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Pornpanom P, Boonchuay K. Preliminary study on buffy coat smear and molecular detection of microfilaria in domestic chickens ( Gallus gallus domesticus) raised in Southern Thailand. Vet World 2024; 17:888-894. [PMID: 38798302 PMCID: PMC11111725 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.888-894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Filarial nematode typically produces a larval stage (microfilariae) in the bloodstream of vertebrate hosts, where microfilariae reside in the blood or subcutaneous tissues. Filarial nematodes cause human diseases, such as river blindness and elephantiasis, which are widely studied. However, in avian species, they are overlooked because they are nonpathogenic. In Thailand, microfilaria can be found in wild birds and domestic chickens. Recently, an increase in the number of blood samples submitted to veterinary diagnostic laboratories may have increased the number of microfilariae. Therefore, knowledge about filarial species and reliable detection methods are important. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the efficacy of buffy coat smear and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods for the detection of microfilaria in domestic chickens. In addition, parasites were identified using the sequence of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) gene. Materials and Methods Giemsa-stained buffy coat smears from a previous study were reanalyzed. These available buffy coat smears were prepared from 55 domestic chickens raised as backyard free-ranging in Southern Thailand. Fifty-seven frozen genomic DNA extracted from chicken blood were used to detect the presence of the COX1 gene in Onchocercidae nematodes. The nested PCR protocol for amplification of the OnchoCOI_R2-OnchoCOI_R2 fragment of the COX1 gene was applied from a previous report. Sequences of COX1 were analyzed to identify Onchocercidae nematodes and if they were single or mixed infections. We constructed Bayesian phylogenetics to identify parasites and assessment of the relationship between filarial nematodes in avian species and other vertebrate hosts. Results Buffy coat smears from 15 samples revealed microfilaria. Of these 15 samples, only eight were positive for COX1 nested-PCR amplification. The other two buffy coat-negative samples were also positive for nested-PCR. Sequencing of these 11 nested PCR-positive samples revealed that almost all of them were Onchocercidae nematodes. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis showed that chicken Onchocercidae spp. were grouped with other avian filarial nematodes. However, all chickens Onchocercidae spp. showed a double peak in the sequencing chromatogram, indicating mixed filarial infection (species or haplotypes). Therefore, no chicken Onchocercidae sequence was deposited on National Center for Biotechnology Information, GenBank. Conclusion Giemsa-stained buffy coat smear was a reliable method for the detection of chicken microfilaria in routine veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Development of a new PCR-based method is necessary. This method may provide greater sensitivity and specificity of detection. In addition, the PCR method allowed us to access the genetic characteristics of nematodes, which helped us maximize our knowledge of nematodes. Further investigations, such as the pathogenicity of filarial nematodes in chickens and their potential vectors, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornchai Pornpanom
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, 222 Thaiburi, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Informatics Innovation Center of Excellence, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Kanpapat Boonchuay
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, 222 Thaiburi, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
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Lagunas M, Pálsson A, Jónsson B, Jóhannsson M, Jónsson ZO, Snorrason SS. Genetic structure and relatedness of brown trout ( Salmo trutta) populations in the drainage basin of the Ölfusá river, South-Western Iceland. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15985. [PMID: 37692111 PMCID: PMC10487600 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lake Þingvallavatn in Iceland, a part of the river Ölfusá drainage basin, was presumably populated by brown trout soon after it formed at the end of the last Ice Age. The genetic relatedness of the brown trout in Þingvallavatn to other populations in the Ölfusá drainage basin is unknown. After the building of a dam at the outlet of the lake in 1959 brown trout catches declined, though numbers have now increased. The aim of this study was to assess effects of geographic isolation and potential downstream gene flow on the genetic structure and diversity in brown trout sampled in several locations in the western side of the watershed of River Ölfusá. We hypothesized that brown trout in Lake Þingvallavatn constituted several local spawning populations connected by occasional gene flow before the damming of the lake. We also estimated the effective population size (NE) of some of these populations and tested for signs of a recent population bottleneck in Lake Þingvallavatn. Methods We sampled brown trout inhabiting four lakes and 12 rivers within and near the watershed of River Ölfusá by means of electro- and net- fishing. After stringent data filtering, 2,597 polymorphic loci obtained from ddRADseq data from 317 individuals were ascertained as putative neutral markers. Results Overall, the genetic relatedness of brown trout in the Ölfusá watershed reflected the connectivity and topography of the waterways. Ancestry proportion analyses and a phylogenetic tree revealed