1
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Gül D, Önal Acet B, Lu Q, Stauber RH, Odabaşı M, Acet Ö. Revolution in Cancer Treatment: How Are Intelligently Designed Nanostructures Changing the Game? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5171. [PMID: 38791209 PMCID: PMC11120744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are extremely important tools to overcome the limitations imposed by therapeutic agents and effectively overcome biological barriers. Smart designed/tuned nanostructures can be extremely effective for cancer treatment. The selection and design of nanostructures and the adjustment of size and surface properties are extremely important, especially for some precision treatments and drug delivery (DD). By designing specific methods, an important era can be opened in the biomedical field for personalized and precise treatment. Here, we focus on advances in the selection and design of nanostructures, as well as on how the structure and shape, size, charge, and surface properties of nanostructures in biological fluids (BFs) can be affected. We discussed the applications of specialized nanostructures in the therapy of head and neck cancer (HNC), which is a difficult and aggressive type of cancer to treat, to give an impetus for novel treatment approaches in this field. We also comprehensively touched on the shortcomings, current trends, and future perspectives when using nanostructures in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Gül
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (B.Ö.A.); (Q.L.); (R.H.S.)
| | - Burcu Önal Acet
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (B.Ö.A.); (Q.L.); (R.H.S.)
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aksaray University, Aksaray 68100, Turkey;
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (B.Ö.A.); (Q.L.); (R.H.S.)
| | - Roland H. Stauber
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (B.Ö.A.); (Q.L.); (R.H.S.)
| | - Mehmet Odabaşı
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aksaray University, Aksaray 68100, Turkey;
| | - Ömür Acet
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (B.Ö.A.); (Q.L.); (R.H.S.)
- Pharmacy Services Program, Vocational School of Health Science, Tarsus University, Tarsus 33100, Turkey
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2
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Yao W, Chen P, Cao Y, Shan M, Yu S, Zhang L, Bao B, Cheng FF. Recent Advances in Topical Hemostatic Materials. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:1362-1380. [PMID: 38373393 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Untimely or improper treatment of traumatic bleeding may cause secondary injuries and even death. The traditional hemostatic modes can no longer meet requirements of coping with complicated bleeding emergencies. With scientific and technological advancements, a variety of topical hemostatic materials have been investigated involving inorganic, biological, polysaccharide, and carbon-based hemostatic materials. These materials have their respective merits and defects. In this work, the application and mechanism of the major hemostatic materials, especially some hemostatic nanomaterials with excellent adhesion, good biocompatibility, low toxicity, and high adsorption capacity, are summarized. In the future, it is the prospect to develop multifunctional hemostatic materials with hemostasis and antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties for promoting wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Weifeng Yao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Peidong Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Yudan Cao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Mingqiu Shan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Sheng Yu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Li Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Beihua Bao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province China
| | - Fang-Fang Cheng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Centre of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province China
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3
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Guo F, Luo S, Wang L, Wang M, Wu F, Wang Y, Jiao Y, Du Y, Yang Q, Yang X, Yang G. Protein corona, influence on drug delivery system and its improvement strategy: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128513. [PMID: 38040159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Nano drug delivery systems offer several benefits, including enhancing drug solubility, regulating drug release, prolonging drug circulation time, and minimized toxicity and side effects. However, upon entering the bloodstream, nanoparticles (NPs) encounter a complex biological environment and get absorbed by various biological components, primarily proteins, leading to the formation of a 'Protein Corona'. The formation of the protein corona is affected by the characteristics of NPs, the physiological environment, and experimental design, which in turn affects of the immunotoxicity, specific recognition, cell uptake, and drug release of NPs. To improve the abundance of a specific protein on NPs, researchers have explored pre-coating, modifying, or wrapping NPs with the cell membrane to reduce protein adsorption. This paper, we have reviewed studies of the protein corona in recent years, summarized the formation and detection methods of the protein corona, the effect of the protein corona composition on the fate of NPs, and the design of new drug delivery systems based on the optimization of protein corona to provide a reference for further study of the protein corona and a theoretical basis for the clinical transformation of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shuai Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lianyi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Fang Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yunlong Jiao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yinzhou Du
