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Jiang Z, Jiang C, Teng X, Hou Y, Dai S, Liu C, Tuo Z, Bi L, Yang C, Wang J. Exploring the crosstalk of immune cells: The impact of dysregulated RUNX family genes in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29870. [PMID: 38707395 PMCID: PMC11066633 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormally expressed Runt-associated transcription factor (RUNX) family has been reported in multiple tumors. Nevertheless, the immunological role of RUNX family in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) remains unknown. Methods We studied the RNA-seq data regarding tumor and healthy subjects from several public databases in detail for evaluating the prognostic and immunological functions owned by three RUNX genes in cancer patients. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining served for detecting their expressions in tumor and normal samples. Results We observed that KIRC patients presented high expressions of RUNX1, RUNX2, and RUNX3. The expressions of three genes were validated by qRT-PCR, which was same as bioinformatical results. Prognostic analysis indicated that the overexpression of RUNX1 and RUNX2 negatively affects the outcomes in patients with KIRC. Related functional predictions indicated that the RUNXs and co-expression genes were significantly related to the immune response pathway. Moreover, three RUNX members were associated with immune infiltration cells and their related gene markers. The expression of RUNX family in several immune cells is positively or negatively correlated, and its dysregulation is obviously associated with the differential distribution of immune cells. RUNX family genes were abnormally expressed in KIRC patients, and were closely related to the crosstalk of immune cells. Conclusions Our findings may help to understand the pathogenesis and immunologic roles of the RUNX family in KIRC patients from new perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Jiang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xiangyu Teng
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yidong Hou
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Shuxin Dai
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Zhouting Tuo
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Liangkuan Bi
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Department of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jinyou Wang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
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Muscle Regeneration in Holothurians without the Upregulation of Muscle Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416037. [PMID: 36555677 PMCID: PMC9785333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The holothurian Eupentacta fraudatrix is capable of fully restoring its muscles after transverse dissection. Although the regeneration of these structures is well studied at the cellular level, the molecular basis of the process remains poorly understood. To identify genes that may be involved in the regulation of muscle regeneration, the transcriptome of the longitudinal muscle band of E. fraudatrix has been sequenced at different time periods post-injury. An analysis of the map of biological processes and pathways has shown that most genes associated with myogenesis decrease their expression during the regeneration. The only exception is the genes united by the GO term "heart valve development". This may indicate the antiquity of mechanisms of mesodermal structure transformation, which was co-opted into various morphogeneses in deuterostomes. Two groups of genes that play a key role in the regeneration have been analyzed: transcription factors and matrix metalloproteinases. A total of six transcription factor genes (Ef-HOX5, Ef-ZEB2, Ef-RARB, Ef-RUNX1, Ef-SOX17, and Ef-ZNF318) and seven matrix metalloproteinase genes (Ef-MMP11, Ef-MMP13, Ef-MMP13-1, Ef-MMP16-2, Ef-MMP16-3, Ef-MMP24, and Ef-MMP24-1) showing differential expression during myogenesis have been revealed. The identified genes are assumed to be involved in the muscle regeneration in holothurians.
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Otálora-Otálora BA, González Prieto C, Guerrero L, Bernal-Forigua C, Montecino M, Cañas A, López-Kleine L, Rojas A. Identification of the Transcriptional Regulatory Role of RUNX2 by Network Analysis in Lung Cancer Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123122. [PMID: 36551878 PMCID: PMC9775089 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of a new bioinformatics pipeline allowed the identification of deregulated transcription factors (TFs) coexpressed in lung cancer that could become biomarkers of tumor establishment and progression. A gene regulatory network (GRN) of lung cancer was created with the normalized gene expression levels of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the microarray dataset GSE19804. Moreover, coregulatory and transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) analyses were performed for the main regulators identified in the GRN analysis. The gene targets and binding motifs of all potentially implicated regulators were identified in the TRN and with multiple alignments of the TFs' target gene sequences. Six transcription factors (E2F3, FHL2, ETS1, KAT6B, TWIST1, and RUNX2) were identified in the GRN as essential regulators of gene expression in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and related to the lung tumoral process. Our findings indicate that RUNX2 could be an important regulator of the lung cancer GRN through the formation of coregulatory complexes with other TFs related to the establishment and progression of lung cancer. Therefore, RUNX2 could become an essential biomarker for developing diagnostic tools and specific treatments against tumoral diseases in the lung after the experimental validation of its regulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Andrea Otálora-Otálora
- Grupo de Investigación INPAC, Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Universitaria Sanitas, Bogotá 110131, Colombia
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 11001, Colombia
| | | | - Lucia Guerrero
- Departamento de Estadística, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 11001, Colombia
| | - Camila Bernal-Forigua
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110211, Colombia
| | - Martin Montecino
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370134, Chile
| | - Alejandra Cañas
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110211, Colombia
- Unidad de Neumología, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá 110211, Colombia
| | - Liliana López-Kleine
- Departamento de Estadística, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 11001, Colombia
- Correspondence: (L.L.-K.); (A.R.)
| | - Adriana Rojas
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110211, Colombia
- Correspondence: (L.L.-K.); (A.R.)
