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Jiang X, Liu G, Li Y, Pan Y. Immune checkpoint: The novel target for antitumor therapy. Genes Dis 2021; 8:25-37. [PMID: 33569511 PMCID: PMC7859424 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory checkpoint molecules include programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), human endogenous retrovirus-H Long terminal repeat-associating 2 (HHLA2), B7 homolog 4 protein (B7-H4), T cell membrane protein-3 (TIM-3) and Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3), which are up-regulated during tumorigenesis. These pathways are essential to down-regulate the immune system by blocking the activation of T cells. In recent years, immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) against PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4 or TIM-3 has made remarkable progress in the clinical application, revolutionizing the treatment of malignant tumors and improving patients' overall survival. However, the efficacy of ICBs in some patients does not seem to be good enough, and more immune-related adverse events (irAEs) will inevitably occur. Therefore, biomarkers research provides practical guidance for clinicians to identify patients who are most likely to benefit from or exhibit resistance to particular types of immune checkpoint therapy. There are two points in general. On the one hand, given the spatial and temporal differential expression of immune checkpoint molecules during immunosuppression process, it is essential to understand their mechanisms to design the most effective individualized therapy. On the other hand, due to the lack of potent immune checkpoints, it is necessary to combine them with novel biomarkers (such as exosomes and ctDNA) and other anticancer modalities (such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghu Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China
| | - Guohong Liu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China
| | - Yirong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China
| | - Yunbao Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China
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Vasconcelos RATD, Guimarães Coscarelli P, Vieira TM, Noguera WS, Rapozo DCM, Acioly MA. Prognostic significance of mast cell and microvascular densities in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor with and without neurofibromatosis type 1. Cancer Med 2019; 8:972-981. [PMID: 30735009 PMCID: PMC6434338 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are rare and aggressive soft tissue sarcomas with a significant susceptibility to metastasize early in their course. Pathogenesis is yet to be fully elucidated. Recently, the essential role of mast cells in the tumor onset of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)‐associated neurofibromas and MPNSTs was confirmed in both experimental and human studies. In this study, we investigate mast cell density (MCD), microvascular density (MVD), and proliferation index (Ki‐67) in MPNST. A secondary aim was to correlate histological staining to clinical data and survival in patients with and without NF1. In total, 34 formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded MPNST tissues from 29 patients were eligible. MCD, MVD, and Ki‐67 labeling index (LI) were analyzed in all stained tissues by a computer‐based quantitative algorithm (Aperio ImageScope). In addition, chart review was performed for clinical data and survival analysis. Overall, MCD, MVD, and Ki‐67 LI were evenly distributed throughout tumor tissue. There was a negative correlation of NF1 status (affected, P = 0.037), tumor size (>10 cm, P = 0.023), and MVD in the tumor periphery (higher tercile, P = 0.002) to survival. Multivariate analysis confirmed the association of MVD in the tumor periphery (higher tercile, P = 0.019) with a decreased overall survival. Diverse mast cell and microvascular distributions suggest that angiogenesis in MPNST occurs independently. The role of mast cells in tumor progression is unclear and lacks prognostic value. Higher MVD has prognostic significance with possible therapeutic implications in MPNST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto André Torres de Vasconcelos
- Division of Bone and Connective Tissue, Department of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Postgraduation Program in Neurology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcus André Acioly
- Postgraduation Program in Neurology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Division of Neurosurgery, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Division of Neurosurgery, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Gray ES, Rizos H, Reid AL, Boyd SC, Pereira MR, Lo J, Tembe V, Freeman J, Lee JHJ, Scolyer RA, Siew K, Lomma C, Cooper A, Khattak MA, Meniawy TM, Long GV, Carlino MS, Millward M, Ziman M. Circulating tumor DNA to monitor treatment response and detect acquired resistance in patients with metastatic melanoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:42008-18. [PMID: 26524482 PMCID: PMC4747205 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeat tumor biopsies to study genomic changes during therapy are difficult, invasive and data are confounded by tumoral heterogeneity. The analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) can provide a non-invasive approach to assess prognosis and the genetic evolution of tumors in response to therapy. Mutation-specific droplet digital PCR was used to measure plasma concentrations of oncogenic BRAF and NRAS variants in 48 patients with advanced metastatic melanoma prior to treatment with targeted therapies (vemurafenib, dabrafenib or dabrafenib/trametinib combination) or immunotherapies (ipilimumab, nivolumab or pembrolizumab). Baseline ctDNA levels were evaluated relative to treatment response and progression-free survival (PFS). Tumor-associated ctDNA was detected in the plasma of 35/48 (73%) patients prior to treatment and lower ctDNA levels at this time point were significantly associated with response to treatment and prolonged PFS, irrespective of therapy type. Levels of ctDNA decreased significantly in patients treated with MAPK inhibitors (p < 0.001) in accordance with response to therapy, but this was not apparent in patients receiving immunotherapies. We show that circulating NRAS mutations, known to confer resistance to BRAF inhibitors, were detected in 3 of 7 (43%) patients progressing on kinase inhibitor therapy. Significantly, ctDNA rebound and circulating mutant NRAS preceded radiological detection of progressive disease. Our data demonstrate that ctDNA is a useful biomarker of response to kinase inhibitor therapy and can be used to monitor tumor evolution and detect the early appearance of resistance effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin S Gray