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Qingliang Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 314408, China
| | - Gensheng Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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4
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Trinh D, Gardner RA, Franciosi AN, McCarthy C, Keane MP, Soliman MG, O’Donnell JS, Meleady P, Spencer DIR, Monopoli MP. Nanoparticle Biomolecular Corona-Based Enrichment of Plasma Glycoproteins for N-Glycan Profiling and Application in Biomarker Discovery. ACS NANO 2022; 16:5463-5475. [PMID: 35341249 PMCID: PMC9047655 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular corona formation has emerged as a recurring and important phenomenon in nanomedicine that has been investigated for potential applications in disease diagnosis. In this study, we have combined the "personalized protein corona" with the N-glycosylation profiling that has recently gained considerable interest in human plasma biomarker discovery as a powerful early warning diagnostic and patient stratification tool. We envisioned that the protein corona formation could be exploited as an enrichment step that is critically important in both proteomic and proteoglycomic workflows. By using silica nanoparticles, plasma fibrinogen was enriched to a level in which its proteomic and glycomic "fingerprints" could be traced with confidence. Despite being a more simplified glycan profile compared to full plasma, the corona glycan profile revealed a fibrinogen-derived glycan peak that was found to potentially distinguish lung cancer patients from controls in a pilot study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong
N. Trinh
- Department
of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Richard A. Gardner
- Ludger
Ltd., Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro N. Franciosi
- UBC
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Cormac McCarthy
- Department
of Respiratory Medicine, St. Vincent’s
University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School
of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Michael P. Keane
- Department
of Respiratory Medicine, St. Vincent’s
University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School
of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mahmoud G. Soliman
- Department
of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Physics Department,
Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - James S. O’Donnell
- Irish
Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences,
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- School
of
Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Daniel I. R. Spencer
- Ludger
Ltd., Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Marco P. Monopoli
- Department
of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland
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5
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Eto SI, Higashisaka K, Koshida A, Sato K, Ogura M, Sakurai M, Tsujino H, Nagano K, Tsutsumi Y. Amorphous silica nanoparticles (nSP50) exacerbate hepatic damage through the activation of acquired cell-mediated immunity. NANO EXPRESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/ac4bb0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Due to their innovative functions, the use of nanoparticles in various industries has been expanding. However, a key concern is whether nanoparticles induce unexpected biological effects. Although many studies have focused on innate immunity, information on whether nanoparticles induce biological responses through effects on acquired immunity is sparse. Here, to assess the effects of amorphous silica nanoparticles on acquired immunity, we analyzed changes in acute toxicities after pretreatment with amorphous silica nanoparticles (50 nm in diameter; nSP50). Pretreatment with nSP50 biochemically and pathologically exacerbated nSP50-induced hepatic damage in immunocompetent mice. However, pretreatment with nSP50 did not exacerbate hepatic damage in immunodeficient mice. Consistent with this, the depletion of CD8+ cells with an anti-CD8 antibody in animals pretreated with nSP50 resulted in lower plasma levels of hepatic injury markers such as ALT and AST after an intravenous administration than treatment with an isotype-matched control antibody. Finally, stimulation of splenocytes promoted the release of IFN-γ in nSP50-pretreated mice regardless of the stimulator used. Moreover, the blockade of IFN-γ decreased plasma levels of ALT and AST levels in nSP50-pretreated mice. Collectively, these data show that nSP50-induced acquired immunity leads to exacerbation of hepatic damage through the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
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6
