarkers, (2) identification of the most promising technologies, (3) testing of high throughput immune signatures and (4) investigation of the pre-treatment tumor microenvironment. Resultant recommendations will be published in JITC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Butterfield
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA ; University of Pittsburgh, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | | | - Bernard A Fox
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Samir N Khleif
- GRU Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA USA
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28
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Saif JMS, Vadakekolathu J, Rane SS, McDonald D, Ahmad M, Mathieu M, Pockley AG, Durrant L, Metheringham R, Rees RC, McArdle SEB. Novel prostate acid phosphatase-based peptide vaccination strategy induces antigen-specific T-cell responses and limits tumour growth in mice. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:994-1004. [PMID: 24338683 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Treatment options for patients with advanced prostate cancer remain limited and rarely curative. Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) is a prostate-specific protein overexpressed in 95% of prostate tumours. An FDA-approved vaccine for the treatment of advanced prostate disease, PROVENGE® (sipuleucel-T), has been shown to prolong survival, however the precise sequence of the PAP protein responsible for the outcome is unknown. As the PAP antigen is one of the very few prostate-specific antigens for which there is a rodent equivalent with high homology, preclinical studies using PAP have the potential to be directly relevant to clinical setting. Here, we show three PAP epitopes naturally processed and presented in the context of HHDII/DR1 (114-128, 299-313, and 230-244). The PAP-114-128 epitope elicits CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell-specific responses in C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, when immunised in a DNA vector format (ImmunoBody®), PAP-114-128 prevents and reduces the growth of transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate-C1 prostate cancer cell-derived tumours in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings. This anti-tumour effect is associated with infiltration of CD8(+) tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and the generation of high avidity T cells secreting elevated levels of IFN-γ. PAP-114-128 therefore appears to be a highly relevant peptide on which to base vaccines for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimy M S Saif
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Center, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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29
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Lavoué V, Foucher F, Henno S, Bauville E, Catros V, Cabillic F, Levêque J. [Immunotherapy in epithelial ovarian carcinoma: hope and reality]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 43:198-210. [PMID: 24230482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) has a worst prognosis with little progress in terms of survival for the last two decades. Immunology received little interest in EOC in the past, but now appears very important in the natural history of this cancer. This review is an EOC immunology state of art and focuses on the place of immunotherapy in future. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic review of published studies was performed. Medline baseline interrogation was performed with the following keywords: "Ovarian carinoma, immunotherapy, T-lymphocyte, regulator T-lymphocyte, dendritic cells, macrophage, antigen, chemotherapy, surgery, clinical trials". Identified publications (English or French) were assessed for the understanding of EOC immunology and the place of conventional treatment and immunotherapy strategy. RESULTS Intratumoral infiltration by immune cells is a strong prognotic factor in EOC. Surgery and chemotherapy in EOC decrease imunosuppression in patients. The antitumoral immunity is a part of the therapeutic action of surgery and chemotherapy. Until now, immunotherapy gave some disappointing results, but the new drugs that target the tolerogenic tumoral microenvironnement rise and give a new hope in the treatment of cancer. CONCLUSION Immunology controls the EOC natural history. The modulation of immunosuppressive microenvironment associated with the stimulation of antitumoral immunity could be the next revolution in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lavoué
- Service de chirurgie gynécologique, centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France; Faculté de médecine, université de Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; Inserm, UMR991, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - F Foucher
- Service de chirurgie gynécologique, centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - S Henno