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Helen Rizos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anna L Reid
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Suzanah C Boyd
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle R Pereira
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Johnny Lo
- School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Varsha Tembe
- Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Freeman
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jenny H J Lee
- Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Disciplines of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kelvin Siew
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chris Lomma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Adam Cooper
- Department of Medical Oncology, Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Muhammad A Khattak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tarek M Meniawy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Georgina V Long
- Medicine, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matteo S Carlino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Millward
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Melanie Ziman
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Mateus C, Libenciuc C, Robert C. [Not Available]. Bull Cancer 2016; 103:S4-S11. [PMID: 27494973 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-4551(16)30140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
ANTI-PD1 ROLE IN TREATMENT OF CUTANEOUS MELANOMA: The treatment of metastatic melanoma dramatically changed over the last years. Two therapeutic revolutions emerged in parallel, targeted anti-BRAF and anti-MEK therapies, for patients BRAFV600 mutated and immunotherapy with immune checkpoint blockers using anti-CTLA-4 then anti-PD1 monoclonal antibodies. Indeed, melanoma immunotherapy was a golden objective for many years but in spite of important efforts using cytokines (interferon, interleukin) and different vaccine approaches no objective improvement of patients 'prognosis was obtained. Ipilimumab, authorized in 2011, was the first drug which showed a benefit of overall survival in patients with metastatic melanoma in spite a low response rate (10-15) and the occurrence of about 25% of serious toxicity. Anti-PD1 appear as a new generation of immune checkpoint blockade with response rates between 30 to 40% of the patients, a proven overall survival benefit as compared with chemotherapy or ipilimumab and less toxicity than ipilimumab. Two molecules, pembrolizumab and nivolumab were recently approved in monotherapy, for metastatic melanoma. Several questions remain unresolved: the respective indications of anti-PD1 and targeted therapies in first line therapy in patients with BRAF mutant melanoma, the benefit of combining immunotherapy with radiotherapy or with targeted therapies, the optimal treatment duration, and the benefit of the anti-PD1 in the adjuvant setting. The combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab, recently approved by the FDA but not yet in Europ, shows an improvement of the objective response rates (50-57%) and progression free survival compared with nivolumab but is associated with an higer incidence of serious adverse events (more than 50%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Mateus
- Service de dermatologie, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Département de Médecine Oncologique, Villejuif, F-94805, France.
| | - Cristina Libenciuc
- Service de dermatologie, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Département de Médecine Oncologique, Villejuif, F-94805, France
| | - Caroline Robert
- Service de dermatologie, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Département de Médecine Oncologique, Villejuif, F-94805, France
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Agrawal S, Waxman I, Lambert A, Roy A, Darbenzio R. Evaluation of the potential for QTc prolongation in patients with solid tumors receiving nivolumab. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2016; 77:635-41. [PMID: 26861469 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-016-2980-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The fully human monoclonal antibody nivolumab binds to the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor, blocking interactions between PD-1 and its ligands on tumor cells and preventing T cell exhaustion in patients with cancer. The potential for corrected QT interval (QTc) prolongation was assessed in a subset of patients enrolled in a phase 2 dose-ranging study of nivolumab. METHODS Triplicate 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) obtained predose and post-dose were assessed by an independent ECG core laboratory. QTc derived from Fridericia's formula (QTcF) was evaluated by central tendency, categorical, and concentration-response analyses. RESULTS No patients had QTcF intervals or changes from baseline in QTcF (ΔQTcF) exceeding prespecified thresholds indicating borderline or prolonged QTcF (>480 ms) or ΔQTcF (>60 ms). Among 146 patients randomized to nivolumab 0.3, 2.0, or 10.0 mg/kg every 3 weeks, the maximum increases in mean (± SD) ∆QTcF at any time point were 4.9 (± 13.4), 1.2 (± 10.1), and 2.0 (± 8.9) ms, respectively. There was no relationship between ∆QTcF and nivolumab serum concentration and no association between predicted maximum ∆QTcF and mean maximum nivolumab concentration in any dosage group. CONCLUSION Results of these intensive ECG analyses indicate that nivolumab has no clinically meaningful effect on QTc interval when administered at doses up to 10.0 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Agrawal
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA.