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Jiang P, Gan M, Yen SH, Dickson DW. Nanoparticles With Affinity for α-Synuclein Sequester α-Synuclein to Form Toxic Aggregates in Neurons With Endolysosomal Impairment. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:738535. [PMID: 34744624 PMCID: PMC8565355 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.738535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. It is characterized pathologically by the aggregation of α-synuclein (αS) in the form of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. A major challenge in PD therapy is poor efficiency of drug delivery to the brain due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). For this reason, nanomaterials, with significant advantages in drug delivery, have gained attention. On the other hand, recent studies have shown that nanoparticles can promote αS aggregation in salt solution. Therefore, we tested if nanoparticles could have the same effect in cell models. We found that nanoparticle can induce cells to form αS inclusions as shown in immunocytochemistry, and detergent-resistant αS aggregates as shown in biochemical analysis; and nanoparticles of smaller size can induce more αS inclusions. Moreover, the induction of αS inclusions is in part dependent on endolysosomal impairment and the affinity of αS to nanoparticles. More importantly, we found that the abnormally high level of endogenous lysosomotropic biomolecules (e.g., sphingosine), due to impairing the integrity of endolysosomes could be a determinant factor for the susceptibility of cells to nanoparticle-induced αS aggregation; and deletion of GBA1 gene to increase the level of intracellular sphingosine can render cultured cells more susceptible to the formation of αS inclusions in response to nanoparticle treatment. Ultrastructural examination of nanoparticle-treated cells revealed that the induced inclusions contained αS-immunopositive membranous structures, which were also observed in inclusions seeded by αS fibrils. These results suggest caution in the use of nanoparticles in PD therapy. Moreover, this study further supports the role of endolysosomal impairment in PD pathogenesis and suggests a possible mechanism underlying the formation of membrane-associated αS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Ming Gan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Shu-Hui Yen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Dennis W. Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
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7
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Horspool AM, Wang T, Scaringella YS, Taub ME, Chan TS. Human Liver Microsomes Immobilized on Magnetizable Beads: A Novel Approach to Study In Vitro Drug Metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:645-654. [PMID: 32474441 PMCID: PMC7370995 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.090696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human liver microsomes (HLM) are a commonly used tool to study drug metabolism in vitro. Typical experiments conducted using suspensions of HLM can be challenging to separate from the incubation solution without lengthy ultracentrifugation steps. Magnetizable beads coated with silica (MGBS) were found to bind strongly to HLM, which could then be isolated and purified using a magnet. Binding of HLM to the MGBS (HLM-MGBS) was demonstrated to be mediated by strong interactions between microsomal phospholipids and MGBS, as artificially prepared phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes could be more efficiently captured by the MGBS. HLM-MGBS complexes retained functional cytochrome P450 and uridine-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activity as indicated by CYP2C8-mediated amodiaquine de-ethylation, CYP3A4-mediated midazolam 1'hydroxylation, UGT1A1-mediated glucuronidation of estradiol, UGT1A9-mediated glucuronidation of propofol, and UGT2B7-mediated glucuronidation of zidovudine. When comparing suspension HLM alone with HLM-MGBS complexes containing equivalent amounts of HLM, the intrinsic clearance (CLint) of CYP450 substrates was comparable; however, CLint of UGT1A1, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 was increased in the HLM-MGBS system between 1.5- and 6-fold. HLM-MGBS used in an incubation could also be readily replaced with fresh HLM-MGBS to maintain the presence of active enzymes. Thus, HLM-MGBS demonstrate increased in vitro metabolic efficiency and manipulability, providing a new platform for determination of accurate metabolic parameters. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The following work describes the strong binding of HLM to magnetizable beads. In addition, the preservation of enzyme activity on the bound HLM provides a novel means to conduct preclinical metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Horspool
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Ting Wang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Young-Sun Scaringella
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Mitchell E Taub
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Tom S Chan
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
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8
