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Rambaldi B, Rizzuto G, Rambaldi A, Introna M. Genetically modified and unmodified cellular approaches to enhance graft versus leukemia effect, without increasing graft versus host disease: the use of allogeneic cytokine-induced killer cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1459175. [PMID: 39512351 PMCID: PMC11540647 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1459175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 11/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Although allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) represents a curative approach for many patients with hematological diseases, post-transplantation relapse occurs in 20-50% of cases, representing the primary cause of treatment failure and mortality. Alloreactive donor T cells are responsible for the graft versus leukemia (GvL) effect, which represents the key mechanism for the long-term curative effect of HCT. However, the downside is represented by graft versus host disease (GvHD), largely contributing to transplant-related mortality (TRM). Multiple factors play a role in regulating the delicate balance between GvL and GvHD, such as the optimization of the donor HLA and KIR match, the type of graft source, and the adaptive use of post-transplant cellular therapy. In addition to the standard donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI), several attempts were made to favor the GvL effect without increasing the GvHD risk. Selected DLI, NK DLI, activated DLI and more sophisticated genetically engineered cells can be employed. In this scenario, cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells represent a suitable tool to boost GvL while minimizing GvHD. CIK cells are T lymphocytes activated in culture in the presence of monoclonal antibodies against CD3 (OKT3), interferon-gamma (IFN-g), and interleukin-2 (IL-2), characterized by the expression of markers typical of NK cells and T cells (CD3+, CD56+, with a prevalent CD8+ phenotype). CIK cells can mediate cytotoxicity through both MHC and non-MHC restricted recognition, which is the so-called "dual-functional capability" and display minimum alloreactivity. Allogeneic CIK cells showed a favorable rate of response, especially in the setting of minimal residual disease, with a rate of GvHD not exceeding 25%. Finally, the CIK cell platform can be adapted for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell strategy, showing promising results in both preclinical and clinical settings. In this review, we describe the main immunological basis for the development of the GvL and the possible cellular therapy approaches used to boost it, with a particular focus on the use of CIK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Rambaldi
- Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Ematologia, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuliana Rizzuto
- Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Ematologia, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
- Molecular and Translational Medicine Doctoral Program (DIMET), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rambaldi
- Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Ematologia, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Martino Introna
- Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Ematologia, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
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Yang CK, Huang CH, Hu CH, Fang JH, Chen TC, Lin YC, Lin CY. Immunophenotype and antitumor activity of cytokine-induced killer cells from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280023. [PMID: 36598909 PMCID: PMC9812323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are heterogeneous lymphocytes from human peripheral blood mononucleated cells (PBMCs) co-cultured with several cytokines. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the functional characteristics and anticancer ability of CIK cells from hepatocarcinoma (HCC) patients. METHODS CIK cells were activated ex-vivo and expanded from PBMCs from HCC patients. The immunophenotype and the ex-vivo killing ability of CIK cells were evaluated. Human CIK cells were intravenously injected into NOD/SCID mice to evaluate the in vivo anticancer ability. RESULTS More than 70% of CIK cells were CD3+CD8+, and 15%-30% were CD3+CD56+. These cells expressed an increased number of activated natural killer (NK) receptors, such as DNAM1 and NKG2D, and expressed low-immune checkpoint molecules, including PD-1, CTLA-4, and LAG-3. Among the chemokine receptors expressed by CIKs, CXCR3 and CD62L were elevated in CD8+ T cells, representing the trafficking ability to inflamed tumor sites. CIK cells possess the ex-vivo anticancer activity to different cell lines. To demonstrate in vivo antitumor ability, human CIK cells could significantly suppress the tumor of J7 bearing NOD/SCID mice. Furthermore, human immune cells could be detected in the peripheral blood and on the tumors after CIK injection. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that CIK cells from HCC patients possess cytotoxic properties, and express increased levels of effector NK receptors and chemokine molecules and lower levels of suppressive checkpoint receptors. CIK cells can suppress human HCC ex-vivo and in vivo. Future clinical trials of human CIK cell therapy for HCC are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Keng Yang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hao Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsun Hu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jian-He Fang
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Ching Chen
- Department of Pathology, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chang Lin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Chun-Yen Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Liu D, Hu Y, Wei J, Zhang W, Piao C, Lu Y, Wang Y, Liu J, Lu X. Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) Using T Cells With NK-Like Phenotype (T-NK Cells) in Combination With Avelumab, an Anti-PD-L1 Antibody. Immunology 2022; 167:212-220. [PMID: 35751879 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Though the PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitor avelumab has shown efficacy in the treatment of some types of cancer, improved treatment strategies are desperately needed. We evaluated whether combined treatment with avelumab and adoptively transferred T-NK cells can provide enhanced anti-cancer effects for treating PD-L1-expressing tumors. Our results demonstrate that avelumab specifically targets tumor cells with high PD-L1 expression, and that cytolytic effects are mediated by T-NK effector cells cultured from patient peripheral blood monocytic cell populations. The effects were dependent on CD16 and the perforin/granzyme pathway, supporting a role for the T-NK subpopulation. In vivo assays verified the efficacy of T-NK cells in combination with avelumab in reducing tumor growth. Furthermore, T-NK + avelumab prolonged survival in a mouse orthotopic xenograft model. Collectively, our findings provide a basis for the combined use of adoptively transferred T-NK cells with avelumab as a novel strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Department of Radiology, The first hospital of Tsinghua University, Bejing, China
| | - Yuefeng Hu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Bejing, China
| | - Jian Wei
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Bejing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Piao
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yongcheng Lu
- Department of pharmaceutical sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences Northeastern University Boston, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Biohealthcare Biotechnology Co.,Ltd, Bejing, China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Biohealthcare Biotechnology Co.,Ltd, Bejing, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Biohealthcare Biotechnology Co.,Ltd, Bejing, China
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Huang H, Gong Z, Zhu X, Tan W, Cai H. Xanthan gum enhances peripheral blood CIK cells cytotoxicity in serum‐free medium. Biotechnol Prog 2022; 38:e3279. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Zizhen Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Xuejun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Wen‐song Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Haibo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai P. R. China
