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Kimura S, Umeda Y, Egashira R, Tabata K, Muramoto A, Morita M, Yamaguchi M, Waseda Y, Imamura Y, Yamauchi T, Ishizuka T. Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type-1-associated Bronchioloalveolar Disorder with Non-necrotizing Granulomas: A Case Report and Literature Review. Intern Med 2024; 63:1149-1155. [PMID: 37661452 PMCID: PMC11081894 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.2201-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1)-associated bronchioloalveolar disorder (HABA) is a pulmonary disorder characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of the peribronchiolar space and interstitium in HTLV-1 carriers and in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). We herein report an 85-year-old woman carrying HTLV-1 with HABA who presented with a miliary pattern of micronodules in both lungs on high-resolution computed tomography and a lymphocytic infiltrate with non-necrotizing granulomas on pathology. This rare case of HABA should be differentiated from sarcoidosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, or miliary tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Kimura
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Umeda
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Japan
| | - Ryoko Egashira
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tabata
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Akifumi Muramoto
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology/Surgical Pathology, University of Fukui Hospital, Japan
| | - Mihoko Morita
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Fukui Hospital, Japan
| | - Makiko Yamaguchi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Japan
| | - Yuko Waseda
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Imamura
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology/Surgical Pathology, University of Fukui Hospital, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamauchi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Fukui Hospital, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Ishizuka
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Japan
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2
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Pan W, An S, Dai L, Xu S, Liu D, Wang L, Zhang R, Wang F, Wang Z. Identification of Potential Differentially-Methylated/Expressed Genes in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. COPD 2023; 20:44-54. [PMID: 36655999 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2022.2158324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. DNA methylation can regulate gene expression. Understanding the potential molecular mechanism of COPD is of great importance. The aim of this study was to find differentially methylated/expressed genes in COPD. DNA methylation and gene expression profiles in COPD were downloaded from the dataset, followed by functional analysis of differentially-methylated/expressed genes. The potential diagnostic value of these differentially-methylated/expressed genes was determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Expression validation of differentially-methylated/expressed genes was performed by in vitro experiment and extra online datasets. Totally, 81 hypermethylated-low expression genes and 121 hypomethylated-high expression genes were found in COPD. Among which, 9 core hypermethylated-low expression genes (CD247, CCR7, CD5, IKZF1, SLAMF1, IL2RB, CD3E, CD7 and IL7R) and 8 core hypomethylated-high expression genes (TREM1, AQP9, CD300LF, CLEC12A, NOD2, IRAK3, NLRP3 and LYZ) were identified in the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Moreover, these genes had a potential diagnostic utility for COPD. Some signaling pathways were identified in COPD, including T cell receptor signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, hematopoietic cell lineage, HTLV-I infection, endocytosis and Jak-STAT signaling pathway. In conclusion, differentially-methylated/expressed genes and involved signaling pathways are likely to be associated with the process of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Qingdao Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shuyuan An
- Department of Cardiology, Qingdao Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Lina Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Qingdao Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shuo Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Qingdao Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Lizhi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Qingdao Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ruixue Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Qingdao Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fengliang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Qingdao Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zongling Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Qingdao Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Semenzato G, Calabretto G, Barilà G, Gasparini VR, Teramo A, Zambello R. Not all LGL leukemias are created equal. Blood Rev 2023; 60:101058. [PMID: 36870881 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2023.101058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Large Granular Lymphocyte (LGL) Leukemia is a rare, heterogeneous even more that once thought, chronic lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by the clonal expansion of T- or NK-LGLs that requires appropriate immunophenotypic and molecular characterization. As in many other hematological conditions, genomic features are taking research efforts one step further and are also becoming instrumental in refining discrete subsets of LGL disorders. In particular, STAT3 and STAT5B mutations may be harbored in leukemic cells and their presence has been linked to diagnosis of LGL disorders. On clinical grounds, a correlation has been established in CD8+ T-LGLL patients between STAT3 mutations and clinical features, in particular neutropenia that favors the onset of severe infections. Revisiting biological aspects, clinical features as well as current and predictable emerging treatments of these disorders, we will herein discuss why appropriate dissection of different disease variants is needed to better manage patients with LGL disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpietro Semenzato
- University of Padova, Department of Medicine, Hematology Unit, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.