| | - Ian Waxman
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | | | - Amit Roy
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Raymond Darbenzio
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
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Brys AK, Gowda R, Loriaux DB, Robertson GP, Mosca PJ. Nanotechnology-based strategies for combating toxicity and resistance in melanoma therapy. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:565-577. [PMID: 26826558 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug toxicity and resistance remain formidable challenges in cancer treatment and represent an area of increasing attention in the case of melanoma. Nanotechnology represents a paradigm-shifting field with the potential to mitigate drug resistance while improving drug delivery and minimizing toxicity. Recent clinical and pre-clinical studies have demonstrated how a diverse array of nanoparticles may be harnessed to circumvent known mechanisms of drug resistance in melanoma to improve therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we discuss known mechanisms of resistance to various melanoma therapies and possible nanotechnology-based strategies that could be used to overcome these barriers and improve the pharmacologic arsenal available to combat advanced stage melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam K Brys
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Raghavendra Gowda
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Daniel B Loriaux
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Gavin P Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Paul J Mosca
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
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Freeman-Keller M, Kim Y, Cronin H, Richards A, Gibney G, Weber JS. Nivolumab in Resected and Unresectable Metastatic Melanoma: Characteristics of Immune-Related Adverse Events and Association with Outcomes. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:886-94. [PMID: 26446948 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 637] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retrospective analysis of irAEs in melanoma patients treated with nivolumab. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Data were pooled from 148 patients (33 resected, 115 unresectable) treated with nivolumab plus peptide vaccine or nivolumab alone every 2 weeks for 12 weeks. Patients with stable disease or regression received an additional 12-week cycle, then nivolumab alone every 12 weeks for up to 2 additional years. Frequency, grade, and characteristics of immune-related adverse events (irAE) were analyzed. A 12-week landmark survival analysis using a multivariate time-dependent Cox proportional hazard model assessed difference in overall survival (OS) in the presence or absence of irAEs. RESULTS IrAEs of any grade were observed in 68.2% of patients (101 of 148). Grade III/IV irAEs were infrequent: 3 (2%) had grade III rash, 2 (1.35%) had asymptomatic grade III elevation in amylase/lipase, and 2 (1.35%) had grade III colitis. A statistically significant OS difference was noted among patients with any grade of irAE versus those without (P ≤ 0.001), and OS benefit was noted in patients who reported three or more irAE events (P ≤ 0.001). Subset analyses showed statistically significant OS differences with rash [P = 0.001; HR, 0.423; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.243-0.735] and vitiligo (P = 0.012; HR, 0.184; 95% CI, 0.036-0.94). Rash and vitiligo also correlated with statistically significant OS differences in patients with metastatic disease (P = 0.004 and P = 0.028, respectively). No significant survival differences were seen with other irAEs (endocrinopathies, colitis, or pneumonitis). CONCLUSIONS Cutaneous irAEs are associated with improved survival in melanoma patients treated with nivolumab, and clinical benefit should be validated in larger prospective analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Youngchul Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Heather Cronin
- Clinical Trials Office, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Geoffrey Gibney
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC
| | - Jeffrey S Weber
- Donald A. Adam Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
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Faghfuri E, Faramarzi MA, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. Nivolumab and pembrolizumab as immune-modulating monoclonal antibodies targeting the PD-1 receptor to treat melanoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2015; 15:981-93. [PMID: 26313415 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.1074862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is an important issue in oncology due to its high incidence, high mortality, and resistance to systemic therapy; however, targeted immunotherapy has noticeably improved the survival rates of melanoma patients. Promising targeted immunotherapies for malignant melanoma include the blockade of immune checkpoints with antibodies targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 and the programmed cell death protein 1 pathway. The US FDA-approved antibody ipilimumab targets cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4; however, it was limited by toxicity and a low response. Nivolumab and pembrolizumab (formerly lambrolizumab), the two FDA-approved anti-programmed death-1 monoclonal antibodies, show highly durable response rates and long-term safety, validating the importance of the programmed cell death protein 1 pathway blockade for treatment of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Faghfuri
- a 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sanlorenzo M, Vujic I, Moy A, Quaglino P, Fierro MT, Gammaitoni L, Carnevale-Schianca F, Aglietta M, Sangiolo D. Synergy of molecular targeted approaches and immunotherapy in melanoma: preclinical basis and clinical perspectives. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1069272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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