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khodadadi A, Talaiezadeh A, Heike Y, Galehdari H, Oraki Kohshour M, Sheikhi A, Jazayeri SN, Pedram M, Borhani M, Asadirad A. Natural adjuvants ( PC and G2) induce activated natural killer cells with NKG2D expression and cytotoxic properties in colorectal cancer. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2022; 15:15-23. [PMID: 35611258 PMCID: PMC9123632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to investigate the effects of natural adjuvants (G2 and PC) to activate natural killer cells in colorectal cancer. Background Natural killer (NK) cells are an element of the innate immune system that can recognize and kill cancer cells and provide hope for cancer therapy. One of the current methods in cancer immunotherapy is NK cell therapy. Immunotherapy with NK cells has been limited because of the low number and cytotoxicity level of NK cells. Natural adjuvants such as PC and G2 may stimulate the immune system. It seems that these adjuvants could increase cytotoxic NK cells. Methods Twelve patients with colorectal cancer and six healthy individuals qualified for inclusion in this study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from each patient with two distinctive concentrations (105and 5×104 cells/well) were treated with Interleukin2 (IL2), PC, and G2 adjuvant separately. The NK cell's surface markers, including CD16, CD56, and NKG2D, were evaluated by flow cytometry. The cytotoxicity effect of treated PBMCs as effector cells against NK sensitive cell line (K562) was assessed using the LDH assay method. Results The results revealed a significant increase in the level of CD16+NKG2D+ NK cells in PBMCs treated with the G2 group compared with the control group in CRC PBMC (p<0.001) as well as the normal PBMC group (p < 0.01). In addition, the results indicated a significant increase in the level of CD56+NKG2D+ cells in the PBMC treated with PC (p < 0.05) and G2 (p < 0.001) groups compared with the PBMC group. The cytotoxicity result of PBMC from CRC patients in 10:1 ratio of the effector: target showed that the cells' cytotoxicity in the PBMCs treated with PC (p<0.01) and G2 (p<0.05) was significantly higher than the untreated PBMC. Conclusion According to the result of this study, it can be stated that the PC and G2 adjuvants could be candidates for inducing cytotoxic natural killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali khodadadi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Cancer, Petroleum and Environmental Pollutants Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Abdolhassan Talaiezadeh
- Cancer, Petroleum and Environmental Pollutants Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Yuji Heike
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Centre Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
- Deceased
| | - Hamid Galehdari
- Cancer, Petroleum and Environmental Pollutants Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Oraki Kohshour
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Cancer, Petroleum and Environmental Pollutants Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Abdolkarim Sheikhi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dezful Faculty of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran.
| | - Seyed Nematollah Jazayeri
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research center, Health research institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Pedram
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research center, Health research institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Borhani
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Epidemiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Deceased
| | - Ali Asadirad
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Cancer, Petroleum and Environmental Pollutants Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Zhang Y, Schmidt-Wolf IGH. Ten-year update of the international registry on cytokine-induced killer cells in cancer immunotherapy. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9291-9303. [PMID: 32484595 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells represent an exceptional T-cell population uniting a T cell and natural killer cell-like phenotype in their terminally differentiated CD3+ CD56+ subset, which features non-MHC-restricted tumor-killing activity. CIK cells have provided encouraging results in initial clinical studies and revealed synergistic antitumor effects when combined with standard therapeutic procedures. We established the international registry on CIK cells (IRCC) to collect and evaluate clinical trials for the treatment of cancer patients in 2010. Moreover, our registry set new standards on the reporting of results from clinical trials using CIK cells. In the present update, a total of 106 clinical trials including 10,225 patients were enrolled in IRCC, of which 4,889 patients in over 30 distinct tumor entities were treated with CIK cells alone or in combination with conventional or novel therapies. Significantly improved median progression-free survival and overall survival were shown in 27 trials, and 9 trials reported a significantly increased 5-year survival rate. Mild adverse effects and graft-versus-host diseases were also observed in the studies. Recently, more efforts have been put into the improvement of antitumoral efficacy by CIK cells including the administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors and modification with chimeric antigen receptorc. The minimal toxicity and multiple improvements on their tumor-killing activity both make CIK cells a favorable therapeutic tool in the clinical practice of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingo G H Schmidt-Wolf
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Shi Y, Men X, Li X, Yang Z, Wen H. Research progress and clinical prospect of immunocytotherapy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 82:106351. [PMID: 32143005 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As a common malignant tumor, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has high fatality rate due to its strong metastasis and high degree of malignancy. Current treatment strategies adopted in clinical practice were still conventional surgery, assisted with interventional therapy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However these treatments have limited effects with high recurrence rate. Current research progress of immunocytotherapy has shown that tumor cells can be directly identified and killed by stimulating the immune function and enhancing the anti-tumor immunity in tumor microenvironment. Targeted immunotherapeutics have therefore become the hope of conquering cancer in the future. It can kill tumor cells without damaging the body's immune system and function, restore and strengthen the body's natural anti-tumor immune system. It can reduce the toxic side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, reduce the recurrence rate and prolong the survival period of patients with HCC. Currently, the immune cells widely studied are mainly as follows: Dendritic cells (DC), Cytokine-induced killer (CIK), DC-CIK, Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T), Tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) and Natural killer cell (NK). Immunocytotherapy is a long-term treatment method, some studies have combined traditional therapy with immunocytotherapy and achieved significant effects, providing experimental basis for the application of immunocytotherapy. However, there are still some difficulties in the clinical application of immune cells. In this article, we discuss the application of immunocytotherapy in the clinical treatment of HCC, their effectiveness either alone or in combination with conventional therapies, and how future immunocytotherapeutics can be further improved from investigations in tumour immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin 130021, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Men
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin 130021, PR China
| | - Xueting Li
- Experimental Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin 130021, PR China
| | - Zhicun Yang
- Experimental Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin 130021, PR China
| | - Hongjuan Wen
- School of Health Management, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin 130117, PR China.
