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Hill R, Phipps J, Greenwood R, Skuse D, Zhang ZJ. The effect of pre-treatment and process conditions on the gas barrier properties of fibrillated cellulose films and coatings: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 337:122085. [PMID: 38710579 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) is a bio-material produced by disintegrating cellulose fibres into fibrillar components. MFC could offer a sustainable solution to packaging needs since it can form an excellent barrier to oxygen. However, a comprehensive understanding of how MFC characteristics impact barrier properties of MFC films or coatings is required. This article critically reviews how the extent of separation of fibres into fibrils-and any resulting changes to the crystallinity and degree of polymerisation of cellulose-influences gas barrier properties of MFC films or coatings. Findings from publications investigating the barrier performance of MFC prepared through different processes intending to increase the effectiveness of fibrillation are evaluated and compared. The effects of processing conditions or chemical pre-treatments on barrier properties of MFC films or coatings are then discussed. A comparison of reported results showed that morphology and size polydispersity of the cellulose strongly influence the barrier properties of MFC. However, changing the MFC production process to decrease fibril diameter and polydispersity can result in changes to cellulose crystallinity; reduction in fibril length; introduction of bulky functional groups; or increased fibril surface charge: all of which could have a negative impact on the barrier properties of the final films or coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Hill
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; FiberLean Technologies, Par Moor Road, Par PL24 2SQ, UK.
| | - Jon Phipps
- FiberLean Technologies, Par Moor Road, Par PL24 2SQ, UK.
| | - Richard Greenwood
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - David Skuse
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; FiberLean Technologies, Par Moor Road, Par PL24 2SQ, UK.
| | - Zhenyu Jason Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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2
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Review on Hybrid Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites with Nanocellulose, Nanomaterials, and Other Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040984. [PMID: 36850267 PMCID: PMC9959991 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of composite materials has seen many new innovations for a large variety of applications. The area of reinforcement in composites is also rapidly evolving with many new discoveries, including the use of hybrid fibers, sustainable materials, and nanocellulose. In this review, studies on hybrid fiber reinforcement, the use of nanocellulose, the use of nanocellulose in hybrid forms, the use of nanocellulose with other nanomaterials, the applications of these materials, and finally, the challenges and opportunities (including safety issues) of their use are thoroughly discussed. This review will point out new prospects for the composite materials world, enabling the use of nano- and micron-sized materials together and creating value-added products at the industrial scale. Furthermore, the use of hybrid structures consisting of two different nano-materials creates many novel solutions for applications in electronics and sensors.
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3
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Song HG, Choi I, Lee JS, Chung MN, Yoon CS, Han J. Comparative study on physicochemical properties of starch films prepared from five sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) cultivars. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 189:758-767. [PMID: 34419545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Five different sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) cultivars (Daeyumi, Gogeonmi, Sincheonmi [SCM], Singeonmi, and Sinyulmi [SYM]) were used to extract sweet potato starch (SPS) for developing starch-based films. After the chemical composition and amylose contents of all SPSs were evaluated, the morphological, moisture, mechanical, and barrier properties of the SPS-based films were investigated. As one of the film characteristics, the X-ray diffractograms revealed that the SCM-based film with the highest amylose content (26.34%) had the highest relative crystallinity (24.31%). The SCM-based film also showed higher tensile strength (3.05-fold) and elastic modulus (2.38-fold) than the SYM-based film with the lowest amylose content (21.84%). The water vapor and oxygen permeabilities of the SPS-based films were negatively correlated with the amylose content. Thus, the SCM-based film was less permeable for water vapor (3.16-fold) and oxygen (1.81-fold) than the SYM-based film. These results demonstrated that the sweet potato cultivar, especially the amylose content, plays a significant role in determining the physicochemical properties of the SPS-based films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Geon Song
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Inyoung Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Soo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Nam Chung
- Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do 58545, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chan Suk Yoon