seven distinct clusters, some of which corresponded to small populations with reduced genetic diversity. There was no evidence of downstream gene flow from Lake Þingvallavatn, although gene flow was observed from much smaller mountain populations. Most locations showed low NE values (i.e., ~14.6 on average) while the putative anadromous trout from River Sog and the spawning population from River Öxará, that flows into Lake Þingvallavatn, showed notably higher NE values (i.e., 71.2 and 56.5, respectively). No signals of recent population bottlenecks were detected in the brown trout of Lake Þingvallavatn. Discussion This is the first time that the genetic structure and diversity of brown trout in the watershed of River Ölfusá have been assessed. Our results point towards the presence of a metapopulation in the watershed of Lake Þingvallavatn, which has been influenced by restoration efforts and is now dominated by a genetic component originated in River Öxará. Many of the locations studied represent different populations. Those that are isolated in headwater streams and lakes are genetically distinct presenting low genetic diversity, yet they can be important in increasing the genetic variation in downstream populations. These populations should be considered for conservation and direct management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Lagunas
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Arnar Pálsson
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Benóný Jónsson
- Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Selfoss, Iceland
| | | | - Zophonías O. Jónsson
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Sigurður S. Snorrason
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
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Jian H, Zhao L, Zhang H, Ma C, Wang Q, Yan H, Qiu X, Zhou N, Zhang T. Phylogeography and Population Genetics of Rosa chinensis var. s pontanea and R. lucidissima Complex, the Important Ancestor of Modern Roses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:851396. [PMID: 35668800 PMCID: PMC9163990 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.851396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Rosa chinensis var. spontanea and R. lucidissima complex are the morphologically very similar key ancestors of modern roses with high importance in rose research and breeding. Although widely distributed in subtropical central and southwestern China, these two taxa are highly endangered. We sampled a total of 221 specimens and 330 DNA samples from 25 populations across the two taxa's whole range. Leaf morphological traits were compared. Two chloroplast DNA intergenic spacers (trnG-trnS, petL-psbE) and ITS were used for population genetics and phylogenetic study to delimit the boundary between the two taxa, assess the genetic variation, uncover the possible evolutionary mechanism responsible for the differentiation within the complex, and make the conservation recommendations. The complex exhibited high levels of genetic variation (h TcpDNA = 0.768, h TITS = 0.726) and high population differentiation even over small geographic distance. We suggest R. chinensis var. spontanea and R. lucidissma be treated as independent taxa, and the northern populations around and within the Sichuan Basin being R. chinensis var. spontanea, having broader leaflets and paler full-blooming flowers, while those in the middle and southern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the adjacent regions being R. lucidissma, having narrower leaflets and darker full-blooming flowers. Transitional areas between the southeastern Sichuan Basin and northeastern Guizhou are the contact or the hybridization zone of the two taxa. Ancestral haplotypes of the complex (R. lucidissma) evolved at about 1.21-0.86 Mya in southeastern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and its adjacent regions and survived there during the Quaternary Oscillation. Ancestral haplotypes of R. chinensis var. spontanea deviated from R. lucidissma at about 0.022-0.031 Mya at the transitional areas (Daloushan and Wulingshan Mountains) between the northeastern edge of Yunnan-Guizhou Plaeteau and the southeastern border of Sichuan Basin, where they survived the LGM. The evolution of the complex included spatial isolation and inter-species hybridization. The complex's endangered status might be the result of over-exploitation for its ornamental and medical value, or due to reforestation of some originally open habitats. We provide specific recommendations for the two taxa's in situ and ex situ conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Jian
- National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture/Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- School of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture/Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Changle Ma
- School of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Qigang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture/Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Huijun Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture/Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xianqin Qiu
- National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture/Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ningning Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture/Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture/Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