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Zhang C, Xiong X, Li Y, Huang K, Liu L, Peng X, Weng W. Cytokine-induced killer cells/natural killer cells combined with anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody increase cell death rate in neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:6525-6535. [PMID: 31807172 PMCID: PMC6876305 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is one of the most common extracranial, solid, pediatric malignancies. Despite improvements in conventional therapies, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, the prognosis of stage IV NB remains poor, indicating that novel treatment strategies are required. Immunotherapies, such as anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies, used alone or in combination with cytokines, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells or cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMNCs), have been indicated to cause NB cell death and to prolong patient survival in high-risk NB; however, they remain limited by severe cytotoxicity and side effects. In the present study, it was determined that anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody alone or CBMNC-isolated cytokine-induced killer (CIK)/natural killer (NK) cells alone significantly induced cell death of NB SK-N-SH cells, and the combination of anti-GD2 antibody and CIK/NK cells could significantly increase the cell death rate compared with either treatment alone. In addition, based on a method referred to our previous study, it was identified that a two-cytokine culture system, using interleukin IL-2 and IL-7, effectively stimulated the proliferation of CIK/NK cells. These results serve to suggest a novel treatment strategy for relapsed/refractory NB with high efficiency and few side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China.,Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Xilin Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China.,Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China.,Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Ke Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China.,Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China.,Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Weng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China.,Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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Teymouri M, Pirro M, Fallarino F, Gargaro M, Sahebkar A. IL-35, a hallmark of immune-regulation in cancer progression, chronic infections and inflammatory diseases. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:2105-2115. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manouchehr Teymouri
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center; Birjand University of Medical Sciences; Birjand Iran
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | | | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; School of Medicine, Washington University; St. Louis MO
| | - Amirhosein Sahebkar
- Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
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Sheng L, Fu H, Tan Y, Hu Y, Mu Q, Luo Y, Shi J, Cai Z, Ouyang G, Huang H. Unusual expansion of CD3+CD56+ natural killer T-like cells in peripheral blood after anticytokine treatment for graft-versus-host disease: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12429. [PMID: 30235723 PMCID: PMC6160206 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Basiliximab and etanercept have achieved promising responses in steroid-refractory graft versus host disease (SR-GVHD). However, the in vivo immune changes following the treatment have not been elucidated. PATIENT CONCERNS A 14-year-old boy presented with skin rash and diarrhea 20 days after haploidentical hemotopoietic stem cell transplantation. DIAGNOSES We made the diagnose of grade 3 acute GVHD with skin and gastrointestinal involvement. INTERVENTIONS After the failure of the first-line treatment with methylprednisolone, combined anti-cytokine therapies with basiliximab and etanercept were prescibed. OUTCOMES He achieved complete remission by basiliximab and etanercept. Furthermore, we detected that donor CD3CD56 Natural killer T(NKT)-like cells expanded gradually after the period of lymphocytopenia caused by GVHD and anti-cytokine therapy. The expansion of NKT-like cells was in association with high serum IFN-γ. NKT-like cells showed preferred proliferation in response to IFN-γ and potent cytotoxicity against leukemia cells. The expansion persisted > 2 years and the patient had a leukemia-free survival of 66 months. LESSONS Our case indicated that combined anti-cytokine treatment may reset the immune system and cause NKT-like cells to exhibit a predilection for expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Sheng
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
- Department of Hematology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Huarui Fu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
| | - Yamin Tan
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
| | - Yongxian Hu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
| | - Qitian Mu
- Department of Hematology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
| | - Jianmin Shi
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
| | - Zhen Cai
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
| | - Guifang Ouyang
- Department of Hematology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
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11
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Gao D, Cai Y, Chen Y, Li W, Wei CC, Luo X, Wang Y. Novel TLR7 agonist stimulates activity of CIK/NK immunological effector cells to enhance antitumor cytotoxicity. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:5105-5110. [PMID: 29552145 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonists have been applied in combination with chemo-, radio- or immunotherapy for lymphoma, and used as topical drugs for the treatment of viral skin lesions and skin tumors. In the present study, the role of an adenine analog, 9-(4-carboxyphenyl)-8-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-adenine [termed Gao Dong (GD)], a novel TLR7 agonist, in the activation of cytokine-induced killer/natural killer (CIK/NK) cells was determined. The results of the present study indicated that GD was able to activate CIK/NK cells. The proportion of GD-induced CD3+CD56+ CIK and CD3-CD56+ NK cells was ~4% higher respectively compared with the control. Notably, combination therapy with CIK/NK cells stimulated by GD, markedly suppressed the proliferation of the chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cell line. Following GD treatment, the cytotoxicity improved by ~25 and 21% when the effector/target ratio was 20:1 and 10:1, respectively. The results of the present study suggested a novel protocol for CIK/NK cell proliferation and revealed that GD may serve as a potent innate and adaptive immunomodulator in immunocyte culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gao
- Shenzhen Hornetcorn Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518045, P.R. China
| | - Yongguang Cai
- The Fifth District of Chemotherapy, Department of Medical Oncology, Central Hospital of Guangdong Provincial Agricultural Reclamation, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524002, P.R. China
| | - Yanyuan Chen
- Shenzhen Hornetcorn Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518045, P.R. China
| | - Wang Li
- Shenzhen Hornetcorn Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518045, P.R. China
| | - Chih-Chang Wei
- Shenzhen Hornetcorn Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518045, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Luo
- Shenzhen Hornetcorn Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518045, P.R. China
| | - Yuhuan Wang
- Shenzhen Hornetcorn Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518045, P.R. China
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12
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Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells form under certain stimulation conditions in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). They are a heterogeneous immune cell population and contain a high percentage of cells with a mixed T-NK phenotype (CD3+CD56+). The ready availability of a lymphocyte source, together with the high proliferative rate and potent anti-tumor activity of CIK cells, has allowed their use as immunotherapy in a wide variety of neoplasms. Cytotoxicity mediated by CD3+CD56+ T cells depends on the major histocompatibility antigen (MHC)-independent recognition of tumor cells and the activation of signaling pathways through the natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) cell-surface receptor. Clinical trials have demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of CIK cell immunotherapy even in advanced stage cancer patients or those that have not responded to first-line treatment. This review summarizes biological and technical aspects of CIK cells, as well as past and current clinical trials and future trends in this form of immunotherapy.