- Agency for Korea National Food Cluster (AnFC), Iksan 54576, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaejoon Han
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Di Matteo G, Di Matteo P, Sambucci M, Tirillò J, Giusti AM, Vinci G, Gobbi L, Prencipe SA, Salvo A, Ingallina C, Spano M, Sobolev AP, Proietti N, Di Tullio V, Russo P, Mannina L, Valente M. Commercial Bio-Packaging to Preserve the Quality and Extend the Shelf-Life of Vegetables: The Case-Study of Pumpkin Samples Studied by a Multimethodological Approach. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102440. [PMID: 34681489 PMCID: PMC8535681 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A multidisciplinary protocol is proposed to monitor the preservation of fresh pumpkin samples (FP) using three commercial polymeric films: A made of biodegradable cellophane from regenerated cellulose pulp; B from corn starch, cassava and eucalyptus, C made of polylactic acid from corn starch, and a polyethylene film used as reference (REF). Chemical, mechanical and microbiological analyses were applied on packaging and fresh and packaged samples at different times. After an 11-day period, NMR spectroscopy results showed a sucrose increase and a malic acid decrease in all the biofilms with respect to FP; fructose, glucose, galactose levels remained quite constant in biofilms B and C; the most abundant amino acids remained quite constant in biofilm A and decreased significantly in biofilm B. From microbiological analyses total microbial count was below the threshold value up to 7 days for samples in all the films, and 11 days for biofilm C. The lactic acid bacteria, and yeasts and molds counts were below the acceptability limit during the 11 days for all packages. In the case of biofilm C, the most promising packaging for microbiological point of view, aroma analysis was also carried out. In this paper, you can find all the analysis performed and all the values found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Di Matteo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Laboratorio di Chimica degli Alimenti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00182 Roma, Italy; (G.D.M.); (A.S.); (C.I.); (M.S.)
| | - Paola Di Matteo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Materiali Ambiente, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy; (P.D.M.); (M.S.); (J.T.); (M.V.)
| | - Matteo Sambucci
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Materiali Ambiente, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy; (P.D.M.); (M.S.); (J.T.); (M.V.)
| | - Jacopo Tirillò
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Materiali Ambiente, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy; (P.D.M.); (M.S.); (J.T.); (M.V.)
| | - Anna Maria Giusti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Roma, Italy;
| | - Giuliana Vinci
- Dipartimento di Management, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161 Roma, Italy; (G.V.); (L.G.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Laura Gobbi
- Dipartimento di Management, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161 Roma, Italy; (G.V.); (L.G.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Sabrina Antonia Prencipe
- Dipartimento di Management, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161 Roma, Italy; (G.V.); (L.G.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Andrea Salvo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Laboratorio di Chimica degli Alimenti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00182 Roma, Italy; (G.D.M.); (A.S.); (C.I.); (M.S.)
| | - Cinzia Ingallina
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Laboratorio di Chimica degli Alimenti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00182 Roma, Italy; (G.D.M.); (A.S.); (C.I.); (M.S.)
| | - Mattia Spano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Laboratorio di Chimica degli Alimenti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00182 Roma, Italy; (G.D.M.); (A.S.); (C.I.); (M.S.)
| | - Anatoly P. Sobolev
- Laboratorio di Risonanza Magnetica “Segre-Capitani”, Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, CNR, Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (A.P.S.); (N.P.); (V.D.T.)
| | - Noemi Proietti
- Laboratorio di Risonanza Magnetica “Segre-Capitani”, Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, CNR, Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (A.P.S.); (N.P.); (V.D.T.)
| | - Valeria Di Tullio
- Laboratorio di Risonanza Magnetica “Segre-Capitani”, Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, CNR, Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy; (A.P.S.); (N.P.); (V.D.T.)
| | - Paola Russo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Materiali Ambiente, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy; (P.D.M.); (M.S.); (J.T.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (L.M.); Tel.: +39-06-44585565 (P.R.); +39-06-499137352 (L.M.)
| | - Luisa Mannina
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Laboratorio di Chimica degli Alimenti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00182 Roma, Italy; (G.D.M.); (A.S.); (C.I.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (L.M.); Tel.: +39-06-44585565 (P.R.); +39-06-499137352 (L.M.)
| | - Marco Valente
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Materiali Ambiente, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy; (P.D.M.); (M.S.); (J.T.); (M.V.)
