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Pira A, Amatucci A, Melis C, Pezzella A, Manini P, d'Ischia M, Mula G. The interplay of chemical structure, physical properties, and structural design as a tool to modulate the properties of melanins within mesopores. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11436. [PMID: 35794122 PMCID: PMC9258763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of modern devices that can fulfil the requirements for sustainability and renewable energy applications calls for both new materials and a better understanding of the mixing of existing materials. Among those, surely organic–inorganic hybrids are gaining increasing attention due to the wide possibility to tailor their properties by accurate structural design and materials choice. In this work, we’ll describe the tight interplay between porous Si and two melanic polymers permeating the pores. Melanins are a class of biopolymers, known to cause pigmentation in many living species, that shows very interesting potential applications in a wide variety of fields. Given the complexity of the polymerization process beyond the formation and structure, the full understanding of the melanins' properties remains a challenging task. In this study, the use of a melanin/porous Si hybrid as a tool to characterize the polymer’s properties within mesopores gives new insights into the conduction mechanisms of melanins. We demonstrate the dramatic effect induced on these mechanisms in a confined environment by the presence of a thick interface. In previous studies, we already showed that the interactions at the interface between porous Si and eumelanin play a key role in determining the final properties of composite materials. Here, thanks to a careful monitoring of the photoconductivity properties of porous Si filled with melanins obtained by ammonia-induced solid-state polymerization (AISSP) of 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) or 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN), we investigate the effect of wet, dry, and vacuum cycles of storage from the freshly prepared samples to months-old samples. A computational study on the mobility of water molecules within a melanin polymer is also presented to complete the understanding of the experimental data. Our results demonstrate that: (a) the hydration-dependent behavior of melanins is recovered in large pores (≈ 60 nm diameter) while is almost absent in thinner pores (≈ 20 nm diameter); (b) DHN-melanin materials can generate higher photocurrents and proved to be stable for several weeks and more sensitive to the wet/dry variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pira
- PoroSiLab, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato (Ca), Italy
| | - Alberto Amatucci
- PoroSiLab, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato (Ca), Italy
| | - Claudio Melis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato (Ca), Italy
| | - Alessandro Pezzella
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 21, 80126, Napoli (Na), Italy
| | - Paola Manini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 21, 80126, Napoli (Na), Italy
| | - Marco d'Ischia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 21, 80126, Napoli (Na), Italy
| | - Guido Mula
- PoroSiLab, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato (Ca), Italy.
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2
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Understanding the way eumelanin works: A unique example of properties and skills driven by molecular heterogeneity. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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3
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Pinna E, Mehrabanian M, Redolfi Riva E, Cara E, Aprile G, Boarino L, Mula G. Electrochemical Nanolithography on Silicon: An Easy and Scalable Method to Control Pore Formation at the Nanoscale. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2891. [PMID: 31500223 PMCID: PMC6766228 DOI: 10.3390/ma12182891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lithography on a sub-100 nm scale is beyond the diffraction limits of standard optical lithography but is nonetheless a key step in many modern technological applications. At this length scale, there are several possible approaches that require either the preliminary surface deposition of materials or the use of expensive and time-consuming techniques. In our approach, we demonstrate a simple process, easily scalable to large surfaces, where the surface patterning that controls pore formation on highly doped silicon wafers is obtained by an electrochemical process. This method joins the advantages of the low cost of an electrochemical approach with its immediate scalability to large wafers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pinna
- PoroSiLab, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali CNR-IOM, Sezione di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Mehran Mehrabanian
- PoroSiLab, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Eugenio Redolfi Riva
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali CNR-IOM, Sezione di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cara
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Aprile
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Boarino
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Guido Mula
- PoroSiLab, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
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4
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Extensive stacking of DHI-like monomers as a model of out-of-plane complexity in eumelanin protomolecules: Chemical and structural sensitivity of optical absorption spectra. Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Xu R, Gouda A, Caso MF, Soavi F, Santato C. Melanin: A Greener Route To Enhance Energy Storage under Solar Light. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:12244-12251. [PMID: 31460340 PMCID: PMC6682057 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The development of technologies integrating solar energy conversion and energy storage functions is critical for limiting the anthropogenic effects on climate change and preventing possible energy shortages related to the increase of the world population. In our work, we explored the possibility to integrate the conversion and storage functions within the same multifunctional biosourced material. We identified the redox-active, quinone-based, melanin pigment, featuring a broadband absorption in the UV-vis region, as the ideal candidate for such an exploration. Electrodes of melanin on carbon paper were investigated for their morphological, optical, and voltammetric characteristics prior to being assembled into symmetric supercapacitors operating in aqueous electrolytes. We observed that, under solar light, the capacity and capacitance of melanin electrodes significantly increase with respect to the dark conditions (by 22 and 39%, respectively). Once in a supercapacitor configuration, besides featuring a Coulombic efficiency close to 100% after 5000 cycles, the capacitance and capacity of the electrodes, rated by the initial values, improve after prolonged illumination, as it is the case for the energy and power density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri Xu
