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Arribas L, Menéndez-Arias L, Betancor G. May I Help You with Your Coat? HIV-1 Capsid Uncoating and Reverse Transcription. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7167. [PMID: 39000271 PMCID: PMC11241228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid is a protein core formed by multiple copies of the viral capsid (CA) protein. Inside the capsid, HIV-1 harbours all the viral components required for replication, including the genomic RNA and viral enzymes reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN). Upon infection, the RT transforms the genomic RNA into a double-stranded DNA molecule that is subsequently integrated into the host chromosome by IN. For this to happen, the viral capsid must open and release the viral DNA, in a process known as uncoating. Capsid plays a key role during the initial stages of HIV-1 replication; therefore, its stability is intimately related to infection efficiency, and untimely uncoating results in reverse transcription defects. How and where uncoating takes place and its relationship with reverse transcription is not fully understood, but the recent development of novel biochemical and cellular approaches has provided unprecedented detail on these processes. In this review, we present the latest findings on the intricate link between capsid stability, reverse transcription and uncoating, the different models proposed over the years for capsid uncoating, and the role played by other cellular factors on these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Arribas
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
| | - Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Gilberto Betancor
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
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2
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Li F, Lee M, Esnault C, Wendover K, Guo Y, Atkins P, Zaratiegui M, Levin HL. Identification of an integrase-independent pathway of retrotransposition. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm9390. [PMID: 35767609 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm9390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Retroviruses and long terminal repeat retrotransposons rely on integrase (IN) to insert their complementary DNA (cDNA) into the genome of host cells. Nevertheless, in the absence of IN, retroelements can retain notable levels of insertion activity. We have characterized the IN-independent pathway of Tf1 and found that insertion sites had homology to the primers of reverse transcription, which form single-stranded DNAs at the termini of the cDNA. In the absence of IN activity, a similar bias was observed with HIV-1. Our studies showed that the Tf1 insertions result from single-strand annealing, a noncanonical form of homologous recombination mediated by Rad52. By expanding our analysis of insertions to include repeat sequences, we found most formed tandem elements by inserting at preexisting copies of a related transposable element. Unexpectedly, we found that wild-type Tf1 uses the IN-independent pathway as an alternative mode of insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Lee
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Caroline Esnault
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katie Wendover
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yabin Guo
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul Atkins
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mikel Zaratiegui
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Nelson Biological Laboratories A133, 604 Allison Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Henry L Levin
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Ursache A, Tibeica AM, Luca A, Onofriescu M, Matasariu DR, Nemescu D. Fetal cardiac evaluation in HIV-positive women under HAART therapy in a Romanian hospital. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:606. [PMID: 33936263 PMCID: PMC8082575 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an RNA (ribonucleic acid) virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This disease has a major socioeconomical impact. The aim of the present study was to assess the fetal heart structure and function in HIV-positive pregnant women on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). This is a prospective study conducted between January, 2018 and December, 2019. The hearts of fetuses from 14 HIV-positive pregnant women on HAART were assessed. Statistically significant sex-related cardiac changes in HIV-exposed uninfected fetuses of pregnant women on HAART were found. A narrow aorta was detected in female fetuses and a smaller left ventricular transverse diameter in male fetuses. Overall, the myocardial performance index remained unaltered. The impact of antiretroviral therapy on fetal heart seems to be sex-related. Accurate and complete information about the risks and benefits of antiretroviral treatment and management strategies to improve fetal outcomes may also ensure better compliance of the mothers to this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ursache
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandra Maria Tibeica
- Department of Obstetrics 'Cuza Voda' Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinical Hospital, 700038 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandru Luca
- Department of Obstetrics 'Cuza Voda' Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinical Hospital, 700038 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mircea Onofriescu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania.,Department of Obstetrics 'Cuza Voda' Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinical Hospital, 700038 Iasi, Romania
| | - Daniela Roxana Matasariu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Dragos Nemescu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania.,Department of Obstetrics 'Cuza Voda' Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinical Hospital, 700038 Iasi, Romania