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5
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Iso- and Anisotropic Etching of Micro Nanofibrillated Cellulose Films by Sequential Oxygen and Nitrogen Gas Plasma Exposure for Tunable Wettability on Crystalline and Amorphous Regions. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14133571. [PMID: 34202327 PMCID: PMC8269647 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The surface of cellulose films, obtained from micro nanofibrillated cellulose produced with different enzymatic pretreatment digestion times of refined pulp, was exposed to gas plasma, resulting in a range of surface chemical and morphological changes affecting the mechanical and surface interactional properties. The action of separate and dual exposure to oxygen and nitrogen cold dielectric barrier discharge plasma was studied with respect to the generation of roughness (confocal laser and atomic force microscopy), nanostructural and chemical changes on the cellulose film surface, and their combined effect on wettability. Elemental analysis showed that with longer enzymatic pretreatment time the wetting response was sensitive to the chemical and morphological changes induced by both plasma gases, but distinctly oxygen plasma was seen to induce much greater morphological change while nitrogen plasma contributed more to chemical modification of the film surface. In this novel study, it is shown that exposure to oxygen plasma, subsequently followed by exposure to nitrogen plasma, leads first to an increase in wetting, and second to more hydrophobic behaviour, thus improving, for example, suitability for printing using polar functional inks or providing film barrier properties, respectively.
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Balea A, Fuente E, Monte MC, Merayo N, Campano C, Negro C, Blanco A. Industrial Application of Nanocelluloses in Papermaking: A Review of Challenges, Technical Solutions, and Market Perspectives. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030526. [PMID: 31991802 PMCID: PMC7037648 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanocelluloses (NC) increase mechanical and barrier paper properties allowing the use of paper in applications actually covered by other materials. Despite the exponential increase of information, NC have not been fully implemented in papermaking yet, due to the challenges of using NC. This paper provides a review of the main new findings and emerging possibilities in this field by focusing mainly on: (i) Decoupling the effects of NC on wet-end and paper properties by using synergies with retention aids, chemical modification, or filler preflocculation; (ii) challenges and solutions related to the incorporation of NC in the pulp suspension and its effects on barrier properties; and (iii) characterization needs of NC at an industrial scale. The paper also includes the market perspectives. It is concluded that to solve these challenges specific solutions are required for each paper product and process, being the wet-end optimization the key to decouple NC effects on drainage and paper properties. Furthermore, the effect of NC on recyclability must also be taken into account to reach a compromise solution. This review helps readers find upscale options for using NC in papermaking and identify further research needs within this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Balea
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (E.F.); (M.C.M.); (N.M.); (C.C.); (C.N.)
| | - Elena Fuente
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (E.F.); (M.C.M.); (N.M.); (C.C.); (C.N.)
| | - M. Concepcion Monte
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (E.F.); (M.C.M.); (N.M.); (C.C.); (C.N.)
| | - Noemi Merayo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (E.F.); (M.C.M.); (N.M.); (C.C.); (C.N.)
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Industrial Design Engineering, ETSIDI, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Ronda de Valencia 3, 28012 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Campano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (E.F.); (M.C.M.); (N.M.); (C.C.); (C.N.)
| | - Carlos Negro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (E.F.); (M.C.M.); (N.M.); (C.C.); (C.N.)
| | - Angeles Blanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (E.F.); (M.C.M.); (N.M.); (C.C.); (C.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-394-4247
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8
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Abstract
Cellulose widely existed in plants and bacteria, which takes important effect on the synthesis of macromolecule polymer material. Because of its great material properties, the cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) showed its necessary prospect in various industrial applications. As a renewable future material, the preparation methods of the CNC were reviewed in this paper. Meanwhile, the important applications of CNC in the field of composites, barrier film, electronics, and energy consumption were also mentioned with brief introductions. The summarized preparations and considerable applications provided operable ideas and methods for the future high-end and eco-friendly functional composites. Suggestions for potential applications were also discussed.