| | - Giulia Calabretto
- University of Padova, Department of Medicine, Hematology Unit, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Gregorio Barilà
- University of Padova, Department of Medicine, Hematology Unit, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Vanessa Rebecca Gasparini
- University of Padova, Department of Medicine, Hematology Unit, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonella Teramo
- University of Padova, Department of Medicine, Hematology Unit, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.
| | - Renato Zambello
- University of Padova, Department of Medicine, Hematology Unit, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.
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4
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Dias ÁRN, Falcão LFM, Quaresma JAS. An Overview of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Lung Injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:914498. [PMID: 35844492 PMCID: PMC9285117 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.914498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the development of pulmonary impairment in individuals infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Complications, such as alveolitis and bronchiectasis, were found in individuals who developed tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (TSP-HAM) due to chronic inflammation. These patients exhibited increased levels of lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD25+), cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, and IFN-γ), inflammatory chemokines (MIP-1α and IP-10), and cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, with the result of chronic inflammation and lung injury. The main lesions observed at Chest high-resolution computed tomography were centrilobular nodules, parenchymal bands, lung cysts, bronchiectasis, ground-glass opacity, mosaic attenuation, and pleural thickening. It can lead to progressive changes in pulmonary function with the development of restrictive and obstructive diseases. Recent studies suggest a causal relationship between HTLV-1 and pulmonary diseases, with intensification of lesions and progressive decrease in pulmonary function. This summary updates a previous publication and addresses the general lack of knowledge regarding the relationship between TSP-HAM and pulmonary disease, providing direction for future work and the management of these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ápio Ricardo Nazareth Dias
- Health and Biologic Center, State University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Tropical Medicine Centre, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fábio Magno Falcão
- Health and Biologic Center, State University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma
- Health and Biologic Center, State University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Tropical Medicine Centre, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma,
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5
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Kobe H, Saito K, Arita M, Ishida T. Cryobiopsy for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia secondary to adult T-cell lymphoma/leukaemia. Respirol Case Rep 2022; 10:e0893. [PMID: 34976400 PMCID: PMC8689570 DOI: 10.1002/rcr2.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A 79-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with a 1-week history of progressively worsening dyspnoea on exertion. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed bilateral consolidation. On laboratory findings, the line blot assay for human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 was positive, the white blood cell count was 33,000/μl (atypical lymphocytes 8500/μl, 26% of the total white blood cell count) and β-d-glucan was increased to 391.1 pg/ml. In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, there was a small number of atypical lymphocytes, and the polymerase chain reaction for Pneumocystis jirovecii was positive. Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and corticosteroid were administered, but the lung shadows remained. Adult T-cell lymphoma/leukaemia (ATLL) cell infiltration was suspected, and transbronchial lung cryobiopsy was performed, which showed no infiltration of lymphoma cells into the lung. The lung shadow showed an improving trend on chest CT. She was diagnosed with chronic type ATLL and discharged without chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kobe
- Department of Respiratory MedicineOhara Healthcare Foundation, Kurashiki Central HospitalOkayamaJapan
| | - Kenki Saito
- Department of Hematology/OncologyOhara Healthcare Foundation, Kurashiki Central HospitalOkayamaJapan
| | - Machiko Arita
- Department of Respiratory MedicineOhara Healthcare Foundation, Kurashiki Central HospitalOkayamaJapan
| | - Tadashi Ishida
- Department of Respiratory MedicineOhara Healthcare Foundation, Kurashiki Central HospitalOkayamaJapan
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6
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Nagai K, Nagai S, Hara Y. Successful treatment of smouldering Human T cell Leukemia Virus Type1 associated bronchiolitis and alveolar abnormalities with amplified natural killer therapy. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e244619. [PMID: 34876443 PMCID: PMC8655528 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-244619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In amplified natural killer (ANK) cell immunotherapy, NK cells are extracted from the patient's blood, cultured for enhancing its anticancer effects and amplified before they are returned to the body. Here, we administered ANK therapy to an 81-year-old female patient diagnosed with smouldering human T cell leukaemia virus-associated bronchioloalveolar disorder. After eight sessions of twice-weekly NK cell infusion, the bilateral diffuse granular shadows on a CT scan and the overall respiratory function improved markedly. Later, the patient received outpatient treatment without serious side effects. Thus, ANK therapy may be safe for elderly patients owing to its infrequent side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Nagai