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Panigrahi D, Mishra A, Sahu SK, Azam MA, Vyshaag CM. A Combined approach of Pharmacophore Modeling, QSAR Study, Molecular Docking and in silico ADME/Tox prediction of 4-Arylthio & 4- Aryloxy-3- Iodopyridine-2(1H)-one analogs to identify potential Reverse Transcriptase inhibitor: Anti-HIV agents. Med Chem 2020; 18:51-87. [PMID: 33319692 DOI: 10.2174/1573406417666201214100822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reverse transcriptase is an important therapeutic target to treat AIDS caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Despite many effective anti-HIV drugs, reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors remain the cornerstone of the drug regimen to treat AIDS. In the present work, we have expedited the use of different computational modules and presented an easy, cost-effective and high throughput screening method to identify potential reverse transcriptase inhibitors. METHODS A congeneric series of 4-Arylthio & 4-Aryloxy-3- Iodopyridine-2(1H)-one analogs having anti-HIV activity were subjected to structure-based 2D, 3D QSAR, Pharmacophore Modeling, and Molecular Docking to elucidate the structural properties required for the design of potent HIV-RT inhibitors. Prediction of preliminary Pharmacokinetic and the Drug Likeliness profile was performed for these compounds by in silico ADME study. RESULTS The 2D and 3D- QSAR models were developed by correlating two and three-dimensional descriptors with activity (pIC50) by sphere exclusion method and k-nearest neighbor molecular field analysis approach, respectively. The significant 2D- QSAR model developed by Partial Least Square associated with the Sphere Exclusion method (PLS-SE) having r2 and q2 values 0.9509 and 0.8038 respectively. The 3D-QSAR model by Step Wise variable selection method (SW-kNN MFA) is more significant which has a cross-validated squared correlation coefficient q2= 0.8509 and a non-cross-validated correlation coefficient pred_r2= 0.8102. The pharmacophore hypothesis was developed which comprised 5 features includes 3 aliphatic regions (Ala), 1 H-bond donor (HDr) and 1 H-bond acceptor (HAc). Docking studies of the selected inhibitors with the active site of reverse transcriptase enzyme showed hydrogen bond and π - π interaction with LYS-101, LYS-103, TYR- 181, TYR-188 and TRP-229 residues present at the active site. All the candidates with good bioavailability and ADMET drug likeliness properties. CONCLUSION The results of the present work provide more useful information and important structural insights for the discovery, design of novel and potent reverse transcriptase inhibitors with high therapeutic windows in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debadash Panigrahi
- Drug Research Laboratory, Nodal Research Centre, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Puri, Baliguali, Puri- Konark Marine Drive road, Puri, Odisha. India
| | - Amiyakanta Mishra
- Drug Research Laboratory, Nodal Research Centre, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Puri, Baliguali, Puri- Konark Marine Drive road, Puri, Odisha. India
| | - Susanta Kumar Sahu
- Dept. of Pharmacy, Utkal University, VaniVihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. India
| | - Mohd Afzal Azam
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, J.S.S. College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Udhagamandalam, Tamil Nadu. India
| | - C M Vyshaag
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, J.S.S. College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Udhagamandalam, Tamil Nadu. India
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Panigrahi D, Mishra A, Sahu SK. Rational in silico drug design of HIV-RT inhibitors through G-QSAR and molecular docking study of 4-arylthio and 4-aryloxy-3-iodopyridine-2(1-H)-one derivative. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-020-00075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Antiretroviral therapy (ART) against HIV infection offers the promise of controlling disease progression and prolonging the survival of HIV-infected patients. Reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors remain the cornerstone of the drug regimen to treat AIDS. In this direction, by using group-based QSAR study (G-QSAR), identification of the structural need for the development of lead structure with reverse transcriptase inhibition on 97 reported structures was carried out. Docking analysis was performed further and suggested the structural properties required for binding affinity with the receptor. The molecules in the data set were fragmented into six (R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6) by applying the fragmentation pattern. Three G-QSAR models were selected based on the statistical significance of the model. The molecular docking study was performed to explain the structural properties required for the design of potent HIV-RT inhibitors.
Results
The statistically validated QSAR models reveal the presence of higher hydrophobic groups containing single-bonded –Br atom, 2 aromatic bonded –NH group with less electronegativity, and entropic interaction fields at R2 essential for better anti-HIV activity. The presence of a lipophilic group at R3, oxygen and sulfur connected with two aromatic bonds at R4, and –CH3 group at R5 was fruitful for reverse transcriptase inhibition. Docking studies of the selected inhibitors with the active site of reverse transcriptase enzyme showed hydrogen bond, Van der Waal’s, charge, aromatic, and π–π interactions with residues present at the active site.
Conclusion
The results of the generated models provide significant site-specific insight into the structural requirements for reverse transcriptase inhibition during the design and development of novel anti-HIV compounds. Molecular docking study revealed the binding interaction between the ligand and the receptor which gave insight towards the structure-based design for the discovery of more potent compounds with better activity against HIV infection.
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Cazzolla Gatti R. Coronavirus outbreak is a symptom of Gaia's sickness. Ecol Modell 2020; 426:109075. [PMID: 32296258 PMCID: PMC7158772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cazzolla Gatti
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Austria
- Biological Institute, Tomsk State University, Russia
- Corresponding author.