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RUNX family: Oncogenes or tumor suppressors (Review). Oncol Rep 2019; 42:3-19. [PMID: 31059069 PMCID: PMC6549079 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) proteins belong to a transcription factors family known as master regulators of important embryonic developmental programs. In the last decade, the whole family has been implicated in the regulation of different oncogenic processes and signaling pathways associated with cancer. Furthermore, a suppressor tumor function has been also reported, suggesting the RUNX family serves key role in all different types of cancer. In this review, the known biological characteristics, specific regulatory abilities and experimental evidence of RUNX proteins will be analyzed to demonstrate their oncogenic potential and tumor suppressor abilities during oncogenic processes, suggesting their importance as biomarkers of cancer. Additionally, the importance of continuing with the molecular studies of RUNX proteins' and its dual functions in cancer will be underlined in order to apply it in the future development of specific diagnostic methods and therapies against different types of cancer.
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Davis JN, Rogers D, Adams L, Yong T, Jung JS, Cheng B, Fennell K, Borazanci E, Moustafa YW, Sun A, Shi R, Glass J, Mathis JM, Williams BJ, Meyers S. Association of core-binding factor β with the malignant phenotype of prostate and ovarian cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:875-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Mendoza-Villanueva D, Deng W, Lopez-Camacho C, Shore P. The Runx transcriptional co-activator, CBFbeta, is essential for invasion of breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:171. [PMID: 20591170 PMCID: PMC2905338 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The transcription factor Runx2 has an established role in cancers that metastasize to bone. In metastatic breast cancer cells Runx2 is overexpressed and contributes to the invasive capacity of the cells by regulating the expression of several invasion genes. CBFβ is a transcriptional co-activator that is recruited to promoters by Runx transcription factors and there is considerable evidence that CBFβ is essential for the function of Runx factors. However, overexpression of Runx1 can partially rescue the lethal phenotype in CBFβ-deficient mice, indicating that increased levels of Runx factors can, in some situations, overcome the requirement for CBFβ. Since Runx2 is overexpressed in metastatic breast cancer cells, and there are no reports of CBFβ expression in breast cells, we sought to determine whether Runx2 function in these cells was dependent on CBFβ. Such an interaction might represent a viable target for therapeutic intervention to inhibit bone metastasis. Results We show that CBFβ is expressed in the metastatic breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231, and that it associates with Runx2. Matrigel invasion assays and RNA interference were used to demonstrate that CBFβ contributes to the invasive capacity of these cells. Subsequent analysis of Runx2 target genes in MDA-MB-231 cells revealed that CBFβ is essential for the expression of Osteopontin, Matrixmetalloproteinase-13, Matrixmetalloproteinase-9, and Osteocalcin but not for Galectin-3. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that CBFβ is recruited to both the Osteopontin and the Galectin-3 promoters. Conclusions CBFβ is expressed in metastatic breast cancer cells and is essential for cell invasion. CBFβ is required for expression of several Runx2-target genes known to be involved in cell invasion. However, whilst CBFβ is essential for invasion, not all Runx2-target genes require CBFβ. We conclude that CBFβ is required for a subset of Runx2-target genes that are sufficient to maintain the invasive phenotype of the cells. These findings suggest that the interaction between Runx2 and CBFβ might represent a viable target for therapeutic intervention to inhibit bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mendoza-Villanueva
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Abstract
The Runt domain (Runx) is a 128 amino acid sequence motif that defines a metazoan family of sequence-specific DNA binding proteins, which appears to have originated in concert with the intercellular signaling systems that coordinate multicellular development in animals. In the model organisms where they have been studied (fruit fly, mouse, sea urchin, and nematode) Runx genes are essential for normal development, and in humans they are causally associated with a variety of cancers, manifesting both oncogenic and tumor suppressive attributes. During development Runx proteins support both cell proliferation and differentiation, and function in both transcriptional activation and repression. Runx function is thus context-dependent, with the context provided genetically by cis-regulatory sequence architecture and epigenetically by development. This context dependency makes it difficult to formulate reductionistic generalizations concerning Runx function in normal and carcinogenic development. However, a growing body of literature links Runx function to each of the major intercellular signaling systems in animals, suggesting that the general function of Runx transcription factors may be to potentiate and govern genomic responsiveness to developmental signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Coffman
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine 04672, USA.