- Ebino Centro Clinic, Ebino City, Miyazaki, Japan
- Yokohama City University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sho Nagai
- Ebino Centro Clinic, Ebino City, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yu Hara
- Yokohama City University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is the end stage of a broad range of heterogeneous interstitial lung diseases and more than 200 factors contribute to it. In recent years, the relationship between virus infection and pulmonary fibrosis is getting more and more attention, especially after the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019, however, the mechanisms underlying the virus-induced pulmonary fibrosis are not fully understood. Here, we review the relationship between pulmonary fibrosis and several viruses such as Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), Murine γ-herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68), Influenza virus, Avian influenza virus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 as well as the mechanisms underlying the virus infection induced pulmonary fibrosis. This may shed new light on the potential targets for anti-fibrotic therapy to treat pulmonary fibrosis induced by viruses including SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-island, Guangzhou, China.
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8
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Talukder MR, Clauss CS, Cherian S, Woodman R, Einsiedel L. Risk factors for HTLV-1, acute kidney injury, and urinary tract infection among aboriginal adults with end stage kidney disease in central Australia. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6362-6370. [PMID: 34173977 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Central Australia is a human T-cell leukemia virus type 1c (HTLV-1c) endemic region and has the highest incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Australia. The factors associated with HTLV-1 seropositivity among Aboriginal Australian adults with CKD receiving hemodialysis (HD) were determined. A retrospective observational study of Aboriginal adults (≥ 18 years) who were receiving regular HD at the two main dialysis units in Alice Springs, December 1, 2010 to December 31, 2015. Demographic and clinical data before commencing HD were extracted from hospital records from the first presentation to Alice Springs Hospital (ASH) to HD commencement and associations were determined using logistic regression. Among 373 patients receiving HD, 133 (35.9%) were HTLV-1 infected. Identifiable factors associated with HTLV-1 status included increasing age, male gender, and diabetes before HD. The odds of diabetes mellitus were significantly higher among patients with HTLV-1 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19, 6.39; p = 0.017). More than one-fifth of participants had an acute kidney injury, the risk of which was increased among those with a previous blood stream infection (aOR: 3.02, 95% CI: 1.71, 5.34, p < 0.001). Men with a high HTLV-1 proviral load (≥500 copies per 105 peripheral blood leukocytes) had an increased risk of urinary tract infection (UTI) before HD (aOR: 5.15, 95% CI: 1.62, 16.40; p = 0.006). A strong association between HTLV-1 and diabetes, and an increased risk of UTI among men with a high HTLV-1 PVL, suggest that interactions between HTLV-1 infection and conventional risk factors may increase the risk for CKD in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R Talukder
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Cornelia S Clauss
- Department of Medicine, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Sajiv Cherian
- Central Australia Renal Services, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Richard Woodman
- Flinders Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lloyd Einsiedel
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
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9
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Keikha M, Karbalaei M. Overview on coinfection of HTLV-1 and tuberculosis: Mini-review. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2021; 23:100224. [PMID: 33681477 PMCID: PMC7918677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2021.100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is one of the human retroviruses that causes various complications in humans, including lymphoma. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), on the other hand, is a causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), a deadly infectious disease. According to the literature, patients infected with HTLV-1 are prone to TB due to lack of regulation in the immune system. In the present study, we discussed the association between previous HTLV-1 infection and TB susceptibility. We also reviewed the histopathological findings of respiratory involvement following HTLV-1 infection and the management of this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Keikha
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Karbalaei
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
- Corresponding author.