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9
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Alves L, Ferraz E, Gamelas J. Composites of nanofibrillated cellulose with clay minerals: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 272:101994. [PMID: 31394436 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.101994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Biopolymers-based composites are, in general, environmentally friendly materials, which can be obtained from renewable sources. Some of them can also present promising properties to be used in food packaging and electronic devices, being thus logical substitutes to petroleum-based polymers, specifically plastics. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) obtained by chemical/enzymatic pre-treatments followed by a mechanical treatment appear as a new suitable biomaterial. However, CNF are still quite expensive materials, due to the required chemicals/equipment/energy involved, and additionally, they present some limitations such as high hydrophilicity/high water vapour permeability. The combination of CNF with clay minerals, such as montmorillonite or kaolinite, as widely available geo-resources, represents an excellent way to reduce the amount of CNF used, enabling the production of valuable materials and reducing costs; and, at the same time it is possible to improve the characteristics of the formed materials, such as mechanical, gas barrier and fire retardancy properties, if appropriate conditions of preparation are used. Nevertheless, to obtain hybrid CNF/clay composites with superior properties it is necessary to ensure a good dispersion of the inorganic material in the CNF suspension and a good compatibility among the inorganic and organic components. To fulfil this goal, several strategies can be considered, including physical treatments of the suspensions, CNF and clay surface chemical modifications, and the use of a coupling agent. In this review article, the state-of-the-art on a new emerging generation of composites (films, foams or coatings) based on nanofibrillated cellulose and nanoclay, with focus on strategies for their preparation and most relevant achievements is critically reviewed, bearing in mind their potential application as substitutes for common plastics. A third component has been eventually added to these organic-inorganic hybrids, e.g., chitosan, carboxymethylcellulose, borate or epoxy resin, to enhance specific characteristics of the material. Some general background on the production of different types of CNF and their main properties is previously provided.
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Yu Z, Alsammarraie FK, Nayigiziki FX, Wang W, Vardhanabhuti B, Mustapha A, Lin M. Effect and mechanism of cellulose nanofibrils on the active functions of biopolymer-based nanocomposite films. Food Res Int 2017; 99:166-172. [PMID: 28784473 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are superfine cellulose fibrils with a nanoscale diameter and have gained increasing attention due to their great potential in the food industry. However, the applications of CNFs in active food packaging are still limited. The objectives of this study were to develop biopolymer-based edible nanocomposite films using CNFs, corn starch, and chitosan, and to investigate the effect and mechanisms of CNFs on the active functions and properties of the nanocomposite films. Important functional properties of the films were measured and the films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Zetasizer. The results demonstrate that CNFs increased the rigidity of the films due to more hydrogen bonds being induced by CNFs (≥60%). Incorporating a high content of CNFs (≥60%) in the film resulted in enhanced filling effect on the structure of the biopolymer films, which significantly improved the light barrier, oxygen barrier and water vapor barrier capacities. As CNF content increased to 100%, the film opacity increased by 59%, while the peroxide value of corn oil protected with edible films was reduced by 23%. Furthermore, the antimicrobial properties of the edible films with 80% and 100% CNFs were increased by up to 2logCFU/g on day 8 in a beef model, due to more positive charges in the films and improved blocking effects on oxygen. These results demonstrate that CNFs can effectively enhance the antimicrobial effect and barrier properties of biopolymer-based nanocomposite films and have great potential in applications of active packaging for food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Yu
- Food Science Program, Division of Food Systems & Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Fouad K Alsammarraie
- Food Science Program, Division of Food Systems & Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Francois Xavier Nayigiziki
- Food Science Program, Division of Food Systems & Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Food Science Program, Division of Food Systems & Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Bongkosh Vardhanabhuti
- Food Science Program, Division of Food Systems & Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Azlin Mustapha
- Food Science Program, Division of Food Systems & Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Mengshi Lin
- Food Science Program, Division of Food Systems & Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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11