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Zapata A, Nguyen ML, Ling C, Rogers J, Domiano S, Hayzelden C, Wheeler KE. The role of human serum and solution chemistry in fibrinogen peptide-nanoparticle interactions. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:2429-2440. [PMID: 32864565 PMCID: PMC7448706 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00793h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In living systems, the biomolecules that coat nanoparticles (NPs) alter the NP biological identity and response. Although some biomolecules are more effective in mediating NP stability or biological fate, it is difficult to monitor an individual biomolecule within the complexity of the biota. To understand the dependence of protein-NP interactions on common variations in blood, we have evaluated binding between silica NPs and a model gamma-fibrinogen (GF) peptide. Fibrinogen is commonly identified within the protein corona fingerprint of human serum, but its abundance on the NP varies. To assess the relative importance of human serum and solution conditions, GF peptide and silica NP interactions were evaluated with and without serum across pH, NaCl concentrations, and glucose concentrations. Initial evaluation of the GF peptide and silica NP complexes using circular dichroism and dynamic light scattering show little change in the secondary structure of the peptide and no significant agglomeration of NPs, suggesting peptide-NP complexes are stable across study conditions. Fluorescence anisotropy was used to monitor GF peptide-NP binding. Both with and without serum, binding constants for the gamma-fibrinogen peptide vary significantly upon addition of diluted HS (1:500) and 29 mM sodium chloride. Yet, results indicated that gamma-fibrinogen binding interactions with silica NPs are comparatively insensitive to physiologically relevant pH changes and dramatic increases in glucose concentrations. Results highlight the importance of blood chemistries, which vary across individuals and disease states, in mediating protein corona formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Zapata
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Santa Clara UniversitySanta ClaraCA 95053USA
| | - Mai-Loan Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Santa Clara UniversitySanta ClaraCA 95053USA
| | - Caleb Ling
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Santa Clara UniversitySanta ClaraCA 95053USA
| | - Jacqueline Rogers
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Santa Clara UniversitySanta ClaraCA 95053USA
| | - Sangeetha Domiano
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Santa Clara UniversitySanta ClaraCA 95053USA
| | - Clive Hayzelden
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State UniversitySan FranciscoCA 94132USA
| | - Korin E. Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Santa Clara UniversitySanta ClaraCA 95053USA
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9
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Li Z, Wang Y, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Zhou M, Luo C, Li Z, Cai B, Gui S, He Z, Sun J. Emerging well-tailored nanoparticulate delivery system based on in situ regulation of the protein corona. J Control Release 2020; 320:1-18. [PMID: 31931050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The protein corona significantly changes the nanoparticle (NP) identity both physicochemically and biologically, and in situ regulation of specific plasma protein adsorption on NP surfaces has emerged as a promising strategy for disease-targeting therapy. In the past decade, great progress in protein corona regulation has been achieved via surface chemistry-based nanomedicine development. This review first outlines the latest advances in bio-nano interactions, with special attention to factors that influence the protein corona, including NP physicochemical properties, the biological environment and the duration time. Second, NP surface chemistry strategies designed to inhibit and regulate protein corona formation are highlighted, with special emphasis on albumin, transferrin, apolipoprotein (apo) E, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4). Finally, the current techniques used to characterize the protein corona are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbao Li
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Yongqi Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yachao Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Province, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Cong Luo
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zegeng Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui 230038, China
| | - Biao Cai
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Shuangying Gui
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Zhonggui He
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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10
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Zhao Y, Hou Y, Ji J, Khan F, Thundat T, Harrison DJ. Sample Preparation in Centrifugal Microfluidic Discs for Human Serum Metabolite Analysis by Surface Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7570-7577. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Yuting Hou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jing Ji
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Faheem Khan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Thomas Thundat
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - D. Jed Harrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
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11
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Wahab R, Khan F, Gupta A, Wiggers H, Saquib Q, Faisal M, Ansari SM. Microwave plasma-assisted silicon nanoparticles: cytotoxic, molecular, and numerical responses against cancer cells. RSC Adv 2019; 9:13336-13347. [PMID: 35520784 PMCID: PMC9063978 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10185j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs), which have a special place in material science due to their strong luminescent property and wide applicability in various physicochemical arenas synthesised via a microwave plasma-assisted process using an argon–silane mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Wahab
- Zoology Department