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10
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Construction and Analysis of Survival-Associated Competing Endogenous RNA Network in Lung Adenocarcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:4093426. [PMID: 33628780 PMCID: PMC7895565 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4093426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that noncoding RNAs play significant roles in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of tumours via participating in competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks. However, the survival-associated ceRNA in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanisms underlying ceRNA in LUAD to identify novel prognostic factors. mRNA, lncRNA, and miRNA sequencing data obtained from the GDC data portal were utilized to identify differentially expressed (DE) RNAs. Survival-related RNAs were recognized using univariate Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. We performed functional enrichment analysis of survival-related mRNAs using the clusterProfiler package of R and STRING. lncRNA-miRNA and miRNA-mRNA interactions were predicted based on miRcode, Starbase, and miRanda. Subsequently, the survival-associated ceRNA network was constructed for LUAD. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to identify prognostic factors. Finally, we acquired 15 DE miRNAs, 49 DE lncRNAs, and 843 DE mRNAs associated with significant overall survival. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that survival-related DE mRNAs were enriched in cell cycle. The survival-associated lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network was constructed using five miRNAs, 49 mRNAs, and 21 lncRNAs. Furthermore, seven hub RNAs (LINC01936, miR-20a-5p, miR-31-5p, TNS1, TGFBR2, SMAD7, and NEDD4L) were identified based on the ceRNA network. LINC01936 and miR-31-5p were found to be significant using the multifactorial Cox regression model. In conclusion, we successfully constructed a survival-related lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA regulatory network in LUAD and identified seven hub RNAs, which provide novel insights into the regulatory molecular mechanisms associated with survival of LUAD, and identified two independent prognostic predictors for LUAD.
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Giussani E, Binatti A, Calabretto G, Gasparini VR, Teramo A, Vicenzetto C, Barilà G, Facco M, Coppe A, Semenzato G, Bortoluzzi S, Zambello R. Lack of Viral Load Within Chronic Lymphoproliferative Disorder of Natural Killer Cells: What Is Outside the Leukemic Clone? Front Oncol 2021; 10:613570. [PMID: 33585237 PMCID: PMC7873950 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.613570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Large granular lymphocyte leukemias (LGLL) are sustained by proliferating cytotoxic T cells or NK cells, as happens in Chronic Lymphoproliferative Disorder of Natural Killer cells (CLPD-NK), whose etiology is only partly understood. Different hypotheses have been proposed on the original events triggering NK cell hyperactivation and transformation, including a role of viral agents. In this perspective, we revise the lines of evidence that suggested a pathogenetic role in LGLL of the exposure to retroviruses and that identified Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) in other NK cell leukemias and lymphomas and focus on the contrasting data about the importance of viral agents in CLPD-NK. EBV was detected in aggressive NK leukemias but not in the indolent CLPD-NK, where seroreactivity against HTLV-1 retrovirus envelope BA21 protein antigens has been reported in patients, although lacking clear evidence of HTLV infection. We next present original results of whole exome sequencing data analysis that failed to identify viral sequences in CLPD-NK. We recently demonstrated that proliferating NK cells of patients harbor several somatic lesions likely contributing to sustain NK cell proliferation. Thus, we explore whether "neoantigens" similar to the BA21 antigen could be generated by aberrancies present in the leukemic clone. In light of the literature and new data, we evaluated the intriguing hypothesis that NK cell activation can be caused by retroviral agents located outside the hematopoietic compartment and on the possible mechanisms involved with the prospects of immunotherapy-based approaches to limit the growth of NK cells in CLPD-NK disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Giussani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Binatti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Calabretto