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13
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Gao X, Mi Y, Guo N, Xu H, Xu L, Gou X, Jin W. Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells As Pharmacological Tools for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:774. [PMID: 28729866 PMCID: PMC5498561 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are a heterogeneous population of effector CD3+CD56+ natural killer T cells, which can be easily expanded in vitro from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. CIK cells work as pharmacological tools for cancer immunotherapy as they exhibit MHC-unrestricted, safe, and effective antitumor activity. Much effort has been made to improve CIK cells cytotoxicity and treatments of CIK cells combined with other antitumor therapies are applied. This review summarizes some strategies, including the combination of CIK with additional cytokines, dendritic cells, check point inhibitors, antibodies, chemotherapeutic agents, nanomedicines, and engineering CIK cells with a chimeric antigen receptor. Furthermore, we briefly sum up the clinical trials on CIK cells and compare the effect of clinical CIK therapy with other immunotherapies. Finally, further research is needed to clarify the pharmacological mechanism of CIK and provide evidence to formulate uniform culturing criteria for CIK expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchun Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Key Lab for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajing Mi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Na Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lixian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xingchun Gou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weilin Jin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Key Lab for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Centers for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Co-Expansion of Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells and Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells for CAR T-Cell Therapy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161820. [PMID: 27598655 PMCID: PMC5012695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) T cells and cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, which are a heterogeneous population of T lymphocytes and natural killer T (NKT) cells, have been separately expanded ex vivo and shown to be capable of targeting and mediating cytotoxicity against various tumor cells in a major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted manner. However, the co-expansion and co-administration of these immune cells have not been explored. In this study we describe an efficient method to expand simultaneously both CIK and Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, termed as CIKZ cells, from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using Zometa, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin 2 (IL-2), anti-CD3 antibody and engineered K562 feeder cells expressing CD64, CD137L and CD86. A 21-day culture of PBMCs with this method yielded nearly 20,000-fold expansion of CIKZ cells with γδ T cells making up over 20% of the expanded population. The expanded CIKZ cells exhibited antitumor cytotoxicity and could be modified to express anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), anti-CEA CAR, and anti-HER2 CAR to enhance their specificity and cytotoxicity against CD19-, CEA-, or HER2-positive tumor cells. The tumor inhibitory activity of anti-CD19 CAR-modified CIKZ cells was further demonstrated in vivo in a Raji tumor mouse model. The findings herein substantiate the feasibility of co-expanding CIK and γδ cells for adoptive cellular immunotherapy applications such as CAR T-cell therapy against cancer.
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15
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Cappuzzello E, Tosi A, Zanovello P, Sommaggio R, Rosato A. Retargeting cytokine-induced killer cell activity by CD16 engagement with clinical-grade antibodies. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1199311. [PMID: 27622068 PMCID: PMC5007963 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1199311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-induced Killer (CIK) cells are a heterogeneous population of ex vivo expanded T lymphocytes capable of MHC-unrestricted antitumor activity, which share phenotypic and functional features with both NK and T cells. Preclinical data and initial clinical studies demonstrated their high tolerability in vivo, supporting CIK cells as a promising cell population for adoptive cell immunotherapy. In this study, we report for the first time that CIK cells display a donor-dependent expression of CD16, which can be engaged by trastuzumab or cetuximab to exert a potent antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against ovarian and breast cancer cell lines, leading to an increased lytic activity in vitro, and an enhanced therapeutic efficacy in vivo. Thus, an efficient tumor antigen-specific retargeting can be achieved by a combination therapy with clinical-grade monoclonal antibodies already widely used in cancer therapy, and CIK cell populations that are easily expandable in very large numbers, inexpensive, safe and do not require genetic manipulations. Overall, these data provide a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Her2 and EGFR expressing tumors by adoptive cell therapy, which could find wide implementation and application, and could also be expanded to the use of additional therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cappuzzello
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Oncology and Immunology Section, University of Padova , Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Tosi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Oncology and Immunology Section, University of Padova , Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Zanovello
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Oncology and Immunology Section, University of Padova, Padua, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberta Sommaggio
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Oncology and Immunology Section, University of Padova , Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Oncology and Immunology Section, University of Padova, Padua, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
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16
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Hromadnikova I, Li S, Kotlabova K, Dickinson AM. Influence of In Vitro IL-2 or IL-15 Alone or in Combination with Hsp 70 Derived 14-Mer Peptide (TKD) on the Expression of NK Cell Activatory and Inhibitory Receptors on Peripheral Blood T Cells, B Cells and NKT Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151535. [PMID: 26982331 PMCID: PMC4794217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies from Multhoff and colleagues reported that plasma membrane Hsp70 acts as a tumour-specific recognition structure for activated NK cells, and that the incubation of NK cells with Hsp70 and/or a 14-mer peptide derived from the N-terminal sequence of Hsp70 (TKDNNLLGRFELSG, TKD, aa 450–463) plus a low dose of IL-2 triggers NK cell proliferation and migration, and their capacity to kill cancer cells expressing membrane Hsp70. Herein, we have used flow cytometry to determine the influence of in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy individuals with IL-2 or IL-15, either alone or in combination with TKD peptide on the cell surface expression of CD94, NK cell activatory receptors (CD16, NK2D, NKG2C, NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, NKp80, KIR2DL4, DNAM-1 and LAMP1) and NK cell inhibitory receptors (NKG2A, KIR2DL2/L3, LIR1/ILT-2 and NKR-P1A) by CD3+CD56+ (NKT), CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+ and CD19+ populations. NKG2D, DNAM-1, LAMP1 and NKR-P1A expression was upregulated after the stimulation with IL-2 or IL-15 alone or in combination with TKD in NKT, CD8+ T cells and B cells. CD94 was upregulated in NKT and CD8+ T cells. Concurrently, an increase in a number of CD8+ T cells expressing LIR1/ILT-2 and CD4+ T cells positive for NKR-P1A was observed. The proportion of CD8+ T cells that expressed NKG2D was higher after IL-2/TKD treatment, when compared with IL-2 treatment alone. In comparison with IL-15 alone, IL-15/TKD treatment increased the proportion of NKT cells that were positive for CD94, LAMP1 and NKRP-1A. The more potent effect of IL-15/TKD on cell surface expression of NKG2D, LIR1/ILT-2 and NKRP-1A was observed in B cells compared with IL-15 alone. However, this increase was not of statistical significance. IL-2/TKD induced significant upregulation of LAMP1 in CD8+ T cells compared with IL-2 alone. Besides NK cells, other immunocompetent cells present within the fraction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were influenced by the treatment with low-dose interleukins themselves or in combination with hsp70 derived (TKD) peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Hromadnikova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Pathology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Ruska 87, 10 000 Prague 10, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Pathology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Ruska 87, 10 000 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Kotlabova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Pathology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Ruska 87, 10 000 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Anne M. Dickinson
- Haematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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17
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Xu YC, Xu Q, Li JJ, Gu XF, Lin XL, Sun L, Lu HM, Tang L, Ma Y, Lu Z, Wang HX. Chemotherapy with or without autologous cytokine-induced killer cell transfusion as the first-line treatment for stage IV gastrointestinal cancer: a phase II clinical trial. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 142:1315-23. [PMID: 26941189 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy of autologous cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy combined with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for the treatment of stage IV gastrointestinal (GI) cancer in the first-line setting. METHODS Thirty-three patients diagnosed with stage IV GI cancer were divided into chemotherapy plus CIK group (chemo-CIK, n = 16) and chemotherapy-alone group (chemo-alone, n = 17). Autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells were separated by flow cytometry, cultured in vitro to induce CIK cells, and transfused into patients on days 14 and 16 of the first and second chemotherapy cycles. RESULTS The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 5.6 months for patients in the chemo-CIK group and 3.83 months for those in the chemo-alone group. The difference was borderline significant (P = 0.06), indicating a potential advantage for combined CIK cell transfusion with chemotherapy in improving PFS. A favored objective response rate was also observed in the chemo-CIK group than in the chemo-alone group. This study also revealed that CIK cell transfusion restored the cellular immunity in these GI cancer patients. The percentage of natural killer T cells, NK cells, CD3(+) T cells, and T-cell subgroups CD4(+) proportion in the peripheral blood of cancer patients significantly increased after the CIK cell transfusion, while the change in T-cell subgroups CD8(+) and CD4(+)/CD8(+) did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS The study showed that the addition of CIK cell transfusion to traditional chemotherapy in the first-line setting was associated with a prolonged PFS and enhanced T-lymphocyte subset activity, supporting a potential treatment choice for advanced GI cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chun Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200081, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jun-Jian Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200081, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Gu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Lin
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Hong-Min Lu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Lei Tang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Zhimin Lu
- Department of Neuro-Oncology - Research Unit Number: 1002, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hong-Xia Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200081, China.