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Aspects on nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) processing, rheology and NFC-film properties. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Menas AL, Yanamala N, Farcas MT, Russo M, Friend S, Fournier PM, Star A, Iavicoli I, Shurin GV, Vogel UB, Fadeel B, Beezhold D, Kisin ER, Shvedova AA. Fibrillar vs crystalline nanocellulose pulmonary epithelial cell responses: Cytotoxicity or inflammation? CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 171:671-680. [PMID: 28061425 PMCID: PMC5459363 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose (NC) is emerging as a highly promising nanomaterial for a wide range of applications. Moreover, many types of NC are produced, each exhibiting a slightly different shape, size, and chemistry. The main objective of this study was to compare cytotoxic effects of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NCF). The human lung epithelial cells (A549) were exposed for 24 h and 72 h to five different NC particles to determine how variations in properties contribute to cellular outcomes, including cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and cytokine secretion. Our results showed that NCF were more toxic compared to CNC particles with respect to cytotoxicity and oxidative stress responses. However, exposure to CNC caused an inflammatory response with significantly elevated inflammatory cytokines/chemokines compared to NCF. Interestingly, cellulose staining indicated that CNC particles, but not NCF, were taken up by the cells. Furthermore, clustering analysis of the inflammatory cytokines revealed a similarity of NCF to the carbon nanofibers response and CNC to the chitin, a known immune modulator and innate cell activator. Taken together, the present study has revealed distinct differences between fibrillar and crystalline nanocellulose and demonstrated that physicochemical properties of NC are critical in determining their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn L Menas
- Exposure Assessment Branch/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | | | - Maria Russo
- Institute of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Sherri Friend
- Pathology & Physiology Research Branch/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Philip M Fournier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexander Star
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ivo Iavicoli
- Department of Public Health, Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Galina V Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ulla B Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Donald Beezhold
- Health Effects Laboratory Division/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Elena R Kisin
- Exposure Assessment Branch/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Anna A Shvedova
- Exposure Assessment Branch/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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13
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Yanamala N, Kisin ER, Menas AL, Farcas MT, Khaliullin TO, Vogel UB, Shurin GV, Schwegler-Berry D, Fournier PM, Star A, Shvedova AA. In Vitro Toxicity Evaluation of Lignin-(Un)coated Cellulose Based Nanomaterials on Human A549 and THP-1 Cells. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:3464-3473. [PMID: 27709894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A significant amount of research toward commercial development of cellulose based nanomaterials (CNM) is now in progress with some potential applications. Using human A549 and THP-1 cells, we evaluated the biological responses of various CNMs, made out of similar material but with functional and morphological variations. While A549 cells displayed minimal or no cytotoxic responses following exposure to CNMs, THP-1 cells were more susceptible to cytotoxicity, cellular damage and inflammatory responses. Further analysis of these biological responses evaluated using hierarchical clustering approaches was effective in discriminating (dis)-similarities of various CNMs studied and identified potential inflammatory factors contributing to cytotoxicity. No correlation between cytotoxicity and surface properties of CNMs was found. This study clearly highlights that, in addition to the source and characteristics of CNMs, cell type-specific differences in the recognition/uptake of CNMs along with their inherent capability to respond to external stimuli are crucial for assessing the toxicity of CNMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveena Yanamala
- Exposure Assessment Branch/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Elena R Kisin
- Exposure Assessment Branch/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Autumn L Menas
- Exposure Assessment Branch/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Mariana T Farcas
- Exposure Assessment Branch/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Timur O Khaliullin
- Exposure Assessment Branch/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Ulla B Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment , Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Galina V Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Diane Schwegler-Berry
- Pathology & Physiology Research Branch/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Philip M Fournier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alexander Star
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Anna A Shvedova
- Exposure Assessment Branch/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
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14
