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Pruchnik BC, Fidelus JD, Gacka E, Mika K, Zaraska L, Sulka GD, Gotszalk TP. Atomic force microscopy in mechanical measurements of single nanowires. Ultramicroscopy 2024; 263:113985. [PMID: 38759603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2024.113985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we present the results of mechanical measurement of single nanowires (NWs) in a repeatable manner. Substrates with specifically designed mechanical features were used for NW placement and localization for measurements of properties such as Young's modulus or tensile strength of NW with an atomic force microscopy (AFM) system. Dense arrays of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires were obtained by one-step anodic oxidation of metallic Zn foil in a sodium bicarbonate electrolyte and thermal post-treatment. ZnO NWs with a hexagonal wurtzite structure were fixed to the substrates using focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) and were annealed at different temperatures in situ. We show a 10-fold change in the properties of annealed materials as well as a difference in the properties of the NW materials from their bulk values with pre-annealed Young modulus at the level of 20 GPa and annealed reaching 200 GPa. We found the newly developed method to be much more versatile, allowing for in situ operations of NWs, including measurements with different methods of scanning probe microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz C Pruchnik
- Department of Nanometrology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Janiszewskiego 11/17, Wrocław 50-370, Poland
| | - Janusz D Fidelus
- Time and Length Department, Central Office of Measures, Elektoralna 2, Warsaw 00-139, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Gacka
- Department of Nanometrology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Janiszewskiego 11/17, Wrocław 50-370, Poland
| | - Krystyna Mika
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Leszek Zaraska
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Grzegorz D Sulka
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Teodor P Gotszalk
- Department of Nanometrology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Janiszewskiego 11/17, Wrocław 50-370, Poland
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Gallivan RA, Aitken ZH, Chamoun-Farah A, Zhang YW, Greer JR. Microstructure-driven mechanical and electromechanical phenomena in additively manufactured nanocrystalline zinc oxide. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 35:065706. [PMID: 37922547 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad0984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in nanoscale additive manufacturing (AM) offer great opportunities to expand nanotechnologies; however, the size effects in these printed remain largely unexplored. Using bothin situnanomechanical and electrical experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, this study investigates additively manufactured nano-architected nanocrystalline ZnO (nc-ZnO) with ∼7 nm grains and dimensions spanning 0.25-4μm. These nano-scale ceramics are fabricated through printing and subsequent burning of metal ion-containing hydrogels to produce oxide structures. Electromechanical behavior is shown to result from random ordering in the microstructure and can be modeled through a statistical treatment. A size effect in the failure behavior of AM nc-ZnO is also observed and characterized by the changes in deformation behavior and suppression of brittle failure. MD simulations provide insights to the role of grain boundaries and grain boundary plasticity on both electromechanical behavior and failure mechanisms in nc-ZnO. The frameworks developed in this paper extend to other AM nanocrystalline materials and provide quantification of microstructurally-drive limitations to precision in materials property design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Gallivan
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, CA 91125, United States of America
- Laboratory for Nanometallurgy, Department of MaterialsTH Zurich, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Zachary H Aitken
- Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis North, 138632, Singapore
| | - Antoine Chamoun-Farah
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, CA 91125, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 110 Inner Campus Drive, Austin, TX 78705, United States of America
| | - Yong-Wei Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis North, 138632, Singapore
| | - Julia R Greer
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, CA 91125, United States of America
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3
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Gogneau N, Chrétien P, Sodhi T, Couraud L, Leroy L, Travers L, Harmand JC, Julien FH, Tchernycheva M, Houzé F. Electromechanical conversion efficiency of GaN NWs: critical influence of the NW stiffness, the Schottky nano-contact and the surface charge effects. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4965-4976. [PMID: 35297939 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07863a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The piezoelectric nanowires (NWs) are considered as promising nanomaterials to develop high-efficient piezoelectric generators. Establishing the relationship between their characteristics and their piezoelectric conversion properties is now essential to further improve the devices. However, due to their nanoscale dimensions, the NWs are characterized by new properties that are challenging to investigate. Here, we use an advanced nano-characterization tool derived from AFM to quantify the piezo-conversion properties of NWs axially compressed with a well-controlled applied force. This unique technique allows to establish the direct relation between the output signal generation and the NW stiffness and to quantify the electromechanical coupling coefficient of GaN NWs, which can reach up to 43.4%. We highlight that this coefficient is affected by the formation of the Schottky nano-contact harvesting the piezo-generated energy, and is extremely sensitive to the surface charge effects, strongly pronounced in sub-100 nm wide GaN NWs. These results constitute a new building block in the improvement of NW-based nanogenerator devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle Gogneau
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR9001, Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Pascal Chrétien
- Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie électrique et électronique de Paris, 11 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Tanbir Sodhi
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR9001, Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
- Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie électrique et électronique de Paris, 11 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Laurent Couraud
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR9001, Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Laetitia Leroy
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR9001, Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Laurent Travers
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR9001, Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Jean-Chistophe Harmand
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR9001, Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - François H Julien
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR9001, Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Maria Tchernycheva
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR9001, Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Frédéric Houzé
- Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie électrique et électronique de Paris, 11 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
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Soldano GJ, Zanotto FM, Mariscal MM. Mechanochemical stability of sub-nm ZnO chains. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:7688-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07797d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Formation of monoatomic chains by axial stretching of zinc oxide nanowires is investigated using molecular dynamics and supported by density functional calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán J. Soldano
- INFIQC – Departamento de Matemática y Física – Facultad de Ciencias
- Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Argentina
| | - Franco M. Zanotto
- INFIQC – Departamento de Matemática y Física – Facultad de Ciencias
- Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Argentina
| | - Marcelo M. Mariscal
- INFIQC – Departamento de Matemática y Física – Facultad de Ciencias
- Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Argentina
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Soldano GJ, Zanotto FM, Mariscal MM. Mechanical stability of zinc oxide nanowires under tensile loading: is wurtzite stable at the nanoscale? RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04518e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New theoretical evidence suggests that ZnO wurtzite nanowires transform to a body-centered-tetragonal structure under tensile loading at 600 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán J. Soldano
- INFIQC-Departamento de Matemática y Física-Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Argentina
| | - Franco M. Zanotto
- INFIQC-Departamento de Matemática y Física-Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Argentina
| | - Marcelo M. Mariscal
- INFIQC-Departamento de Matemática y Física-Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
- Argentina
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Berti C, Gillespie D, Eisenberg RS, Fiegna C. Particle-based simulation of charge transport in discrete-charge nano-scale systems: the electrostatic problem. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2012; 7:135. [PMID: 22338640 PMCID: PMC3395871 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-7-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The fast and accurate computation of the electric forces that drive the motion of charged particles at the nanometer scale represents a computational challenge. For this kind of system, where the discrete nature of the charges cannot be neglected, boundary element methods (BEM) represent a better approach than finite differences/finite elements methods. In this article, we compare two different BEM approaches to a canonical electrostatic problem in a three-dimensional space with inhomogeneous dielectrics, emphasizing their suitability for particle-based simulations: the iterative method proposed by Hoyles et al. and the Induced Charge Computation introduced by Boda et al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Berti
- ARCES, University of Bologna and IUNET, Via Venezia 260, 47521, Cesena, Italy.
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