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18
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Vu BT, Duong QTN, Le PM, Pham PV. Culture and differentiation of cytokine-induced killer cells from umbilical cord blood-derived mononuclear cells. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND THERAPY 2016. [DOI: 10.7603/s40730-016-0002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Youlin K, Jian K, Siming L, Li Z, Weiyang H, Chaodong L, Xin G. Potent anti-prostate cancer immune response induced by dendritic cells transduced with recombinant adenoviruses encoding 4-1BBL combined with cytokine-induced killer cells. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:13-20. [PMID: 25572476 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To test the effect of dendritic cells (DCs) transduced with recombinant adenoviruses encoding 4-1BBL combined with cytokine-induced killer cells (CIKs) against prostate cancer. METHOD Flow cytometry was used to detect the surface markers of the co-cultured cells, and cytotoxicity against prostate cancer cells in vitro as well as antitumor activities in vivo were observed. RESULTS Our results showed that Ad-4-1BBL-transduced DCs could increase percentage of CD3(+)CD56(+) cells in CIKs, and CIKs co-cultured with Ad-4-1BBL-transduced DCs could augment the secretion of IL-12 and IFN-γ and decrease TGF-β production. In addition, Ad-4-1BBL-transduced DCs enhanced the cytotoxicity of CIKs against prostate cancer and resulted in inhibition of tumor growth and tumor-bearing animals' survival. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that 4-1BBL-engineered DCs can improve CIKs cytotoxicity against prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang Youlin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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20
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Giraudo L, Gammaitoni L, Cangemi M, Rotolo R, Aglietta M, Sangiolo D. Cytokine-induced killer cells as immunotherapy for solid tumors: current evidence and perspectives. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:999-1010. [PMID: 26310715 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are ex vivo expanded T lymphocytes endowed with potent MHC-independent antitumor activity. CIK cells are emerging as promising therapeutic approach in the field of cancer adoptive immunotherapy, with biologic features favoring their transferability into clinical applications. Aim of this review is to present the biologic characteristic of CIK cells, discussing the main preclinical findings and initial clinical applications in the field of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Giraudo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Experimental Cell Therapy, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Loretta Gammaitoni
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Experimental Cell Therapy, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Michela Cangemi
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Experimental Cell Therapy, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Ramona Rotolo
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Experimental Cell Therapy, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Aglietta
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Division & Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO- IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Dario Sangiolo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Experimental Cell Therapy, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
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21
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"Adherent" versus Other Isolation Strategies for Expanding Purified, Potent, and Activated Human NK Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:869547. [PMID: 26161419 PMCID: PMC4486741 DOI: 10.1155/2015/869547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have long been hypothesized to play a central role in the development of new immunotherapies to combat a variety of cancers due to their intrinsic ability to lyse tumor cells. For the past several decades, various isolation and expansion methods have been developed to harness the full antitumor potential of NK cells. These protocols have varied greatly between laboratories and several have been optimized for large-scale clinical use despite associated complexity and high cost. Here, we present a simple method of "adherent" enrichment and expansion of NK cells, developed using both healthy donors' and cancer patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and compare its effectiveness with various published protocols to highlight the pros and cons of their use in adoptive cell therapy. By building upon the concepts and data presented, future research can be adapted to provide simple, cost-effective, reproducible, and translatable procedures for personalized treatment with NK cells.