- Department
of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Abdelaziz Gouda
- Department
of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Maria Federica Caso
- Nanofaber
Spin-Off at ENEA, Casaccia Research Centre, Via Anguillarese 301, Roma 00123, Italy
| | - Francesca Soavi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Clara Santato
- Department
of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
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6
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Vahidzadeh E, Kalra AP, Shankar K. Melanin-based electronics: From proton conductors to photovoltaics and beyond. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 122:127-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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7
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Pinna E, Melis C, Antidormi A, Cardia R, Sechi E, Cappellini G, d'Ischia M, Colombo L, Mula G. Deciphering Molecular Mechanisms of Interface Buildup and Stability in Porous Si/Eumelanin Hybrids. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1567. [PMID: 28753933 PMCID: PMC5536055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Porous Si/eumelanin hybrids are a novel class of organic-inorganic hybrid materials that hold considerable promise for photovoltaic applications. Current progress toward device setup is, however, hindered by photocurrent stability issues, which require a detailed understanding of the mechanisms underlying the buildup and consolidation of the eumelanin-silicon interface. Herein we report an integrated experimental and computational study aimed at probing interface stability via surface modification and eumelanin manipulation, and at modeling the organic-inorganic interface via formation of a 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) tetramer and its adhesion to silicon. The results indicated that mild silicon oxidation increases photocurrent stability via enhancement of the DHI-surface interaction, and that higher oxidation states in DHI oligomers create more favorable conditions for the efficient adhesion of growing eumelanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pinna
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali CNR-IOM, Unità di Cagliari SLACS, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Claudio Melis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali CNR-IOM, Unità di Cagliari SLACS, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Aleandro Antidormi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali CNR-IOM, Unità di Cagliari SLACS, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Roberto Cardia
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Elisa Sechi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Cappellini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Luciano Colombo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali CNR-IOM, Unità di Cagliari SLACS, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Guido Mula
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali CNR-IOM, Unità di Cagliari SLACS, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
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8
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Tiddia M, Mula G, Sechi E, Vacca A, Cara E, De Leo N, Fretto M, Boarino L. 4-Nitrobenzene Grafted in Porous Silicon: Application to Optical Lithography. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 11:436. [PMID: 27686091 PMCID: PMC5042913 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report a method to process porous silicon to improve its chemical resistance to alkaline solution attacks based on the functionalization of the pore surface by the electrochemical reduction of 4-nitrobenzendiazonium salt. This method provides porous silicon with strong resistance to the etching solutions used in optical lithography and allows the fabrication of tailored metallic contacts on its surface. The samples were studied by chemical, electrochemical, and morphological methods. We demonstrate that the grafted samples show a resistance to harsh alkaline solution more than three orders of magnitude larger than that of pristine porous silicon, being mostly unmodified after about 40 min. The samples maintained open pores after the grafting, making them suitable for further treatments like filling by polymers. Optical lithography was performed on the functionalized samples, and electrochemical characterization results are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariavitalia Tiddia
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, CA Italy
| | - Guido Mula
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, CA Italy
| | - Elisa Sechi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica e dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Marengo 3, 09123 Cagliari, CA Italy
| | - Annalisa Vacca
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica e dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Marengo 3, 09123 Cagliari, CA Italy
| | - Eleonora Cara
- Nanofacility Piemonte INRiM (Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica), Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Natascia De Leo
- Nanofacility Piemonte INRiM (Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica), Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Matteo Fretto
- Nanofacility Piemonte INRiM (Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica), Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Boarino
- Nanofacility Piemonte INRiM (Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica), Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
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9