- Service d'anatomo-pathologie, centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - E Bauville
- Service de chirurgie gynécologique, centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - V Catros
- Faculté de médecine, université de Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; Inserm, UMR991, 35000 Rennes, France; Service de biologie cellulaire, centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - F Cabillic
- Faculté de médecine, université de Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France; Inserm, UMR991, 35000 Rennes, France; Service de biologie cellulaire, centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - J Levêque
- Service de chirurgie gynécologique, centre hospitalier universitaire de Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France; Faculté de médecine, université de Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France
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30
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Madsen CB, Lavrsen K, Steentoft C, Vester-Christensen MB, Clausen H, Wandall HH, Pedersen AE. Glycan elongation beyond the mucin associated Tn antigen protects tumor cells from immune-mediated killing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72413. [PMID: 24039759 PMCID: PMC3765166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane bound mucins are up-regulated and aberrantly glycosylated during malignant transformation in many cancer cells. This results in a negatively charged glycoprotein coat which may protect cancer cells from immune surveillance. However, only limited data have so far demonstrated the critical steps in glycan elongation that make aberrantly glycosylated mucins affect the interaction between cancer cells and cytotoxic effector cells of the immune system. Tn (GalNAc-Ser/Thr), STn (NeuAcα2-6GalNAc-Ser/Thr), T (Galβ1–3GalNAc-Ser/Thr), and ST (NeuAcα2-6Galβ1–3GalNAc-Ser/Thr) antigens are recognized as cancer associated truncated glycans, and are expressed in many adenocarcinomas, e.g. breast- and pancreatic cancer cells. To investigate the role of the cancer associated glycan truncations in immune-mediated killing we created glyco-engineered breast- and pancreatic cancer cells expressing only the shortest possible mucin-like glycans (Tn and STn). Glyco-engineering was performed by zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) knockout (KO) of the Core 1 enzyme chaperone COSMC, thereby preventing glycan elongation beyond the initial GalNAc residue in O-linked glycans. We find that COSMC KO in the breast and pancreatic cancer cell lines T47D and Capan-1 increases sensitivity to both NK cell mediated antibody-dependent cellular-cytotoxicity (ADCC) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated killing. In addition, we investigated the association between total cell surface expression of MUC1/MUC16 and NK or CTL mediated killing, and observed an inverse correlation between MUC16/MUC1 expression and the sensitivity to ADCC and CTL-mediated killing. Together, these data suggest that up-regulation of membrane bound mucins protects cells from immune mediated killing, and that particular glycosylation steps, as demonstrated for glycan elongation beyond Tn and STn, can be important for fine tuning of the immune escape mechanisms in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B. Madsen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Lavrsen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Catharina Steentoft
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Malene B. Vester-Christensen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans H. Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (HHW); (AEP)
| | - Anders Elm Pedersen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (HHW); (AEP)
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31
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Quante M, Varga J, Wang TC, Greten FR. The gastrointestinal tumor microenvironment. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:63-78. [PMID: 23583733 PMCID: PMC4012393 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the microenvironment of gastrointestinal tumors has gained increasing attention because it is required for tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. The tumor microenvironment has many components and has been recognized as one of the major hallmarks of epithelial cancers. Although therapeutic strategies for gastrointestinal cancer have previously focused on the epithelial cell compartment, there is increasing interest in reagents that alter the microenvironment, based on reported interactions among gastrointestinal epithelial, stromal, and immune cells during gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. We review the different cellular components of the gastrointestinal tumor microenvironment and their functions in carcinogenesis and discuss how improving our understanding of the complex stromal network could lead to new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Quante
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.