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22
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Pittari G, Filippini P, Gentilcore G, Grivel JC, Rutella S. Revving up Natural Killer Cells and Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells Against Hematological Malignancies. Front Immunol 2015; 6:230. [PMID: 26029215 PMCID: PMC4429635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells belong to innate immunity and exhibit cytolytic activity against infectious pathogens and tumor cells. NK-cell function is finely tuned by receptors that transduce inhibitory or activating signals, such as killer immunoglobulin-like receptors, NK Group 2 member D (NKG2D), NKG2A/CD94, NKp46, and others, and recognize both foreign and self-antigens expressed by NK-susceptible targets. Recent insights into NK-cell developmental intermediates have translated into a more accurate definition of culture conditions for the in vitro generation and propagation of human NK cells. In this respect, interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-21 are instrumental in driving NK-cell differentiation and maturation, and hold great promise for the design of optimal NK-cell culture protocols. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells possess phenotypic and functional hallmarks of both T cells and NK cells. Similar to T cells, they express CD3 and are expandable in culture, while not requiring functional priming for in vivo activity, like NK cells. CIK cells may offer some advantages over other cell therapy products, including ease of in vitro propagation and no need for exogenous administration of IL-2 for in vivo priming. NK cells and CIK cells can be expanded using a variety of clinical-grade approaches, before their infusion into patients with cancer. Herein, we discuss GMP-compliant strategies to isolate and expand human NK and CIK cells for immunotherapy purposes, focusing on clinical trials of adoptive transfer to patients with hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Pittari
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha , Qatar
| | - Perla Filippini
- Deep Immunophenotyping Core, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center , Doha , Qatar
| | - Giusy Gentilcore
- Deep Immunophenotyping Core, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center , Doha , Qatar
| | - Jean-Charles Grivel
- Deep Immunophenotyping Core, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center , Doha , Qatar
| | - Sergio Rutella
- Clinical Research Center, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center , Doha , Qatar
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23
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Yang XY, Zeng H, Chen FP. Cytokine-induced killer cells: A novel immunotherapy strategy for leukemia. Oncol Lett 2014; 9:535-541. [PMID: 25621022 PMCID: PMC4301482 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are NK-like T cells derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells that are co-stimulated and expanded using cytokines for 14–21 days in vitro. CIK cells are a heterogeneous subset of highly-efficient cytotoxic T effector cells that mediate major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted cytotoxicity against a broad array of tumor cells. These effector cells are generated from patients with leukemia or healthy donors who demonstrate similar cytotoxic activity against leukemia blasts. Allogeneic CIK cells retain the ability to produce the graft versus tumor response and generate minimal graft versus host disease. In addition, CIK cells possess no cytotoxicity against normal hematopoietic stem cells in vivo. Leukemia recurrence remains a formidable obstacle, but adoptive immunotherapy offers promise for the eradication of minimal residual disease and prevention of leukemia relapse following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. CIK cell infusion started a novel generation of adoptive immunotherapy and exhibits particular potential applications in the area of hematological malignancy. In the present study, the previous strategies of leukemia immunotherapy using CIK cells are reviewed and the future directions of development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Yang
- Depatment of Haematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Fang-Ping Chen
- Depatment of Haematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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24
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Lu X, Zhu A, Cai X, Jia Z, Han W, Ma L, Zhou M, Qian K, Cen L, Chen B. Role of NKG2D in cytokine-induced killer cells against multiple myeloma cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 13:623-9. [DOI: 10.4161/cbt.19850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Qu HQ, Zhou XS, Zhou XL, Wang J. Effect of DC-CIK cell on the proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation of leukemia cells. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7:659-662. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Homing of cytokine-induced killer cells during the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Int J Hematol 2014; 100:165-70. [PMID: 24929848 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-014-1618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells have been shown to be an effective immunotherapy for malignancies. However, their clinical application has been limited due to lack of knowledge on their in vivo kinesis. In this study, we explored their biodistribution by labeling CIK cells with (18)F-FDG and tracking their in vivo migration by PET/CT imaging. In the nine refractory APL patients enrolled in this study, pre-treatment PET/CT scans revealed leukemia burdens in vertebrae, and the bones of the pelvis and limbs. Post-treatment serial PET/CT tracked the localization of CIK cells over time: at 1 h, the majority of these cells accumulated diffusely in the lungs, while the first minor cell activities were observed in brain, liver and spleen; at 4 and 8 h, they not only migrated to the heart, spleen, and liver, but also showed tendencies to accumulate in bone marrow and brain. This specific cell migration route suggested that CIK cells show in vivo functional kinesis and potency as a targeted immunotherapy. The clinical outcome of this small cohort of nine patients supported the efficacy of this regimen: two patients achieved rapid complete remission after three-cycle treatment, and six patients remained stable, subsequently became sensitive to conventional therapy, and also achieved complete remission.
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Tao Q, Wang H, Zhai Z. Targeting regulatory T cells in cytokine-induced killer cell cultures (Review). Biomed Rep 2014; 2:317-320. [PMID: 24748966 PMCID: PMC3990197 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potent immunosuppressive cells that promote tumor growth and invasion by inducing immune escape and suppressing the antitumor immune response. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are considered to be the primary candidate for adoptive immunotherapy due to their strong antitumor activity. It was recently reported that the concomitant presence of Tregs may decrease the cytotoxicity of CIK cells. Therefore, depletion or downregulation of Tregs in CIK cell cultures by optimizing the culture program may enhance CIK cell cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. The aim of the present review was to summarize the currently available studies on the optimal culture strategy for improving the antitumor activity of CIK cells through targeting Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianshan Tao
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Huiping Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Zhai
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
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Cytokine-induced killer cell combination with TACE in the treatment of hepatocellular cancers: a meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10330-013-1219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ohira M, Nishida S, Matsuura T, Muraoka I, Tryphonopoulos P, Fan J, Tekin A, Selvaggi G, Levi D, Ruiz P, Ricordi C, Ohdan H, Tzakis A. Comparative Analysis of T-Cell Depletion Method for Clinical Immunotherapy—Anti–Hepatitis C Effects of Natural Killer Cells Via Interferon-γ Production. Transplant Proc 2013; 45:2045-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Franquesa M, Baan CC, Korevaar SS, Engela AU, Roemeling-van Rhijn M, Weimar W, Betjes MGH, Grinyo JM, Hoogduijn MJ. The effect of rabbit antithymocyte globulin on human mesenchymal stem cells. Transpl Int 2013; 26:651-8. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla C. Baan