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7
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Abstract
AbstractAutophagy is a highly conserved pathway for physiological metabolism. Bilayer vesicles transport their contents to lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy is therefore a means of removing intracellular viruses and other pathogens in mammalian cells. However, the role of autophagy in virus infection is complex. Several viruses have developed a way to escape autophagy-dependent degradation and replicate themselves through autophagy. This article summarizes the fundamental mechanism and function of autophagy and its role in infection with viruses such as HIV, HTLV-1, and other retroviruses.
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Olmedo DA, López-Pérez JL, Del Olmo E, Bedoya LM, Sancho R, Alcamí J, Muñoz E, Feliciano AS, Gupta MP. Neoflavonoids as Inhibitors of HIV-1 Replication by Targeting the Tat and NF-κB Pathways. Molecules 2017; 22:E321. [PMID: 28218730 PMCID: PMC6155902 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-eight neoflavonoids have been prepared and evaluated in vitro against HIV-1. Antiviral activity was assessed on MT-2 cells infected with viral clones carrying the luciferase reporter gene. Inhibition of HIV transcription and Tat function were tested on cells stably transfected with the HIV-LTR and Tat protein. Seven 4-phenylchromen-2-one derivatives showed HIV transcriptional inhibitory activity but only the phenylchrome-2-one 10 inhibited NF-κB and displayed anti-Tat activity simultaneously. Compounds 10, 14, and 25, inhibited HIV replication in both targets at concentrations <25 μM. The assays of these synthetic 4-phenylchromen-2-ones may aid in the investigation of some aspects of the anti-HIV activity of such compounds and could serve as a scaffold for designing better anti-HIV compounds, which may lead to a potential anti-HIV therapeutic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionisio A Olmedo
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Area, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salamanca, Faculty of Pharmacy, CIETUS, IBSAL, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - José Luis López-Pérez
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Area, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salamanca, Faculty of Pharmacy, CIETUS, IBSAL, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Esther Del Olmo
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Area, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salamanca, Faculty of Pharmacy, CIETUS, IBSAL, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Luis M Bedoya
- National Centre of Microbiology, Institute Carlos III, Crt. Majadahonda a Pozuelo, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
- Pharmacology Department, College of Pharmacy, Complutense University. Pz. Ramón Y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rocío Sancho
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Faculty of Medicine Avda de Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - José Alcamí
- National Centre of Microbiology, Institute Carlos III, Crt. Majadahonda a Pozuelo, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Faculty of Medicine Avda de Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Arturo San Feliciano
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Area, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salamanca, Faculty of Pharmacy, CIETUS, IBSAL, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Mahabir P Gupta
- CIFLORPAN, Center for Pharmacognostic Research on Panamanian Flora, College of Pharmacy, University of Panama, P.O. Box 0824-00172 Panama, Panama.
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9
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Qi C, Jia X, Lu L, Ma P, Wei M. HEK293T Cells Are Heterozygous for CCR5 Delta 32 Mutation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152975. [PMID: 27042825 PMCID: PMC4820142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is a receptor for chemokines and a co-receptor for HIV-1 entry into the target CD4+ cells. CCR5 delta 32 deletion is a loss-of-function mutation, resistant to HIV-1 infection. We tried to induce the CCR5 delta 32 mutation harnessing the genome editing technique, CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, CRISPR and CRISPR associated protein 9, Cas9) in the commonly used cell line human embryonic kidney HEK 293T cells. Surprisingly, we found that HEK293T cells are heterozygous for CCR5 delta 32 mutation, in contrast to the wild type CCR5 cells, human acute T cell leukemia cell line Jurkat and human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231 cells. This finding indicates that at least one human cell line is heterozygous for the CCR5 delta 32 mutation. We also found that in PCR amplification, wild type CCR5 DNA and mutant delta 32 DNA can form mismatched heteroduplex and move slowly in gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Qi
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaopeng Jia
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingling Lu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Tianjin Second People’s Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Wei
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail:
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Wynn JE, Santos WL. HIV-1 drug discovery: targeting folded RNA structures with branched peptides. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:5848-58. [PMID: 25958855 PMCID: PMC4511164 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00589b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is an RNA virus that is prone to high rates of mutation. While the disease is managed with current antiretroviral therapies, drugs with a new mode of action are needed. A strategy towards this goal is aimed at targeting the native three-dimensional fold of conserved RNA structures. This perspective highlights medium-sized peptides and peptidomimetics used to target two conserved RNA structures of HIV-1. In particular, branched peptides have the capacity to bind in a multivalent fashion, utilizing a large surface area to achieve the necessary affinity and selectivity toward the target RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Wynn
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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11
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TINÓS AMFG, SALES-PERES SHDC. Xerostomia related to HIV infection /AIDS: a critical review. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/rou.2014.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The presence of oral manifestations in HIV positive individuals is quite common. Xerostomia appears as one of the most frequent problems and may lead to a reduction in the quality of life of this population. Objective: This study was a critical review of the relationship between xerostomia and HIV infection, to attract the attention of dentists on the importance of dental care to these patients. Material and method: We included articles published between 2000 and 2009, indexed in PUBMED database. The descriptors used were "HIV" and "xerostomia", the exclusion criteria adopted were: the absence of these descriptors associated, non-location of the full-text, articles based on case studies or case series and the absence of the abstract in the database. Result: Based on studies in the review, it can be said that the xerostomia is a common manifestation of HIV infection, predisposing the patient to several other oral problems. Among the risk factors for its occurrence it was reported: low counts of CD4+ T cells, high plasma viral load, the use of some medications and antiretroviral therapy. Conclusion: The HIV/AIDS can change the salivary glands, and were considered important risk factors for the occurrence of xerostomia the presence of didanosine and the drug class which corresponds to protease inhibitors in antiretroviral therapy.