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Farheen Khan
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Taibah University
- Yanbu
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Anoop Gupta
- Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- Duisburg
- Germany
| | - Hartmut Wiggers
- Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- Duisburg
- Germany
| | - Quaiser Saquib
- Zoology Department
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Faisal
- Department of Botany & Microbiology
- College of Sciences
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabiha Mahmood Ansari
- Department of Botany & Microbiology
- College of Sciences
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Saudi Arabia
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12
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Chen J, Cheng W, Chen S, Xu W, Lin J, Liu H, Chen Q. Urushiol-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles and their self-assembly into a Janus membrane as a highly efficient hemostatic material. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:22818-22829. [PMID: 30488065 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05882b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Quick hemostasis plays a very important role in preventing hemorrhagic shock and death by controlling blood loss from trauma in civil and military accidents. An ideal quick hemostat should have tissue-adhesive functional groups, clotting factor activating components, and a plasma non-permeable hydrophobic layer. Inspired by the adhesive behavior of mussels, a novel efficient hemostat of urushiol-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN@U) with a core-shell structure was synthesized and their hemostatic performance was evaluated for the first time. MSN@U could form an amphipathic Janus membrane (a hydrophobic layer and a hydrophilic layer in one membrane) by interfacial self-assembly. The morphology and structure of MSN@U were characterized. The results showed that MSN@U possessed a large specific surface area of 448.91 m2 g-1 and a rich porous structure with an average pore diameter of 3.94 nm. The hydrophilic catechol groups and the long hydrophobic alkyl groups of urushiol allowed MSN@U to self-assemble at the blood/air interface. The former made MSN@U tightly adhere onto blood vessel tissue through covalent bonds, while the latter formed a hydrophobic barrier layer which hindered blood from oozing. Meanwhile, MSN@U would accelerate clotting cascade reactions. These three effects made MSN@U a very quick hemostat with a hemostatic time of 22 ± 2 s on a rat liver laceration. Both in vitro and in vivo tests showed that they had a better hemostatic effect and blood compatibility than MSN. Cell viability evaluations indicated that MSN@U had no cytotoxicity. MSN@U will be a safe and promising hemostatic agent for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, People's Republic of China.
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Ha SW, Viggeswarapu M, Habib MM, Beck GR. Bioactive effects of silica nanoparticles on bone cells are size, surface, and composition dependent. Acta Biomater 2018; 82:184-196. [PMID: 30326276 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Silica based nanoparticles have been demonstrated to have intrinsic biologic activity towards the skeleton and to function by promoting the differentiation of bone forming osteoblasts while inhibiting the differentiation of bone resorbing osteoclasts. The excitement surrounding nanomedicine in part revolves around the almost unlimited possibilities for varying the physicochemical properties including size, composition, and surface charge. To date few studies have attempted to manipulate these characteristics in concert to optimize a complex biologic outcome. Towards this end, spherical silica nanoparticles of various sizes (50-450 nm), of different surface properties (OH, CO2H, NR4+, mNH2), and of different composition (silica, gold, and polystyrene) were synthesized and evaluated for biological activity toward skeletal cells. Osteoblast activity was most influenced by composition and size variables, whereas osteoclasts were most affected by surface property variation. The study also establishes nanoparticle mediated suppression of Nfatc1, a key transcriptional regulator for osteoclast differentiation, identifying a novel mechanism of action. Collectively, the study highlights how during the design of bioactive nanoparticles, it is vital to consider not only the myriad of physical properties that can be manipulated, but also that the characteristics of the target cell plays an equally integral role in determining biological outcome. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Silica nanomaterials represent a promising biomaterial for beneficial effects on bone mass and quality as well as regenerative tissue engineering and are currently being investigated for intrinsic bioactivity towards the primary cells responsible for skeletal homeostasis; osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The goal of the current study was to assess the physical properties of silica nanoparticles that impart intrinsic bioactivity by evaluating size, surface charge, and composition. Results reveal differential influences of the physical properties of nanoparticles towards osteoblasts and osteoclasts. This study provides new insights into the design of nanoparticles to specifically target different aspects of bone metabolism and highlights the opportunities provided by nanotechnology to modulate a range of cell specific biological responses for therapeutic benefit.