- Transplantation Laboratory; Internal Medicine; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam; the Netherlands
| | - Sander S. Korevaar
- Transplantation Laboratory; Internal Medicine; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam; the Netherlands
| | - Anja U. Engela
- Transplantation Laboratory; Internal Medicine; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam; the Netherlands
| | | | - Willem Weimar
- Transplantation Laboratory; Internal Medicine; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam; the Netherlands
| | - Michiel G. H. Betjes
- Transplantation Laboratory; Internal Medicine; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam; the Netherlands
| | - Josep M. Grinyo
- Experimental Nephrology and Nephrology Department; Bellvitge Hospital-UB-IDIBELL; Barcelona; Spain
| | - Martin J. Hoogduijn
- Transplantation Laboratory; Internal Medicine; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam; the Netherlands
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Zheng YW, Li RM, Zhang XW, Ren XB. Current Adoptive Immunotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Potential Influence of Therapy Outcome. Cancer Invest 2013; 31:197-205. [DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2013.775294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Rutella S, Locatelli F. Is there a role for cytokine-induced killer cells in cancer immunotherapy? Immunotherapy 2013; 4:867-9. [PMID: 23046228 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Rutella S, Iudicone P, Bonanno G, Fioravanti D, Procoli A, Lavorino C, Foddai ML, Lorusso D, Martinelli E, Vacca M, Ipsevich F, Nuti M, Scambia G, Pierelli L. Adoptive immunotherapy with cytokine-induced killer cells generated with a new good manufacturing practice-grade protocol. Cytotherapy 2012; 14:841-50. [PMID: 22563888 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2012.681038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS We have recently shown that thymoglobulin (TG) efficiently expands cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells in combination with interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-2 (ITG2 protocol). It is presently unknown whether the infusion of autologous immune effector cells generated by TG, IFN-γ and IL-2 is feasible and safe. METHODS Five patients with advanced and/or refractory solid tumors were enrolled in the present phase I/II study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collected by leukapheresis were stimulated under good manufacturing practice (GMP)-conditions with IFN-γ, followed by TG and IL-2. After 2-3 weeks in culture, a median of 4.65 × 10(6) immune effector cells per kilogram of recipient's body weight was obtained and infused intravenously. The median time from enrollment into the study to infusion of the expanded CIK cells was 30 days. RESULTS ITG2 efficiently expanded immune effector cells that comprised both conventional natural killer (NK) cells and CD3(+) CD16(+) CD56(+) CIK cells. One patient with advanced melanoma died because of disease progression before the infusion of CIK cells. The target dose of at least 2.5 × 10(6) CIK cells/kg of recipient's body weight was reached in four out of five evaluable patients. CIK cells were administered intravenously without any measurable toxicity. In vitro, CIK cells exerted lytic activity against cervical cancer cells. The median survival was 4.5 months (range 1-13) from the first infusion of CIK cells. CONCLUSIONS This study has highlighted the feasibility and safety of the administration of CIK cells generated with the ITG2 protocol. Whether CIK cells can help control disease burden in patients with advanced malignancies will be determined in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rutella
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
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Ma Y, Xu YC, Tang L, Zhang Z, Wang J, Wang HX. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: efficacy and safety. Exp Hematol Oncol 2012; 1:11. [PMID: 23210562 PMCID: PMC3514101 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-1-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Materials and methods Randomized phase II and III trials on CIK cell-based therapy were identified by electronic searches using a combination of "hepatocellular carcinoma" and "cytokine-induced killer cells". Results The analysis showed significant survival benefit (one-year survival, p < 0.001; two-year survival, p < 0.001; median overall survival, p < 0.001) in favor of CIK-based therapy. Comparison of CIK group versus non-CIK group resulted in a significantly prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) (p < 0.01). A favored disease control rate (DCR) and overall response rate (ORR) were also observed in patients receiving CIK cell therapy (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, patients in the CIK group showed better quality of life (QoL), diminished HBV-DNA content and AFP level (p < 0.01). Comparing T-lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood, the analysis showed the ratio of CD3+, CD4+, CD4+CD8+ and CD3+CD4+ T cells significantly increased in the CIK group, compared with the non-CIK group (p < 0.01). Conclusions CIK cell therapy demonstrated a significant superiority in prolonging the median overall survival, PFS, DCR, ORR and QoL of HCC patients. These results support further larger scale randomized controlled trials for HCC patients with or without the combination of other therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China.
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Mesiano G, Todorovic M, Gammaitoni L, Leuci V, Giraudo Diego L, Carnevale-Schianca F, Fagioli F, Piacibello W, Aglietta M, Sangiolo D. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells as feasible and effective adoptive immunotherapy for the treatment of solid tumors. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:673-84. [PMID: 22500889 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.675323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are heterogeneous ex vivo-expanded T lymphocytes with mixed T-NK phenotype and endowed with a wide MHC-unrestricted antitumor activity. CIK cells can be expanded from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cultured with the timed addition of IFN-γ, Ab anti-CD3 and IL2. A consistent subset of mature CIK cells presents a CD3(+)CD56(+) phenotype. The CD3(+)CD56(+) cellular subset is the main responsible for the tumor-killing activity, mostly mediated by the interaction of NKG2D receptor with MHC-unrestricted ligands (MIC A/B; ULBPs) on tumor cells. AREAS COVERED In the present work, we described the biologic characteristics of CIK cells, focusing on those aspects that may favor their clinical translation. We reviewed preclinical data and analyzed reports from clinical trials. A specific paragraph is dedicated to future research perspectives in the field. EXPERT OPINION CIK cells represent a realistic new option in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Crucial issues, favoring their clinical translation, are the easy availability of large amounts of expanded CIK cells and their MHC-unrestricted tumor killing, potentially effective against many tumor types. Intriguing future perspectives and open challenges are the investigation of synergisms with other immunotherapy approaches, targeted therapies or even conventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mesiano
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Therapy of Cancer, University of Torino Medical School, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