| | - Julia Varga
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Florian R Greten
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany; German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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32
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Wang J, Min A, Gao S, Tang Z. Genetic regulation and potentially therapeutic application of cancer-associated fibroblasts in oral cancer. J Oral Pathol Med 2013; 43:323-34. [PMID: 23782231 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Wang
- School of Stomatology; Central South University; Changsha China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Xiangya Stomatological Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Anjie Min
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Shan Gao
- The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Department of Molecular Biology; University of Aarhus; Aarhus C Denmark
- School of Stomatology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Zhangui Tang
- School of Stomatology; Central South University; Changsha China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Xiangya Stomatological Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
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33
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Noncanonical roles of the immune system in eliciting oncogene addiction. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:246-58. [PMID: 23571026 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is highly complex. The magnitude of this complexity makes it highly surprising that even the brief suppression of an oncogene can sometimes result in rapid and sustained tumor regression, illustrating that cancers can be 'oncogene addicted' [1-10]. The essential implication is that oncogenes may not only fuel the initiation of tumorigenesis, but in some cases must be excessively activated to maintain a neoplastic state [11]. Oncogene suppression acutely restores normal physiological programs that effectively overrides secondary genetic events and a cancer collapses [12,13]. Oncogene addiction is the description of the dramatic and sustained regression of some cancers upon the specific inactivation of a single oncogene [1-13,14(••),15,16(••)], that can occur through tumor intrinsic [1,2,4,12], but also host immune mechanisms [17-23]. Notably, oncogene inactivation elicits a host immune response that involves specific immune effectors and cytokines that facilitate a remodeling of the tumor microenvironment including the shut down of angiogenesis and the induction of cellular senescence of tumor cells [16(••)]. Hence, immune effectors are not only critically involved in tumor prevention, initiation [17-19], and progression [20], but also appear to be essential to tumor regression upon oncogene inactivation [21,22(••),23(••)]. Understanding how the inactivation of an oncogene elicits a systemic signal in the host that prompts a deconstruction of a tumor could have important implications. The combination of oncogene-targeted therapy together with immunomodulatory therapy may be ideal for the development of both robust tumor intrinsic and immunological responses, effectively leading to sustained tumor regression.
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Bozeman EN, Cimino-Mathews A, Machiah DK, Patel JM, Krishnamoorthy A, Tien L, Shashidharamurthy R, Selvaraj P. Expression of membrane anchored cytokines and B7-1 alters tumor microenvironment and induces protective antitumor immunity in a murine breast cancer model. Vaccine 2013; 31:2449-56. [PMID: 23541884 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that the systemic administration of cytokines or vaccination with cytokine-secreting tumors augments an antitumor immune response that can result in eradication of tumors. However, these approaches are hampered by the risk of systemic toxicity induced by soluble cytokines. In this study, we have evaluated the efficacy of 4TO7, a highly tumorigenic murine mammary tumor cell line, expressing glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored form of cytokine molecules alone or in combination with the costimulatory molecule B7-1 as a model for potential cell or membrane-based breast cancer vaccines. We observed that the GPI-anchored cytokines expressed on the surface of tumor cells greatly reduced the overall tumorigenicity of the 4TO7 tumor cells following direct live cell challenge as evidenced by transient tumor growth and complete regression within 30 days post challenge. Tumors co-expressing B7-1 and GPI-IL-12 grew the least and for the shortest duration, suggesting that this combination of immunostimulatory molecules is most potent. Protective immune responses were also observed following secondary tumor challenge. Further, the 4TO7-B7-1/GPI-IL-2 and 4TO7-B7-1/GPI-IL-12 transfectants were capable of inducing regression of a wild-type tumor growing at a distant site in a concomitant tumor challenge model, suggesting the tumor immunity elicited by the transfectants can act systemically and inhibit the tumor growth at a distant site. Additionally, when used as irradiated whole cell vaccines, 4TO7-B7-1/GPI-IL-12 led to a significant inhibition in tumor growth of day 7 established tumors. Lastly, we observed a significant decrease in the prevalence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T-cells in the tumor microenvironment on day 7 post challenge with 4TO7-B7-1/GPI-IL-12 cells, which provides mechanistic insight into antitumor efficacy of the tumor-cell membrane expressed IL-12. These studies have implications in designing membrane-based therapeutic vaccines with GPI-anchored cytokines for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica N Bozeman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.