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12
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Liu J, Du B, Zhang P, Haleyurgirisetty M, Zhao J, Ragupathy V, Lee S, DeVoe DL, Hewlett IK. Development of a microchip Europium nanoparticle immunoassay for sensitive point-of-care HIV detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 61:177-83. [PMID: 24880655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Rapid, sensitive and specific diagnostic assays play an indispensable role in determination of HIV infection stages and evaluation of efficacy of antiretroviral therapy. Recently, our laboratory developed a sensitive Europium nanoparticle-based microtiter-plate immunoassay capable of detecting target analytes at subpicogram per milliliter levels without the use of catalytic enzymes and signal amplification processes. Encouraged by its sensitivity and simplicity, we continued to miniaturize this assay to a microchip platform for the purpose of converting the benchtop assay technique to a point-of-care test. It was found that detection capability of the microchip platform could be readily improved using Europium nanoparticle probes. We were able to routinely detect 5 pg/mL (4.6 attomoles) of HIV-1 p24 antigen at a signal-to-blank ratio of 1.5, a sensitivity level reasonably close to that of microtiter-plate Europium nanoparticle assay. Meanwhile, use of the microchip platform effectively reduced sample/reagent consumption 4.5 fold and shortened total assay time 2 fold in comparison with microtiter plate assays. Complex matrix substance in plasma negatively affected the microchip assays and the effects could be minimized by diluting the samples before loading. With further improvements in sensitivity, reproducibility, usability, assay process simplification, and incorporation of portable time-resolved fluorescence reader, Europium nanoparticle immunoassay technology could be adapted to meet the challenges of point-of-care diagnosis of HIV or other health-threatening pathogens at bedside or in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikun Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Bingchen Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Panhe Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mohan Haleyurgirisetty
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jiangqin Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Viswanath Ragupathy
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sherwin Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Don L DeVoe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20842, USA
| | - Indira K Hewlett
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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13
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Chen CY, Liu X, Boris-Lawrie K, Sharma A, Jeang KT. Cellular RNA helicases and HIV-1: insights from genome-wide, proteomic, and molecular studies. Virus Res 2013; 171:357-65. [PMID: 22814432 PMCID: PMC3493675 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RNA helicases are ubiquitous in plants and animals and function in many cellular processes. Retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), encode no RNA helicases in their genomes and utilize host cellular RNA helicases at various stages of their life cycle. Here, we briefly summarize the roles RNA helicases play in HIV-1 replication that have been identified recently, in part, through genome-wide screenings, proteomics, and molecular studies. Some of these helicases augment virus propagation while others apparently participate in antiviral defenses against viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yen Chen
- Molecular Virology Section1, Laboratory of Molecular, Microbiology, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA 20892
| | - Xiang Liu
- Molecular Virology Section1, Laboratory of Molecular, Microbiology, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA 20892
| | - Kathleen Boris-Lawrie
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Retrovirus Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA 43210
| | - Amit Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Retrovirus Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA 43210
| | - Kuan-Teh Jeang
- Molecular Virology Section1, Laboratory of Molecular, Microbiology, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA 20892
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14
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Chan CN, McMonagle EL, Hosie MJ, Willett BJ. Prostratin exhibits both replication enhancing and inhibiting effects on FIV infection of feline CD4+ T-cells. Virus Res 2012. [PMID: 23201205 PMCID: PMC3566544 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The phorbol ester Prostratin may either stimulate or inhibit human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) replication. Here we report that Prostratin also exhibits a similar dual action upon feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) replication in an IL-2-dependent feline CD4+ T-cell line (MYA-1). While withdrawal of IL-2 halted FIV spread, Prostratin rescued virus production and cell viability, mimicking the functions of the cytokine. Conversely, FIV grew rapidly in the presence of IL-2 and this was inhibited by Prostratin. In contrast to HIV-1, Prostratin mediated inhibition of FIV through means other than blocking virus entry. Co-application of the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor Gö6850 with Prostratin reversed both the inhibitory and stimulatory effects, suggesting that PKC is crucial for FIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ngai Chan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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15