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Csiszar E, Kalic P, Kobol A, Ferreira EDP. The effect of low frequency ultrasound on the production and properties of nanocrystalline cellulose suspensions and films. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2016; 31:473-480. [PMID: 26964974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Suspension of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) produced from bleached cotton by controlled sulphuric acid hydrolysis was treated with low frequency ultrasound at 20 kHz and 60% amplitude for 0, 1, 2, 5 and 10 min and the effects of sonication on the properties of both the cellulose nanocrystals and their aqueous suspensions were investigated. Furthermore, a series of nanocellulose films were manufactured from the suspensions that were sonicated for different periods of time and tested. Laser diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy proved that sonication not only disintegrated the large NCC aggregates (Dv50 14.7 μm) to individual nanowhiskers with an average length and width of 171 ± 57 and 17 ± 4 nm, respectively, but also degraded the nanocrystals and yielded shorter and thinner particles (118 ± 45 and 13 ± 3 nm, respectively) at 10-min sonication. The ultrasound-assisted disintegration to nano-sized cellulose whiskers decreased the optical haze of suspensions from 98.4% to 52.8% with increasing time from 0 to 10 min, respectively. Sonication of the suspensions significantly contributed to the preparation of films with low haze (high transparency) and excellent tensile properties. With the increasing duration of sonication, the haze decreased and the tensile strength rose gradually. Irrespectively of sonication, however, all films had an outstanding oxygen transmission rate in a range of 5.5-6.9 cm(3)/m(2)day, and a poor thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Csiszar
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, P.O. Box 91, Hungary.
| | - Petra Kalic
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, P.O. Box 91, Hungary
| | - Akos Kobol
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, P.O. Box 91, Hungary
| | - Eduardo de Paulo Ferreira
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, P.O. Box 91, Hungary
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15
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Kumar V, Elfving A, Koivula H, Bousfield D, Toivakka M. Roll-to-Roll Processed Cellulose Nanofiber Coatings. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar
- Laboratory
of Paper Coating and Converting, Centre for Functional Materials (FUNMAT), Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Axel Elfving
- Laboratory
of Paper Coating and Converting, Centre for Functional Materials (FUNMAT), Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Hanna Koivula
- Department
of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PL 66, Agnes
Sjöberginkatu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Douglas Bousfield
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - Martti Toivakka
- Laboratory
of Paper Coating and Converting, Centre for Functional Materials (FUNMAT), Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
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16
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An investigation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm growth on novel nanocellulose fibre dressings. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 137:191-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Increased functional properties and thermal stability of flexible cellulose nanocrystal/ZnO films. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 136:250-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Nair SS, Yan N. Bark derived submicron-sized and nano-sized cellulose fibers: From industrial waste to high performance materials. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 134:258-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Visanko M, Liimatainen H, Sirviö JA, Mikkonen KS, Tenkanen M, Sliz R, Hormi O, Niinimäki J. Butylamino-functionalized cellulose nanocrystal films: barrier properties and mechanical strength. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra15445b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-standing films were fabricated from butylamino-functionalized cellulose nanocrystals and tested for their mechanical strength and barrier performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miikka Visanko
- Fibre and Particle Engineering Laboratory & Thule Institute
- University of Oulu
- Finland
| | | | | | - Kirsi S. Mikkonen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Maija Tenkanen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Rafal Sliz
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory
- University of Oulu
- Finland
| | - Osmo Hormi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oulu
- Finland
| | - Jouko Niinimäki
- Fibre and Particle Engineering Laboratory
- University of Oulu
- Finland
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20
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Nair SS, Zhu JY, Deng Y, Ragauskas AJ. High performance green barriers based on nanocellulose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/s40508-014-0023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
With the increasing environmental concerns such as sustainability and end-of-life disposal challenges, materials derived from renewable resources such as nanocellulose have been strongly advocated as potential replacements for packaging materials. Nanocellulose can be extracted from various plant resources through mechanical and chemical ways. Nanocellulose with its nanoscale dimensions, high crystalline nature, and the ability to form hydrogen bonds resulting in strong network makes it very hard for the molecules to pass through, suggesting excellent barrier properties associated with films made from these material. This review paper aim to summarize the recent developments in various barrier films based on nanocellulose with special focus on oxygen and water vapor barrier properties.