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Tumor-promoting immune-suppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the multiple myeloma microenvironment in humans. Blood 2013; 121:2975-87. [PMID: 23321256 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-08-448548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous, immature myeloid cell population with the ability to suppress immune responses. MDSCs have been characterized in infections, inflammatory diseases, and solid tumors; however, their presence and role in the tumor-promoting, immune-suppressive microenvironment in hematologic malignancies remains unclear. We assessed the presence, frequency, and functional characteristics of MDSCs in patients with newly diagnosed, relapsed, and relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM) compared with healthy donors. Additionally, we evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of lenalidomide and bortezomib on MDSCs in MM. CD11b(+)CD14(-)HLA-DR(-/low)CD33(+)CD15(+) MDSCs were significantly increased in both the peripheral blood and the bone marrow of patients with active MM compared with healthy donors. Furthermore, MDSCs induced MM growth while suppressing T-cell-mediated immune responses. Conversely, MM cells induced the development of MDSCs from healthy donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells, confirming a bidirectional interaction between MDSCs and MM cells and immune effector cells. Our results further suggest that MDSCs may be associated with the activity of disease in MM. Importantly, our studies suggest that inhibition of the tumor-promoting and immune-suppressive functions of MDSCs in MM may represent a promising novel immune-based therapeutic strategy.
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Emens LA. Breast cancer immunobiology driving immunotherapy: vaccines and immune checkpoint blockade. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2012; 12:1597-611. [PMID: 23253225 PMCID: PMC3587160 DOI: 10.1586/era.12.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is immunogenic, and infiltrating immune cells in primary breast tumors convey important clinical prognostic and predictive information. Furthermore, the immune system is critically involved in clinical responses to some standard cancer therapies. Early breast cancer vaccine trials have established the safety and bioactivity of breast cancer immunotherapy, with hints of clinical activity. Novel strategies for modulating regulators of immunity, including regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells and immune checkpoint pathways (monoclonal antibodies specific for the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 or programmed death), are now available. In particular, immune checkpoint blockade has enormous therapeutic potential. Integrative breast cancer immunotherapies that strategically combine established breast cancer therapies with breast cancer vaccines, immune checkpoint blockade or both should result in durable clinical responses and increased cures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leisha A Emens
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 409, Bunting Blaustein Cancer Research Building, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA.
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Bodeker G. Integrative oncology meets immunotherapy: new prospects for combination therapy grounded in Eastern medical knowledge. Chin J Integr Med 2012; 18:652-62. [PMID: 22936318 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As cancer rates rise globally, standard care is being questioned; new approaches involving immune therapies are emerging. With this shift comes a corresponding shift in the use and potential of herbal medicines and extracts. The focus of this article, which has evolved from a presentation at the Second Beijing International Symposium on Integrative Medicine (BISIM May 19-20, 2012), is particularly on Chinese medicine, but is generalizable to Eastern medicine more broadly and to other herbal traditions. Until recently, herbal and related treatments have been used as adjuvants to conventional care - for reducing side-effects, enhancing cytotoxicity, and sometimes, undesirably counteracting the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiation. Now, in the context of a new class of immune-based cancer therapies, herbal and other complementary modalities are looked at as enhancers of the body's immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Bodeker
- Global Initiative for Traditional Systems (GIFTS) of Health, Oxford, UK.
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Marincola FM, Sheikh JI. A road map to Translational Medicine in Qatar and a model for the world. J Transl Med 2012; 10:177. [PMID: 22929646 PMCID: PMC3436734 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Translational Medicine (TM) in Qatar is part of a concerted effort of the Qatari medical and scientific leadership supported by a strong political will by Qatari authorities to deliver world-class health care to Qatari residents while participating in the worldwide quest to bridge the gap between bench-to-bedside-to-community. TM programs should embrace the Qatar National vision for research to become an international hub of excellence in research and development, based on intellectual merit, contributing to global knowledge and adhering to international standards, to innovate by translating new and original ideas into useful applications, to be inclusive at the national and international level, to build and maintain a competitive and diversified economy and ultimately improve the health and well-being of the Qatar’s population. Although this writing focuses on Qatar, we hope that the thoughts expressed here may be of broader use for the development of any TM program particularly in regions where an established academic community surrounded by a rich research infrastructure and/or a vibrant biotechnology enterprise is not already present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco M Marincola
- Office of the Dean, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, PO Box 24144, Doha, Qatar.
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