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Tang SW, Ducroux A, Jeang KT, Neuveut C. Impact of cellular autophagy on viruses: Insights from hepatitis B virus and human retroviruses. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:92. [PMID: 23110561 PMCID: PMC3495035 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a protein degradative process important for normal cellular metabolism. It is apparently used also by cells to eliminate invading pathogens. Interestingly, many pathogens have learned to subvert the cell’s autophagic process. Here, we review the interactions between viruses and cells in regards to cellular autophagy. Using findings from hepatitis B virus and human retroviruses, HIV-1 and HTLV-1, we discuss mechanisms used by viruses to usurp cellular autophagy in ways that benefit viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Wen Tang
- Molecular Virology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-0460, USA
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16
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Asahchop EL, Oliveira M, Quashie PK, Moisi D, Martinez-Cajas JL, Brenner BG, Tremblay CL, Wainberg MA. In vitro and structural evaluation of PL-100 as a potential second-generation HIV-1 protease inhibitor. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 68:105-12. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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17
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Cardozo EF, Zurakowski R. Robust closed-loop minimal sampling method for HIV therapy switching strategies. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2012; 59:2227-34. [PMID: 22652153 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2012.2201479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant strains of human immunodeficiency virus during antiretroviral therapy is a major cause of treatment failure and disease progression. Development of a resistant strain necessitates switching to a new antiretroviral regimen composed of novel drugs. Recent work has shown that current methods of switching antiviral therapies carry significant unnecessary risk of subsequent failures, and optimal switching schedules to minimize this risk have been proposed. These switching schedules require frequent sampling of viral load during an induced phase of transient viral load reduction, with the goal of switching to the new antiviral regimen at an induced viral load minimum. The proposed frequent sampling carries an unacceptable level of cost both in terms of measurement expense and inconvenience to the patient. In this paper, we propose a closed-loop sampling algorithm to reduce the number of samples required to achieve the desired reduction in risk. We demonstrate through the Monte-Carlo analysis that the proposed method is able to robustly achieve an average 50% reduction in the number of required samples while maintaining a reduction in the risk of subsequent failure to under 3%, despite experimentally verified levels of model and measurement uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Cardozo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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18
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Protection against SHIV-KB9 infection by combining rDNA and rFPV vaccines based on HIV multiepitope and p24 protein in Chinese rhesus macaques. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:958404. [PMID: 22474488 PMCID: PMC3299295 DOI: 10.1155/2012/958404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Developing an effective vaccine against HIV infection remains an urgent goal. We used a DNA prime/fowlpox virus boost regimen to immunize Chinese rhesus macaques. The animals were challenged intramuscularly with pathogenic molecularly cloned SHIV-KB9. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of vaccines were investigated by measuring IFN-γ levels, monitoring HIV-specific binding antibodies, examining viral load, and analyzing CD4/CD8 ratio. Results show that, upon challenge, the vaccine group can induce a strong immune response in the body, represented by increased expression of IFN-γ, slow and steady elevated antibody production, reduced peak value of acute viral load, and increase in the average CD4/CD8 ratio. The current research suggests that rapid reaction speed, appropriate response strength, and long-lasting immune response time may be key protection factors for AIDS vaccine. The present study contributes significantly to AIDS vaccine and preclinical research.
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19
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Songok EM, Luo M, Liang B, Mclaren P, Kaefer N, Apidi W, Boucher G, Kimani J, Wachihi C, Sekaly R, Fowke K, Ball BT, Plummer FA. Microarray analysis of HIV resistant female sex workers reveal a gene expression signature pattern reminiscent of a lowered immune activation state. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30048. [PMID: 22291902 PMCID: PMC3266890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify novel biomarkers for HIV-1 resistance, including pathways that may be critical in anti-HIV-1 vaccine design, we carried out a gene expression analysis on blood samples obtained from HIV-1 highly exposed seronegatives (HESN) from a commercial sex worker cohort in Nairobi and compared their profiles to HIV-1 negative controls. Whole blood samples were collected from 43 HIV-1 resistant sex workers and a similar number of controls. Total RNA was extracted and hybridized to the Affymetrix HUG 133 Plus 2.0 micro arrays (Affymetrix, Santa Clara CA). Output data was analysed through ArrayAssist software (Agilent, San Jose CA). More than 2,274 probe sets were differentially expressed in the HESN as compared to the control group (fold change ≥1.3; p value ≤0.0001, FDR <0.05). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the differentially expressed genes readily distinguished HESNs from controls. Pathway analysis through the KEGG signaling database revealed a majority of the impacted pathways (13 of 15, 87%) had genes that were significantly down regulated. The most down expressed pathways were glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate, phosphatidyl inositol, natural killer cell cytotoxicity and T-cell receptor signaling. Ribosomal protein synthesis and tight junction genes were up regulated. We infer that the hallmark of HIV-1 resistance is down regulation of genes in key signaling pathways that HIV-1 depends on for infection.