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Vanessa Rebecca Gasparini
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Antonella Teramo
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Vicenzetto
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Gregorio Barilà
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Monica Facco
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Coppe
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianpietro Semenzato
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Bortoluzzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Renato Zambello
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
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12
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Einsiedel L, Chiong F, Jersmann H, Taylor GP. Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 associated pulmonary disease: clinical and pathological features of an under-recognised complication of HTLV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2021; 18:1. [PMID: 33407607 PMCID: PMC7789585 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung is one of several organs that can be affected by HTLV-1 mediated inflammation. Pulmonary inflammation associated with HTLV-1 infection involves the interstitium, airways and alveoli, resulting in several clinical entities including interstitial pneumonias, bronchiolitis and alveolitis, depending on which structures are most affected. Augmentation of the inflammatory effects of HTLV-1 infected lymphocytes by recruitment of other inflammatory cells in a positive feedback loop is likely to underlie the pathogenesis of HTLV-1 associated pulmonary disease, as has been proposed for HTLV-1 associated myelopathy. In contrast to the conclusions of early case series, HTLV-1 associated pulmonary disease can be associated with significant parenchymal damage, which may progress to bronchiectasis where this involves the airways. Based on our current understanding of HTLV-1 associated pulmonary disease, diagnostic criteria are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Einsiedel
- Department of Medicine, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, 0870, Australia.
| | - Fabian Chiong
- Department of Medicine, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, 0870, Australia
| | - Hubertus Jersmann
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Graham P Taylor
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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13
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Al Sharif S, Pinto DO, Mensah GA, Dehbandi F, Khatkar P, Kim Y, Branscome H, Kashanchi F. Extracellular Vesicles in HTLV-1 Communication: The Story of an Invisible Messenger. Viruses 2020; 12:E1422. [PMID: 33322043 PMCID: PMC7763366 DOI: 10.3390/v12121422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects 5-10 million people worldwide and is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) as well as other inflammatory diseases. A major concern is that the most majority of individuals with HTLV-1 are asymptomatic carriers and that there is limited global attention by health care officials, setting up potential conditions for increased viral spread. HTLV-1 transmission occurs primarily through sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, intravenous drug usage, and breast feeding. Currently, there is no cure for HTLV-1 infection and only limited treatment options exist, such as class I interferons (IFN) and Zidovudine (AZT), with poor prognosis. Recently, small membrane-bound structures, known as extracellular vesicles (EVs), have received increased attention due to their potential to carry viral cargo (RNA and proteins) in multiple pathogenic infections (i.e., human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1), Zika virus, and HTLV-1). In the case of HTLV-1, EVs isolated from the peripheral blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of HAM/TSP patients contained the viral transactivator protein Tax. Additionally, EVs derived from HTLV-1-infected cells (HTLV-1 EVs) promote functional effects such as cell aggregation which enhance viral spread. In this review, we present current knowledge surrounding EVs and their potential role as immune-modulating agents in cancer and other infectious diseases such as HTLV-1 and HIV-1. We discuss various features of EVs that make them prime targets for possible vehicles of future diagnostics and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (S.A.S.); (D.O.P.); (G.A.M.); (F.D.); (P.K.); (Y.K.); (H.B.)