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21
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Miettinen A, Chinga-Carrasco G, Kataja M. Three-dimensional microstructural properties of nanofibrillated cellulose films. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:6423-40. [PMID: 24743887 PMCID: PMC4013638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15046423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) films have potential as oxygen barriers for, e.g., food packaging applications, but their use is limited by their hygroscopic characteristics. The three-dimensional microstructure of NFC films made of Pinus radiata (Radiata Pine) kraft pulp fibres has been assessed in this study, considering the structural development as a function of relative humidity (RH). The surface roughness, micro-porosity, thickness and their correlations were analyzed using X-ray microtomography (X-μCT) and computerized image analysis. The results are compared to those from scanning electron microscopy and laser profilometry. Based on a series of films having varying amounts of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated oxidated nanofibrils, it was demonstrated that X-μCT is suitable for assessing the surface and bulk 3D microstructure of the cellulose films. Additionally, one of the series was assessed at varying humidity levels, using the non-destructive capabilities of X-μCT and a newly developed humidity chamber for in-situ characterization. The oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of the films (20 g=m2) was below 3:7 mL m⁻² day⁻¹ at humidity levels below 60% RH. However, the OTR increased considerably to 12:4 mL m⁻² day⁻¹ when the humidity level increased to 80% RH. The increase in OTR was attributed to a change of the film porosity, which was reflected as an increase in local thickness. Hence, the characterization techniques applied in this study shed more light on the structures of NFC films and how they are affected by varying humidity levels. It was demonstrated that in increasing relative humidity the films swelled and the oxygen barrier properties decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arttu Miettinen
- Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (YFL) FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Gary Chinga-Carrasco
- Paper and Fibre Research Institute (PFI), Høgskoleringen 6 B, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Markku Kataja
- Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (YFL) FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
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22
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Yanamala N, Farcas MT, Hatfield MK, Kisin ER, Kagan VE, Geraci CL, Shvedova AA. In Vivo Evaluation of the Pulmonary Toxicity of Cellulose Nanocrystals: A Renewable and Sustainable Nanomaterial of the Future. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2014; 2:1691-1698. [PMID: 26753107 PMCID: PMC4703331 DOI: 10.1021/sc500153k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of cellulose as building blocks for the development of novel functional materials is rapidly growing. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), with advantageous chemical and mechanical properties, have gained prominence in a number of applications, such as in nanofillers in polymer composites, building materials, cosmetics, food, and the drug industry. Therefore, it becomes critical to evaluate the potential health effects associated with CNC exposures. The objective of this study was to compare pulmonary outcomes caused by exposure of C57BL/6 mice to two different processed forms of CNC derived from wood, i.e., CNCS (10 wt %; gel/suspension) and CNCP (powder), and compare to asbestos induced responses. Pharyngeal aspiration with CNCS and CNCP was found to facilitate innate inflammatory response assessed by an increase in leukocytes and eosinophils recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Biomarkers of tissue damage were elevated to a higher extent in mice exposed to CNCP. Compared to CNCP, CNCS caused a significant increase in the accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins. The up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines was higher in the lungs after CNCS treatments. Most importantly, CNCP materials were significantly longer than CNCS. Taken together, our data suggests that particle morphology and nanosize dimensions of CNCs, regardless of the same source, may be critical factors affecting the type of innate immune inflammatory responses. Because various processes have been developed for producing highly sophisticated nanocellulose materials, detailed assessment of specific health outcomes with respect to their physical-structural-chemical properties is highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveena Yanamala
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Mariana T. Farcas
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Meghan K. Hatfield
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Elena R. Kisin
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Charles L. Geraci
- Education and Information Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, United States
| | - Anna A. Shvedova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
- Corresponding Author. Phone: (304) 285-6177. Fax: (304) 285-5938.
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23
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Puangsin B, Yang Q, Saito T, Isogai A. Comparative characterization of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibril films prepared from non-wood resources. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 59:208-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Micro-structural characterisation of homogeneous and layered MFC nano-composites. Micron 2013; 44:331-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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