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Braun T, Woollard A. RUNX factors in development: lessons from invertebrate model systems. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2009; 43:43-8. [PMID: 19447650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Runt-related (RUNX) transcription factors are evolutionarily conserved regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation and stem cell maintenance. They are critical for the correct development and function of a variety of human tissues, including during haematopoiesis. RUNX genes regulate various aspects of proliferation control, stem cell maintenance, lineage commitment and regulation of differentiation; disruptions in the correct function of RUNX genes have been associated with human pathologies, most prominently cancer. Because of the high context dependency and partial redundancy of vertebrate RUNX genes, invertebrate model systems have been studied in the hope of finding an ancestral function. Here we review the progress of these studies in three invertebrate systems, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. All essential aspects of RUNX function in vertebrates have counterparts in invertebrates, confirming the usefulness of these studies in simpler organisms. The fact that not all RUNX functions are conserved in all systems, though, underscores the importance of choosing the right model to ask specific questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Braun
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Genes and Development, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Wang X, Qiu X, Meng X, Yang L. Preliminary study on polymorphism analysis of SpRunt-1 gene by PCR–SSCP in Strongylocentrotus intermedius and its association with growth traits. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:411-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9481-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Sea urchin embryos are characterized by an extremely simple mode of development, rapid cleavage, high transparency, and well-defined cell lineage. Although they are not suitable for genetic studies, other approaches are successfully used to unravel mechanisms and molecules involved in cell fate specification and morphogenesis. Microinjection is the elective method to study gene function in sea urchin embryos. It is used to deliver precise amounts of DNA, RNA, oligonucleotides, peptides, or antibodies into the eggs or even into blastomeres. Here we describe microinjection as it is currently applied in our laboratory and show how it has been used in gene perturbation analyses and dissection of cis-regulatory DNA elements.
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Robertson AJ, Coluccio A, Knowlton P, Dickey-Sims C, Coffman JA. Runx expression is mitogenic and mutually linked to Wnt activity in blastula-stage sea urchin embryos. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3770. [PMID: 19020668 PMCID: PMC2582955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Runt homology domain (Runx) defines a metazoan family of sequence-specific transcriptional regulatory proteins that are critical for animal development and causally associated with a variety of mammalian cancers. The sea urchin Runx gene SpRunt-1 is expressed throughout the blastula stage embryo, and is required globally during embryogenesis for cell survival and differentiation. Methodology/Principal Findings Depletion of SpRunt-1 by morpholino antisense-mediated knockdown causes a blastula stage deficit in cell proliferation, as shown by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and direct cell counts. Reverse transcription coupled polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) studies show that the cell proliferation deficit is presaged by a deficit in the expression of several zygotic wnt genes, including wnt8, a key regulator of endomesoderm development. In addition, SpRunt-1-depleted blastulae underexpress cyclinD, an effector of mitogenic Wnt signaling. Blastula stage cell proliferation is also impeded by knockdown of either wnt8 or cyclinD. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) indicates that Runx target sites within 5′ sequences flanking cyclinD, wnt6 and wnt8 are directly bound by SpRunt-1 protein at late blastula stage. Furthermore, experiments using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter transgene show that the blastula-stage operation of a cis-regulatory module previously shown to be required for wnt8 expression (Minokawa et al., Dev. Biol. 288: 545–558, 2005) is dependent on its direct sequence-specific interaction with SpRunt-1. Finally, inhibitor studies and immunoblot analysis show that SpRunt-1 protein levels are negatively regulated by glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3. Conclusions/Significance These results suggest that Runx expression and Wnt signaling are mutually linked in a feedback circuit that controls cell proliferation during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Robertson
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine, United States of America
| | - Alison Coluccio
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine, United States of America
| | - Peter Knowlton
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine, United States of America
| | - Carrie Dickey-Sims
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - James A. Coffman
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sullivan JC, Sher D, Eisenstein M, Shigesada K, Reitzel AM, Marlow H, Levanon D, Groner Y, Finnerty JR, Gat U. The evolutionary origin of the Runx/CBFbeta transcription factors--studies of the most basal metazoans. BMC Evol Biol 2008; 8:228. [PMID: 18681949 PMCID: PMC2527000 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Members of the Runx family of transcriptional regulators, which bind DNA as heterodimers with CBFβ, are known to play critical roles in embryonic development in many triploblastic animals such as mammals and insects. They are known to regulate basic developmental processes such as cell fate determination and cellular potency in multiple stem-cell types, including the sensory nerve cell progenitors of ganglia in mammals. Results In this study, we detect and characterize the hitherto unexplored Runx/CBFβ genes of cnidarians and sponges, two basal animal lineages that are well known for their extensive regenerative capacity. Comparative structural modeling indicates that the Runx-CBFβ-DNA complex from most cnidarians and sponges is highly similar to that found in humans, with changes in the residues involved in Runx-CBFβ dimerization in either of the proteins mirrored by compensatory changes in the binding partner. In situ hybridization studies reveal that Nematostella Runx and CBFβ are expressed predominantly in small isolated foci at the base of the ectoderm of the tentacles in adult animals, possibly representing neurons or their progenitors. Conclusion These results reveal that Runx and CBFβ likely functioned together to regulate transcription in the common ancestor of all metazoans, and the structure of the Runx-CBFβ-DNA complex has remained extremely conserved since the human-sponge divergence. The expression data suggest a hypothesis that these genes may have played a role in nerve cell differentiation or maintenance in the common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Sullivan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington St, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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