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Feiner-Gracia N, Beck M, Pujals S, Tosi S, Mandal T, Buske C, Linden M, Albertazzi L. Super-Resolution Microscopy Unveils Dynamic Heterogeneities in Nanoparticle Protein Corona. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1701631. [PMID: 28922574 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of serum proteins, leading to the formation of a biomolecular corona, is a key determinant of the biological identity of nanoparticles in vivo. Therefore, gaining knowledge on the formation, composition, and temporal evolution of the corona is of utmost importance for the development of nanoparticle-based therapies. Here, it is shown that the use of super-resolution optical microscopy enables the imaging of the protein corona on mesoporous silica nanoparticles with single protein sensitivity. Particle-by-particle quantification reveals a significant heterogeneity in protein absorption under native conditions. Moreover, the diversity of the corona evolves over time depending on the surface chemistry and degradability of the particles. This paper investigates the consequences of protein adsorption for specific cell targeting by antibody-functionalized nanoparticles providing a detailed understanding of corona-activity relations. The methodology is widely applicable to a variety of nanostructures and complements the existing ensemble approaches for protein corona study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Feiner-Gracia
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michaela Beck
- Inorganic Chemistry II, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sílvia Pujals
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sébastien Tosi
- Advanced Digital Microscopy Core Facility (ADMCF), Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tamoghna Mandal
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Buske
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mika Linden
- Inorganic Chemistry II, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Albertazzi
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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In-vitro in-vivo correlation (IVIVC) in nanomedicine: Is protein corona the missing link? Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:889-904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Sarem M, Vonwil D, Lüdeke S, Shastri VP. Direct quantification of dual protein adsorption dynamics in three dimensional systems in presence of cells. Acta Biomater 2017; 57:285-292. [PMID: 28502670 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the composition of the adsorbed protein layer on a biomaterial surface is of an extreme importance as it directs the primary biological response. Direct detection using labeled proteins and indirect detection based on enzymatic assays or changes to mass, refractive index or density of a surface have been so far established. Nevertheless, using current methodologies, detection of multiple proteins simultaneously and particularly in a three-dimensional (3D) substrates is challenging, with the exception of radiolabeling. Here using fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT), we present a non-destructive and versatile approach to quantify adsorption of multiple proteins within 3D environments and reveal the dynamics of adsorption of human serum albumin (HSA) and fibrinogen (Fib) on 3D polymeric scaffold. Furthermore, we show that serum starved human articular chondrocytes in 3D environment preferentially uptake HSA over Fib and to our knowledge this represents the first example of direct visualization and quantification of protein adsorption in a 3D cell culture system. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The biomaterial surface upon exposure to biological fluids is covered by a layer of proteins, which is modified over a period of time and dictates the fate of the biomaterial. In this study, we present and validate a new methodology for quantification of protein adsorption on to a three-dimensional polymer scaffold from unitary and binary systems, using fluorescence molecular tomography, an optical trans-illumination technique with picomolar sensitivity. In additional to being able to follow behavior of two proteins simultaneously, this methodology is also suitable for studying protein uptake in cells situated in a polymer environment. The ability to follow protein adsorption/uptake in a continuous manner opens up new possibilities to study the role of serum proteins in biomaterial compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Sarem
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany; Helmholtz Virtual Institute Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Kantstr. 55, Teltow 14513, Germany
| | - Daniel Vonwil
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Steffen Lüdeke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - V Prasad Shastri
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany; Helmholtz Virtual Institute Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Kantstr. 55, Teltow 14513, Germany.