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Ma Y, Zhang Z, Tang L, Xu YC, Xie ZM, Gu XF, Wang HX. Cytokine-induced killer cells in the treatment of patients with solid carcinomas: a systematic review and pooled analysis. Cytotherapy 2012; 14:483-93. [PMID: 22277010 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2011.649185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy for solid carcinomas. METHODS We performed a computerized search of phase II/III clinical trial databases of CIK cell-based therapy using a combination of the terms 'cytokine-induced killer cells', 'tumor' and 'cancer'. RESULTS Treatment with CIK cells was associated with a significantly improved half-year survival (P = 0.003), 1-year survival (P = 0.0005), 2-year survival (P < 0.01) and mean survival time (MST) (P < 0.001). Patients in the CIK group showed a prolonged half-year progression-free survival (PFS) (P < 0.01), 1-year PFS (P < 0.01) and median time to progression (MTTP) (P < 0.001). A favored disease control rate (DCR) was observed in patients receiving CIK cell therapy, while the objective response rate (ORR) was not altered (P = 0.05) compared with the non-CIK group (P = 0.007). CIK cell therapy could also reduce the adverse effects of grade III and IV leukopenia caused by chemotherapy (P = 0.002) and diminish hepatitis B virus (HBV)-DNA content (P < 0.01). However, the incidence of fever in the CIK therapy group was significantly higher than in the non-CIK group (P = 0.02). The percentage of CD3(+), CD4(+), CD4(+)CD8(+), CD3(-) CD56(+) and CD3(+) CD56(+) T-lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of cancer patients was significantly increased, whereas the percentage of CD8(+) T-lymphocyte cells was significantly decreased in the CIK group compared with the non-CIK group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS CIK cell therapy has demonstrated a significant superiority in prolonging the MST, PFS, DCR and quality of life (QoL) of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Al Omar SY, Marshall E, Middleton D, Christmas SE. Increased numbers but functional defects of CD56+CD3+ cells in lung cancer. Int Immunol 2012; 24:409-15. [PMID: 22366043 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxr122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD56+ T cells were studied in samples of peripheral blood from small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients compared with healthy controls. Relative numbers of CD56+CD3+ cells were increased in NSCLC (P = 0.001) and SCLC (P = 0.002) compared with normal subjects but their ability to respond to activation by up-regulating CD25 or producing IFN-γ were both significantly impaired. Expression of the killer-immunoglobulin-like receptor CD158a was significantly lower on CD56+CD3+ cells in SCLC than controls and also in early stage compared with late stage NSCLC patients. Mean levels of CD158e were higher in NSCLC patients than controls. CD158e levels on CD56+CD3+ cells were increased in the presence of its ligand HLA-Bw4 compared with controls. Although the precise role of CD56+CD3+ cells is not clear, they appear to be functionally impaired in lung cancer, which may have implications for a reduction of direct or indirect anti-tumour responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman Y Al Omar
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
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Rettinger E, Kuçi S, Naumann I, Becker P, Kreyenberg H, Anzaghe M, Willasch A, Koehl U, Bug G, Ruthardt M, Klingebiel T, Fulda S, Bader P. The cytotoxic potential of interleukin-15-stimulated cytokine-induced killer cells against leukemia cells. Cytotherapy 2011; 14:91-103. [PMID: 21973023 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2011.613931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells may serve as an alternative approach to adoptive donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI) for patients with acute leukemia relapsing after haplo-identical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We investigated the feasibility of enhancing CIK cell-mediated cytotoxicity by interleukin (IL)-15 against acute myeloid and lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma cells. METHODS CIK cells were activated using IL-2 (CIK(IL-2)) or IL-15 (CIK(IL-15)) and phenotypically analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Cytotoxic potential was measured by europium release assay. RESULTS CIK(IL-2) cells showed potent cytotoxicity against the T-lymphoma cell line H9, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cell line MOLT-4 and subtype M4 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell line THP-1, but low cytotoxicity against the precursor B (pB)-cell ALL cell line Tanoue. IL-15 stimulation resulted in a significant enhancement of CIK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma cell lines as well as against primary acute myeloid and defined lymphoblastic leukemia cells. However, the alloreactive potential of CIK(IL-15) cells remained low. Further analysis of CIK(IL-15) cells demonstrated that the NKG2D receptor is apparently involved in the recognition of target cells whereas killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)-HLA mismatches contributed to a lesser extent to the CIK(IL-15) cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In this context, CD3 (+) CD8 (+) CD25 (+) CD56(-) CIK(IL-15) cell subpopulations were more effective in the lysis of AML cells, in contrast with CD56 (+) CIK(IL-15) cells, which showed the highest cytotoxic potential against ALL cells. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence that CIK(IL-15) cells may offer a therapeutic option for patients with refractory or relapsed leukemia following haplo-identical HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Rettinger
- University Children's Hospital of Frankfurt/Main and Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Hemostaseology, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Schöttker B, Schmidt-Wolf IGH. Pulsing with blast cell lysate or blast-derived total RNA reverses the dendritic cell-mediated cytotoxic activity of cytokine-induced killer cells against allogeneic acute myelogenous leukemia cells. GERMAN MEDICAL SCIENCE : GMS E-JOURNAL 2011; 9:Doc18. [PMID: 21863132 PMCID: PMC3158648 DOI: 10.3205/000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic strategies may be a treatment option in patients with refractory acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) or, in cases of complete remission after conventional therapy regimens, may help to reduce disease recurrence or delay time to progression. Evidence suggests a key role of dendritic cells (DCs) in cancer immunotherapy due to their capacity to present tumour antigens to effector cells. We generated cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells from healthy donors and examined their responses in vitro in an LDH release assay against three cell lines and allogeneic HLA non-matched blasts from three patients with de novo AML after coincubation with autologous peripheral blood monocyte-derived DCs. Although DCs were unable to enhance CIK cell effects against all three cell lines tested, the cytotoxic activity against the patients’ AML cells increased after coculture with mature DCs, which was significant in two of three patients. However, neither prior pulsing of the DCs with blast cell lysates nor with leukemic cell-derived total RNA further enhanced the lytic capacity of the CIK cells. On the contrary, pulsing reduced or even reversed the cytotoxic activity of the effector cells. This decrease of allogeneic cytotoxicity led us to conclude that monocyte-derived DCs may be useful in autologous or allogeneic vaccine strategies for the treatment of AML or in priming donor lymphocytes in vitro, but unfractionated antigens as pulsing agents may have inhibitory effects on T cell efficiency and their employment in immunotherapeutic strategies for AML seems questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Schöttker
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinik Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Sangiolo D. Cytokine induced killer cells as promising immunotherapy for solid tumors. J Cancer 2011; 2:363-8. [PMID: 21716717 PMCID: PMC3119405 DOI: 10.7150/jca.2.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are a heterogeneous subset of ex-vivo expanded T lymphocytes which present a mixed T-NK phenotype and are endowed with a MHC-unrestricted antitumor activity. The main functional properties of CIK cells may address some of the main limitations that are currently preventing the successful clinical translation of adoptive immunotherapy strategies. Clinically adequate quantities of immune effectors, sufficient for multiple adoptive infusions, may be obtained based on their relatively easy and inexpensive ex-vivo expansion starting from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The MHC-unrestricted tumor-killing is mainly based on the interaction between NKG2D molecules on CIK cells and MIC A/B or ULBPs molecules on tumor cells; it has been proved effective against several solid and hematological malignancies and does not require any HLA-restriction increasing the number of patients that might potentially benefit from such approach. Finally, CIK cells present a reduced alloreactivity across HLA-barriers with important clinical implications for their potential use as alternative to conventional Donor Lymphocyte Infusions after allogeneic hemopoietic cell transplant with a reduced risk of GVHD. In the present report we review the main functional characteristics of CIK cells discussing recent findings and future perspectives to improve their antitumor activity and potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Sangiolo
- Laboratory of Cell Therapy of Cancer, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment, Candiolo (Torino), Italy
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