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Normando VMF, Dias ÁRN, da Silva ALSE, da Silva Pinto D, de Souza Santos MC, Rodrigues CL, de Oliveira EM, de Souza Filho LEC, de Brito Vieira W, Andriolo RB, Sousa RCM, Falcão LFM, Quaresma JAS. HTLV-I induces lesions in the pulmonary system: A systematic review. Life Sci 2020; 256:117979. [PMID: 32553930 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the relationship between infection by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and changes in the pulmonary system. Cohort and case-control study models that analyzed a causal association between HTLV-1 and changes in the pulmonary system were considered. There were no restrictions on language and publication period. The study was registered in the PROSPERO systematic analysis database (Protocol No. CRD42017078236) and was prepared according to the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The following databases were used: PubMed, BVS Regional Portal, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science. We utilized the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess the methodological quality of published studies and the Kappa coefficient to assess the agreement level between two reviewers. Of the total 1156 studies retrieved by the search strategy, 28 were considered potentially eligible (Kappa test = 0.928). Of the 28 studies, three fully met the inclusion criteria. These indicated that pulmonary lesions, such as bronchiectasis and bronchitis/bronchiolitis, were observed in patients with HTLV-1, with high-resolution computed tomography of the chest being the main method of diagnostic investigation. The analyzed cohort and case-control studies indicated an etiological relationship between HTLV-1 infection and the presence of lung lesions, with emphasis on bronchiectasis in the presence of high viral loads, as well as a higher mortality in these individuals compared with the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Marques Ferreira Normando
- Center for Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil; Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Ápio Ricardo Nazareth Dias
- Center for Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil; Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Waldônio de Brito Vieira
- Center for Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil; Santa Casa de Misericórdia Foundation, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Regis Bruni Andriolo
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma
- Center for Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil; Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil; Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Belém, PA, Brazil.
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15
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Zargari R, Mahdifar M, Mohammadi A, Vahidi Z, Hassanshahi G, Rafatpanah H. The Role of Chemokines in the Pathogenesis of HTLV-1. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:421. [PMID: 32231656 PMCID: PMC7083101 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a human retrovirus that is associated with two main diseases: HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). Chemokines are highly specialized groups of cytokines that play important roles in organizing, trafficking, homing, and in the migration of immune cells to the bone marrow, lymphoid organs and sites of infection and inflammation. Aberrant expression or function of chemokines, or their receptors, has been linked to the protection against or susceptibility to specific infectious diseases, as well as increased the risk of autoimmune diseases and malignancy. Chemokines and their receptors participate in pathogenesis of HTLV-1 associated diseases from inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) which occurs in cases of HAM/TSP to T cell immortalization and tissue infiltration observed in ATL patients. Chemokines represent viable effective prognostic biomarkers for HTLV-1-associated diseases which provide the early identification of high-risk, treatment possibilities and high-yielding clinical trials. This review focuses on the emerging roles of these molecules in the outcome of HTLV-1-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Zargari
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahdifar
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Asadollah Mohammadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Zohreh Vahidi
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Talukder MRR, Walley R, Pham H, Schinke S, Woodman R, Wilson K, Sajiv C, Einsiedel L. Higher human T‐cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV‐1) proviral load is associated with end‐stage kidney disease in Indigenous Australians: Results of a case‐control study in central Australia. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1866-1872. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Radwanur R. Talukder
- Aboriginal Health, Baker Heart and Diabetes InstituteAlice Springs Hospital Alice Springs Northern Territory Australia
| | - Rebecca Walley
- Department of MedicineAlice Springs Hospital Northern Territory Australia
| | - Hai Pham
- Aboriginal Health, Baker Heart and Diabetes InstituteAlice Springs Hospital Alice Springs Northern Territory Australia
| | - Shane Schinke
- Aboriginal Health, Baker Heart and Diabetes InstituteAlice Springs Hospital Alice Springs Northern Territory Australia
| | - Richard Woodman