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20
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Ivanyi-Nagy R, Darlix JL. Fuzziness in the Core of the Human Pathogenic Viruses HCV and HIV. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 725:142-58. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0659-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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21
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Enhancement of replication of RNA viruses by ADAR1 via RNA editing and inhibition of RNA-activated protein kinase. J Virol 2011; 85:8460-6. [PMID: 21490091 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00240-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) is a double-stranded RNA binding protein and RNA-editing enzyme that modifies cellular and viral RNAs, including coding and noncoding RNAs. This interferon (IFN)-induced protein was expected to have an antiviral role, but recent studies have demonstrated that it promotes the replication of many RNA viruses. The data from these experiments show that ADAR1 directly enhances replication of hepatitis delta virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, vesicular stomatitis virus, and measles virus. The proviral activity of ADAR1 occurs through two mechanisms: RNA editing and inhibition of RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR). While these pathways have been found independently, the two mechanisms can act in concert to increase viral replication and contribute to viral pathogenesis. This novel type of proviral regulation by an IFN-induced protein, combined with some antiviral effects of hyperediting, sheds new light on the importance of ADAR1 during viral infection and transforms our overall understanding of the innate immune response.
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22
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Gong J, Shen XH, Chen C, Qiu H, Yang RG. Down-regulation of HIV-1 infection by inhibition of the MAPK signaling pathway. Virol Sin 2011; 26:114-22. [PMID: 21468934 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-011-3184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can interact with and exploit the host cellular machinery to replicate and propagate itself. Numerous studies have shown that the Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway can positively regulate the replication of HIV-1, but exactly how each MAPK pathway affects HIV-1 infection and replication is not understood. In this study, we used the Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway inhibitor, PD98059, the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway inhibitor, SP600125, and the p38 pathway inhibitor, SB203580, to investigate the roles of these pathways in HIV-1 replication. We found that application of PD98059 results in a strong VSV-G pseudotyped HIV-1(NL4-3) luciferase reporter virus and HIV-1(NL4-3) virus inhibition activity. In addition, SB203580 and SP600125 also elicited marked VSV-G pseudotyped HIV-1(NL4-3) luciferase reporter virus inhibition activity but no HIV-1(NL4-3) virus inhibition activity. We also found that SB203580 and SP600125 can enhance the HIV-1 inhibition activity of PD98059 when cells were treated with all three MAPK pathway inhibitors in combination. Finally, we show that HIV-1 virus inhibition activity of the MAPK pathway inhibitors was the result of the negative regulation of HIV-1 LTR promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gong
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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23
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Lever AML, Jeang KT. Insights into cellular factors that regulate HIV-1 replication in human cells. Biochemistry 2011; 50:920-31. [PMID: 21218853 DOI: 10.1021/bi101805f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Retroviruses integrate into the host cell's chromosome. Accordingly, many aspects of the life cycle of retroviruses like HIV-1 are intimately linked to the functions of cellular proteins and RNAs. In this review, we discuss in brief recent genomewide screens for the identification of cellular proteins that assist HIV-1 replication in human cells. We also review findings for other cellular moieties that help or restrict the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M L Lever
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, U.K
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24