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d'Ischia M, Wakamatsu K, Cicoira F, Di Mauro E, Garcia-Borron JC, Commo S, Galván I, Ghanem G, Kenzo K, Meredith P, Pezzella A, Santato C, Sarna T, Simon JD, Zecca L, Zucca FA, Napolitano A, Ito S. Melanins and melanogenesis: from pigment cells to human health and technological applications. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 28:520-44. [PMID: 26176788 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, melanins and melanogenesis have attracted growing interest for a broad range of biomedical and technological applications. The burst of polydopamine-based multifunctional coatings in materials science is just one example, and the list may be expanded to include melanin thin films for organic electronics and bioelectronics, drug delivery systems, functional nanoparticles and biointerfaces, sunscreens, environmental remediation devices. Despite considerable advances, applied research on melanins and melanogenesis is still far from being mature. A closer intersectoral interaction between research centers is essential to raise the interests and increase the awareness of the biomedical, biomaterials science and hi-tech sectors of the manifold opportunities offered by pigment cells and related metabolic pathways. Starting from a survey of biological roles and functions, the present review aims at providing an interdisciplinary perspective of melanin pigments and related pathway with a view to showing how it is possible to translate current knowledge about physical and chemical properties and control mechanisms into new bioinspired solutions for biomedical, dermocosmetic, and technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Fabio Cicoira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Eduardo Di Mauro
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Stephane Commo
- L'Oréal Recherche & Innovation, Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Ismael Galván
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ghanem Ghanem
- LOCE, Institut J. Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Koike Kenzo
- Development Research - Hair Care Products, KAO Corporation, Sumida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Paul Meredith
- Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Alessandro Pezzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Clara Santato
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - John D Simon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies - National Research Council of Italy, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio A Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies - National Research Council of Italy, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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10
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Manini P, Criscuolo V, Ricciotti L, Pezzella A, Barra M, Cassinese A, Crescenzi O, Maglione MG, Tassini P, Minarini C, Barone V, d'Ischia M. Melanin-Inspired Organic Electronics: Electroluminescence in Asymmetric Triazatruxenes. Chempluschem 2015; 80:919-927. [PMID: 31973255 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative polymerization of 5,6-dihydroxyindoles and related hydroxyindoles at pH<3 is diverted from the usual eumelanin-forming pathway to produce mixtures of symmetric and asymmetric triazatruxenes (TATs), which could be separated and characterized for their opto-electronic properties with the aid of TD-DFT calculations. Data showed that the asymmetric isomers exhibit higher fluorescence quantum efficiencies, lower HOMO-LUMO gaps, better film homogeneity, and a more definite aggregation behavior than the symmetric counterparts, suggesting promising applications in organic electronics. The enhanced luminance exhibited by the OLED devices fabricated with blends of the synthesized TATs in poly-9-vinylcarbazole confirmed the potential of the asymmetric skeleton as new versatile platform for light-emitting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Manini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples (Italy), Fax: (+39) 081674393
| | - Valeria Criscuolo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples (Italy), Fax: (+39) 081674393.,Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Devices, ENEA C.R. Portici, Piazzale E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Naples (Italy)
| | - Laura Ricciotti
- Department of Technology, University Parthenope of Naples, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143 Naples (Italy)
| | - Alessandro Pezzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples (Italy), Fax: (+39) 081674393
| | - Mario Barra
- CNR-SPIN and Dept. of Physics, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples (Italy)
| | - Antonio Cassinese
- CNR-SPIN and Dept. of Physics, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples (Italy)
| | - Orlando Crescenzi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples (Italy), Fax: (+39) 081674393
| | - Maria Grazia Maglione
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Devices, ENEA C.R. Portici, Piazzale E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Naples (Italy)
| | - Paolo Tassini
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Devices, ENEA C.R. Portici, Piazzale E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Naples (Italy)
| | - Carla Minarini
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Devices, ENEA C.R. Portici, Piazzale E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Naples (Italy)
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa (Italy)
| | - Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples (Italy), Fax: (+39) 081674393
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11
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Pinna A, Simbula F, Marongiu D, Pezzella A, d'Ischia M, Mula G. Boosting, probing and switching-off visible light-induced photocurrents in eumelanin-porous silicon hybrids. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08605a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved solid state polymerization of eumelanin in porous silicon and new insights into the mechanisms of photoconduction of eumelanin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pinna
- Dipartimento di Fisica
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari
- Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandro Pezzella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università di Napoli “Federico II”
- I-80126 Napoli
- Italy
- Institute for Polymers
| | - Marco d'Ischia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università di Napoli “Federico II”
- I-80126 Napoli
- Italy
| | - Guido Mula
- Dipartimento di Fisica
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari
- Italy
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