- Flinders Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsFlinders University Adelaide Australia
| | - Kim Wilson
- NRL TestingNational Serology Reference Laboratory Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Cherian Sajiv
- Central Australia Renal ServicesAlice Springs Hospital Alice Springs Northern Territory Australia
| | - Lloyd Einsiedel
- Aboriginal Health, Baker Heart and Diabetes InstituteAlice Springs Hospital Alice Springs Northern Territory Australia
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Dias ARN, Falcão LFM, Falcão ASC, Normando VMF, Quaresma JAS. Human T Lymphotropic Virus and Pulmonary Diseases. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1879. [PMID: 30154781 PMCID: PMC6103007 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy, and adult T cell lymphoma/leukemia (ATL/L). Pulmonary complications such as alveolitis and bronchiectasis were found in individuals who develop TSP/HAM due to chronic inflammation. These individuals showed image anomalies in CT scans and changes in pulmonary function parameters distinctive of pulmonary disease. Furthermore, infected individuals have a greater susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis either due to changes in the innate immune response, in asymptomatic carriers, or to an opportunistic disease linked to immunodepression, in individuals who develop ATL/L. This summary addresses the general lack of knowledge regarding the relationship between HTLV-1 and pulmonary diseases and provides direction for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apio R N Dias
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Center of Health and Biological Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Luiz F M Falcão
- Center of Health and Biological Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Graduate Program of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Aline S C Falcão
- Graduate Program of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Valéria M F Normando
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Center of Health and Biological Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Juarez A S Quaresma
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Center of Health and Biological Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Graduate Program of Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Brazil
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Jafarian M, Mozhgani SH, Patrad E, Vaziri H, Rezaee SA, Akbarin MM, Norouzi M. Evaluation of INOS, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 gene expression: A study of adult T cell leukemia malignancy associated with HTLV-1. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1009-1015. [PMID: 28110427 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as host factors, and proviral load as the viral parameter, in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) individuals and healthy carrier (HC(s)) groups. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from ATLL patients (n = 17) and HC subjects (as the control group, n = 17) were evaluated using real-time PCR to determine the levels of HTLV-1 proviral load and mRNA expression of ICAM, VCAM-1, and iNOS. ICAM-1 was significantly lower in ATLL patients than in control subjects. Although the expression of VCAM-1 was higher in ATLL individuals, there was no significant difference between the studied groups. In addition, no iNOS expression was found in ATLL patients, when compared to the HCs subjects, while ATLL patients demonstrated a higher level of proviral load when compared to the control group. Considering the importance of ICAM-1 in facilitating immune recognition of infected cells, it is posited that reduction of ICAM-1 expression is a unique strategy for circumventing appropriate immune responses that are mediated by different accessory proteins. Additionally, as the viral regulatory protein Tax and the NF-κB pathway play pivotal roles in expression of iNOS, lack of the latter in ATLL patients may be related to the level of Tax expression, disruption of the NF-κB pathway, or the occurrence of epigenetical mechanisms in the human iNOS promoter. Further studies are recommended to gain a better understanding of the interaction between host and viral factors in HTLV-1 pathogenesis and to identify a possible therapeutic target for ATLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdokht Jafarian
- Department of Genetics, University of Guilan, University Campus 2, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Patrad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Vaziri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Akbarin
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Norouzi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Yokohori N, Sato A, Hasegawa M, Katsura H, Hiroshima K, Takemura T. Effectiveness of Combined Therapy with Pirfenidone and Erythromycin for Unclassifiable Interstitial Pneumonia Induced by HTLV-1-associated Bronchioloalveolar Disorder (HABA). Intern Med 2017; 56:73-78. [PMID: 28050003 PMCID: PMC5313428 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.56.6995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus involved in the pathogenesis of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTVL-1-associated bronchioloalveolar disorder (HABA). The clinical and pathological findings of HABA have been characterized as either a diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) pattern or idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) pattern. Treatments for HABA include corticosteroids for the IIP pattern and erythromycin for the DPB pattern. We herein report a case of HABA-associated unclassifiable interstitial pneumonia that improved with combined therapy with pirfenidone and erythromycin. This is the first report on the effectiveness of combined therapy with pirfenidone and erythromycin for HABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Yokohori