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Songok EM, Osero B, McKinnon L, Rono MK, Apidi W, Matey EJ, Meyers AFA, Luo M, Kimani J, Wachihi C, Ball BT, Plummer FA, Mpoke S. CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26/DPPIV) is highly expressed in peripheral blood of HIV-1 exposed uninfected female sex workers. Virol J 2010; 7:343. [PMID: 21108831 PMCID: PMC3009705 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Design of effective vaccines against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) continues to present formidable challenges. However, individuals who are exposed HIV-1 but do not get infected may reveal correlates of protection that may inform on effective vaccine design. A preliminary gene expression analysis of HIV resistant female sex workers (HIV-R) suggested a high expression CD26/DPPIV gene. Previous studies have indicated an anti-HIV effect of high CD26/DPPIV expressing cells in vitro. Similarly, high CD26/DPPIV protein levels in vivo have been shown to be a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. We carried out a study to confirm if the high CD26/DPPIV gene expression among the HIV-R were concordant with high blood protein levels and its correlation with clinical type 2 diabetes and other perturbations in the insulin signaling pathway. Results A quantitative CD26/DPPIV plasma analysis from 100 HIV-R, 100 HIV infected (HIV +) and 100 HIV negative controls (HIV Neg) showed a significantly elevated CD26/DPPIV concentration among the HIV-R group (mean 1315 ng/ml) than the HIV Neg (910 ng/ml) and HIV + (870 ng/ml, p < 0.001). Similarly a FACs analysis of cell associated DPPIV (CD26) revealed a higher CD26/DPPIV expression on CD4+ T-cells derived from HIV-R than from the HIV+ (90.30% vs 80.90 p = 0.002) and HIV Neg controls (90.30% vs 82.30 p < 0.001) respectively. A further comparison of the mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of CD26/DPPIV expression showed a higher DPP4 MFI on HIV-R CD4+ T cells (median 118 vs 91 for HIV-Neg, p = 0.0003). An evaluation for hyperglycemia, did not confirm Type 2 diabetes but an impaired fasting glucose condition (5.775 mmol/L). A follow-up quantitative PCR analysis of the insulin signaling pathway genes showed a down expression of NFκB, a central mediator of the immune response and activator of HIV-1 transcription. Conclusion HIV resistant sex workers have a high expression of CD26/DPPIV in tandem with lowered immune activation markers. This may suggest a novel role for CD26/DPPIV in protection against HIV infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah M Songok
- Centre For Virus Research, Mbagathi Road Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
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25
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Abstract
Accurate HIV diagnostic testing continues to pose challenges, but there are also opportunities for assay performance improvements in key areas for specific intended-use settings. The genetic diversity of HIV can result in false and discordant results in assays that fail to detect new variant strains. The use of antiretroviral therapies has resulted in drug-resistant variants that require monitoring by sequencing and genotyping methods. Nucleic acid testing is the most sensitive and reliable platform for detection, but it is costly and limited to centralized testing facilities, making implementation difficult in resource-limited settings where HIV has hit the hardest. Rapid antibody tests suitable for point-of-care use are becoming more accessible in resource-limited settings, but these tests may not detect HIV during the acute infection stage. Emerging antigen/antibody combination assays are viable alternatives to nucleic acid testing for diagnosis of recent infections. Although patient monitoring (e.g., via CD4+ T-cell count and viral load determination) and infant diagnoses still rely on clinical laboratory-based testing, point-of-care options are being developed. There are other technical challenges to HIV diagnostic testing and emerging biodetection technologies that may be able to address them, but they are not yet proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Y Wong
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research, Food & Drug Administration, 8800 Rockville Pike, Building 29B, Room 4NN16, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Indira K Hewlett
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research, Food & Drug Administration, 8800 Rockville Pike, Building 29B, Room 4NN16, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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26
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Weichsel J, Herold N, Lehmann MJ, Kräusslich HG, Schwarz US. A quantitative measure for alterations in the actin cytoskeleton investigated with automated high-throughput microscopy. Cytometry A 2010; 77:52-63. [PMID: 19899129 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton modulates a large variety of physiological and disease-related processes in the cell. For example, actin has been shown to be a crucial host factor for successful infection by HIV-1, but the underlying mechanistic details are still unknown. Automated approaches open up the perspective to clarify such an issue by processing many samples in a high-throughput manner. To analyze the alterations in the actin cytoskeleton within an automated setting, large-scale image acquisition and analysis were established for JC-53 cells stained for actin. As a quantitative measure in such an automated approach, we suggest a parameter called image coherency. We successfully benchmarked our analysis by calculating coherency for both a biophysical model of the actin cytoskeleton and for cells whose actin architecture had been disturbed pharmacologically by latrunculin B or cytochalasin D. We then tested the influence of HIV-1 infection on actin coherency, but observed no significant differences between uninfected and infected cells.