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Short-term culture of monocytes as an in vitro evaluation system for bionanomaterials designated for medical use. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 96:302-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Chen Z, Li F, Liu C, Guan J, Hu X, Du G, Yao X, Wu J, Tian F. Blood clot initiation by mesoporous silica nanoparticles: dependence on pore size or particle size? J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:7146-7154. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb01946c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The hemostatic efficiency of mesoporous silica nanoparticles depends on pore size more than particle size, and biocompatibility is more related to particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Chen
- Institute of Medical Equipment
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences
- Tianjin 300161
- China
| | - Fan Li
- Institute of Medical Equipment
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences
- Tianjin 300161
- China
| | - Changjun Liu
- Institute of Medical Equipment
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences
- Tianjin 300161
- China
| | - Jing Guan
- Institute of Medical Equipment
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences
- Tianjin 300161
- China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Occupational and Environmental Hazard
- Logistics College of People's Armed Police Force
- Tianjin 300000
- China
| | - Ge Du
- Oncology Department
- Beijing Ditang Hospital (Shunyi Campus)
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100015
- China
| | - Xinpei Yao
- Institute of Medical Equipment
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences
- Tianjin 300161
- China
| | - Jimin Wu
- Institute of Medical Equipment
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences
- Tianjin 300161
- China
| | - Feng Tian
- Institute of Medical Equipment
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences
- Tianjin 300161
- China
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Zhang B, Xie M, Bruschweiler-Li L, Brüschweiler R. Nanoparticle-Assisted Removal of Protein in Human Serum for Metabolomics Studies. Anal Chem 2015; 88:1003-7. [PMID: 26605638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Among human body fluids, serum plays a key role for diagnostic tests and, increasingly, for metabolomics analysis. However, the high protein content of serum poses significant challenges for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics studies because it can strongly interfere with metabolite signal detection and quantitation. Although several methods for protein removal have been proposed, including ultrafiltration and organic-solvent-induced protein precipitation, there is currently no standard operating procedure for the elimination of protein from human serum samples. Here, we introduce novel procedures for the removal of protein from serum by the addition of nanoparticles. It is demonstrated how serum protein can be efficiently, cost-effectively, and environmentally friendly removed at physiological pH (pH 7.4) through attractive interactions with silica nanoparticles. It is further shown how serum can be processed with nanoparticles prior to ultrafiltration or organic-solvent-induced protein precipitation for optimal protein removal. After examination of all of the procedures, the combination of nanoparticle treatment and ultrafiltration is found to have a minimal effect on the metabolite content, leading to remarkably clean homo- and heteronuclear NMR spectra of the serum metabolome that compare favorably to other methods for protein removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Campus Chemical Instrument Center, and §Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Mouzhe Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Campus Chemical Instrument Center, and §Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Lei Bruschweiler-Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Campus Chemical Instrument Center, and §Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Rafael Brüschweiler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Campus Chemical Instrument Center, and §Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Satzer P, Svec F, Sekot G, Jungbauer A. Protein adsorption onto nanoparticles induces conformational changes: Particle size dependency, kinetics, and mechanisms. Eng Life Sci 2015; 16:238-246. [PMID: 27478430 PMCID: PMC4949706 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201500059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of nanomaterials in bioapplications demands a detailed understanding of protein–nanoparticle interactions. Proteins can undergo conformational changes while adsorbing onto nanoparticles, but studies on the impact of particle size on conformational changes are scarce. We have shown that conformational changes happening upon adsorption of myoglobin and BSA are dependent on the size of the nanoparticle they are adsorbing to. Out of eight initially investigated model proteins, two (BSA and myoglobin) showed conformational changes, and in both cases this conformational change was dependent on the size of the nanoparticle. Nanoparticle sizes ranged from 30 to 1000 nm and, in contrast to previous studies, we attempted to use a continuous progression of sizes in the range found in live viruses, which is an interesting size of nanoparticles for the potential use as drug delivery vehicles. Conformational changes were only visible for particles of 200 nm and bigger. Using an optimized circular dichroism protocol allowed us to follow this conformational change with regard to the nanoparticle size and, thanks to the excellent temporal resolution also in time. We uncovered significant differences between the unfolding kinetics of myoglobin and BSA. In this study, we also evaluated the plausibility of commonly used explanations for the phenomenon of nanoparticle size‐dependent conformational change. Currently proposed mechanisms are mostly based on studies done with relatively small particles, and fall short in explaining the behavior seen in our studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Satzer
- Department of Biotechnology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria
| | - Frantisek Svec
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory The Molecular Foundry Berkeley CA USA
| | - Gerhard Sekot
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB) Vienna Austria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department of Biotechnology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB) Vienna Austria
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