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Japan
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Ishikawa C, Nakachi S, Senba M, Sugai M, Mori N. Activation of AID by human T-cell leukemia virus Tax oncoprotein and the possible role of its constitutive expression in ATL genesis. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:110-119. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Abstract
Caveolin-1 is implicated in the regulation of signal pathways. Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a T-cell malignancy causatively associated with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). To determine the role of caveolin-1 in leukemogenesis, we examined caveolin-1 expression levels in HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines and ATL cells. These cells expressed high levels of caveolin-1 compared with uninfected T-cell lines and normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Caveolin-1-positive ATL cells were detected in ATL lymph nodes and skin lesions, and caveolin-1 was also detected in the plasma of patients with ATL. Infection of a human T-cell line, an epithelial cell line, and normal PBMCs with HTLV-1 induced caveolin-1 expression. The viral protein Tax transcriptionally activated caveolin-1 gene through nuclear factor-kappaB and cAMP response element binding protein signal pathways. HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines, and ATL cells are known to be resistant to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)-induced growth inhibition. Caveolin-1 was colocalized with TGF-beta type I receptor in HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines and suppressed TGF-beta signaling. Caveolin-1 knockdown in an HTLV-1-infected T-cell line exhibited susceptibility to TGF-beta. Thus, we describe a new function for Tax, repression of TGF-beta signaling through caveolin-1 expression, which may play a critical role in ATL leukemogenesis.
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Distinct functions of HTLV-1 Tax1 from HTLV-2 Tax2 contribute key roles to viral pathogenesis. Retrovirology 2009; 6:117. [PMID: 20017952 PMCID: PMC2806368 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), to date, its close relative HTLV-2 is not associated with ATL or other types of malignancies. Accumulating evidence shows that HTLV-1 Tax1 and HTLV-2 Tax2 have many shared activities, but the two proteins have a limited number of significantly distinct activities, and these distinctions appear to play key roles in HTLV-1 specific pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the functions of Tax1 associated with cell survival, cell proliferation, persistent infection as well as pathogenesis. We emphasize special attention to distinctions between Tax1 and Tax2.
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Gauthier S, Pelletier I, Ouellet M, Vargas A, Tremblay MJ, Sato S, Barbeau B. Induction of galectin-1 expression by HTLV-I Tax and its impact on HTLV-I infectivity. Retrovirology 2008; 5:105. [PMID: 19032754 PMCID: PMC2613925 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell-free Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type I (HTLV-I) virions are poorly infectious and cell-to-cell contact is often required to achieve infection. Other factors might thus importantly contribute in increasing infection by HTLV-I. Galectin-1 is a galactoside-binding lectin which is secreted by activated T lymphocytes. Several functions have been attributed to this protein including its capacity to increase cell-to-cell adhesion. Based on previous studies, we postulated that this protein could also accentuate HTLV-I infection. Results Herein, we demonstrate that galectin-1 expression and release are higher in HTLV-I-infected T cells in comparison to uninfected T cells. Furthermore, galectin-1 expression was activated in various cell lines expressing the wild type viral Tax protein while this induction was minimal upon expression of NF-κB activation-defective TaxM22. Cotransfection of these Tax expression vectors with galectin-1 promoter-driven luciferase constructs confirmed that Tax upregulated galectin-1 promoter activity. However, a NF-κB-independent mechanism was strongly favoured in this induction of galectin-1 expression as no activation of the promoter was apparent in Jurkat cells treated with known NF-κB activators. Using HTLV-I envelope pseudotyped HIV-1 virions, galectin-1 was shown to increase infectivity. In addition, a co-culture assay with HTLV-I-infected cells also indicated an increase in cell fusion upon addition of galectin-1. This effect was not mediated by factors present in the supernatant of the HTLV-I-infected cells. Conclusion These data suggest that HTLV-I Tax increases galectin-1 expression and that this modulation could play an important role in HTLV-I infection by stabilizing both cell-to-cell and virus-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Gauthier
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Département des sciences biologiques, 2080 St-Urbain, Montréal, Québec, H2X 3X8, Canada.
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