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27
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Kim HW, Won KS, Choi BW, Zeon SK. Cerebral Toxoplasmosis in a Patient with AIDS on F-18 FDG PET/CT. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 44:75-7. [PMID: 24899941 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-009-0014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinction between primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma and nonmalignant lesions due to opportunistic infections, in particular cerebral toxoplasmosis, is important because of the different treatments involved. A 32-year-old patient with AIDS was hospitalized for intermittent headaches. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a small well-enhanced nodular lesion in the right frontal lobe. A fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scan showed moderate FDG uptake in the nodular lesion of the right frontal lobe. We present a case of cerebral toxoplasmosis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the usefulness of F-18 FDG PET/CT in the differential diagnosis of the cerebral toxoplasmosis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Won Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Keimyung University, School of Medicine, 194 Dongsan-Dong, Jung-Gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyoung Sook Won
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Keimyung University, School of Medicine, 194 Dongsan-Dong, Jung-Gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Byung Wook Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Keimyung University, School of Medicine, 194 Dongsan-Dong, Jung-Gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seok Kil Zeon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Keimyung University, School of Medicine, 194 Dongsan-Dong, Jung-Gu, Daegu, Korea
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28
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Dang Z, Lai W, Qian K, Ho P, Lee KH, Chen CH, Huang L. Betulinic acid derivatives as human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7887-91. [PMID: 19526990 DOI: 10.1021/jm9004253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that [[N-[3beta-hydroxyllup-20(29)-en-28-oyl]-7-aminoheptyl]carbamoyl]methane (A43D, 4) was a potent HIV-1 entry inhibitor. However, 4 was inactive against HIV-2 virus, suggesting the structural requirements for targeting these two retroviruses are different. In this study, a series of new betulinic acid derivatives were synthesized, and some of them displayed selective anti-HIV-2 activity at nanomolar concentrations. In comparison to compounds with anti-HIV-1 activity, a shorter C-28 side chain is required for optimal anti-HIV-2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Dang
- Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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29
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Elimination of helminth infection restores HIV-1C vaccine-specific T cell responses independent of helminth-induced IL-10. Vaccine 2009; 28:1310-7. [PMID: 19941988 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 prevalence is highest in developing countries; similarly helminth parasites are often highly endemic in these same areas. Helminths are strong immune modulators, and negatively impact the ability of the infected hosts to mount protective vaccine-specific T cell immune responses for HIV-1 and other pathogens. Indeed, previously we found that Schistosoma mansoni infected mice had significantly impaired HIV-1C vaccine-specific T cell responses. Anthelminthics are available and inexpensive; therefore, in this study, we evaluated whether elimination of schistosome infection prior to vaccination with an HIV-1C DNA vaccine would increase recipients vaccine-specific responses. As expected, splenocytes from S. mansoni infected mice produced significantly elevated amounts of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, and significantly lower amounts of interferon (IFN)-gamma than splenocytes from naïve mice. Following elimination of parasites by praziquantel (PZQ) treatment, splenomegaly was significantly reduced, though splenocytes produced similar or higher levels of IL-10 than splenocytes from infected mice. However, we found that PZQ treatment significantly increased levels of IFN-gamma in response to concanavalin A or SEA compared to splenocytes from untreated mice. Importantly, PZQ treatment resulted in complete restoration of HIV-1C vaccine-specific T cell responses at 8 weeks post-PZQ treatment. Restoration of HIV-1C vaccine-specific T cell responses following elimination of helminth infection was time dependent, but surprisingly independent of the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 induced by parasite antigens. Our study shows that elimination of worms offers an affordable and a simple means to restore immune responsiveness to T cell based vaccines for HIV-1 and other infectious diseases in helminth endemic settings.
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30
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Jeang KT, Huang LM. HIV-1 Vaccine—Many Miles to Go Before We Sleep. J Formos Med Assoc 2009; 108:827-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6646(09)60412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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31
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Strebel K, Luban J, Jeang KT. Human cellular restriction factors that target HIV-1 replication. BMC Med 2009; 7:48. [PMID: 19758442 PMCID: PMC2759957 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-7-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings have highlighted roles played by innate cellular factors in restricting intracellular viral replication. In this review, we discuss in brief the activities of apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme 3G (APOBEC3G), bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST-2), cyclophilin A, tripartite motif protein 5 alpha (Trim5alpha), and cellular microRNAs as examples of host restriction factors that target HIV-1. We point to countermeasures encoded by HIV-1 for moderating the potency of these cellular restriction functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Strebel
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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32
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Spiropiperidine CCR5 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5401-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Silencing viral microRNA as a novel antiviral therapy? J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2009:419539. [PMID: 19704916 PMCID: PMC2688686 DOI: 10.1155/2009/419539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are intracellular parasites that ensure their existence by converting host cells into viral particle producing entities or into hiding places rendering the virus invisible to the host immune system. Some viruses may also survive by transforming the infected cell into an immortal tumour cell. MicroRNAs are small non-coding transcripts that function as posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. Viruses encode miRNAs that regulate expression of both cellular and viral genes, and contribute to the pathogenic properties of viruses. Hence, neutralizing the action of viral miRNAs expression by complementary single-stranded oligonucleotides or so-called anti-miRNAs may represent a strategy to combat viral infections and viral-induced pathogenesis. This review describes the miRNAs encoded by human viruses, and discusses the possible therapeutic applications of anti-miRNAs against viral diseases.
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34
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Sathekge M, Goethals I, Maes A, van de Wiele C. Positron emission tomography in patients suffering from HIV-1 infection. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36:1176-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-009-1126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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