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Phillips NM, Fearing A, Morgan DL. Genetic bottlenecks in Pristis sawfishes in northern Australian waters. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2017. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Heim KC, Whitman MS, Moulton LL. Arctic grayling ( Thymallus arcticus) in saltwater: a response to Blair et al. (2016). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow055. [PMID: 27933167 PMCID: PMC5142049 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although not well known, Arctic grayling can move through saline waters and are captured regularly in nearshore coastal waters in Arctic Canada and Alaska with salinities up to 18 ppt. We highlight the implications this has for Blair et al. (2016), a paper recently published in Conservation Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt C. Heim
- Ecology Department, 310 Lewis Hall, PO Box 173460, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Matthew S. Whitman
- US Bureau of Land Management, Arctic Office, 222 University Avenue, Fairbanks, AK 99709, USA
| | - Lawrence L. Moulton
- Owl Ridge Natural Resource Consultants, 1012 Shoreland Drive, Lopez Islands, WA 98261, USA
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Marić S, Razpet A, Nikolić V, Simonović P. Genetic differentiation of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) populations in Serbia, based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analyses. Genet Sel Evol 2011; 43:2. [PMID: 21235756 PMCID: PMC3036601 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9686-43-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The structure and diversity of grayling (Thymallus thymallus) populations have been well studied in most of its native habitat; however the southernmost populations of the Balkan Peninsula remain largely unexplored. The purpose of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of Serbian grayling populations, detect the impact of stocking and provide guidelines for conservation and management. Methods Eighty grayling individuals were collected from four rivers (Ibar, Lim, Drina and Rzav). The mitochondrial DNA control region (CR; 595 bp of the 3'end and 74 bp of flanking tRNA) and the ATP6 gene (630 bp fragment) were sequenced for 20 individuals (five from each locality). In addition, all individuals were genotyped with 12 microsatellite loci. The diversity and structure of the populations as well as the recent and ancient population declines were studied using specialized software. Results We detected three new haplotypes in the mtDNA CR and four haplotypes in the ATP6 gene of which three had not been described before. Previously, one CR haplotype and two ATP6 gene haplotypes had been identified as allochthonous, originating from Slovenia. Reconstruction of phylogenetic relations placed the remaining two CR haplotypes from the River Danube drainage of Serbia into a new clade, which is related to the previously described sister Slovenian clade. These two clades form a new Balkan clade. Microsatellite marker analysis showed that all four populations are genetically distinct from each other without any sign of intra-population structure, although stocking of the most diverse population (Drina River) was confirmed by mtDNA analysis. Recent and historical population declines of Serbian grayling do not differ from those of other European populations. Conclusions Our study shows that (1) the Ibar, Lim and Drina Rivers grayling populations are genetically distinct from populations outside of Serbia and thus should be managed as native populations in spite of some introgression in the Drina River population and (2) the Rzav River population is not appropriate for further stocking activities since it originates from stocked Slovenian grayling. However, the Rzav River population does not represent an immediate danger to other populations because it is physically isolated from these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Marić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Studentski trg 16, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Swatdipong A, Vasemägi A, Niva T, Koljonen ML, Primmer CR. High level of population genetic structuring in lake-run brown trout, Salmo trutta, of the Inari Basin, northern Finland. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2010; 77:2048-2071. [PMID: 21133916 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Rivers draining into (Lake) Inarijärvi, northern Finland, sustain a number of lake-run brown trout, Salmo trutta, populations but, as with most lake-run S. trutta systems, the level of population genetic structuring among populations is unknown. To address this and to assist fish stock management in the region, the population genetic structure of S. trutta collected from 28 sampling sites in rivers flowing into Inarijärvi was studied using 13 microsatellite loci. Populations were clustered into three separate groups, largely corresponding to geographic regions, with between-region F(ST) values ranging from 0·11 to 0·16. The significant differentiation observed between most populations within each region also implies that individual populations should be recognized as separate management units and actions to improve, and subsequently maintain, conditions for natural spawning should be prioritized. The results of this study further indicate that the trout from each of these regions may have different biological characteristics, such as local-lake feeding behaviour among the western populations and strong isolation among the northern stocks. As a consequence, further research is warranted to better understand the level of ecological uniqueness of lake-run S. trutta populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Swatdipong
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Ozerov MY, Veselov AJ, Lumme J, Primmer CR. Genetic structure of freshwater Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) populations from the lakes Onega and Ladoga of northwest Russia and implications for conservation. CONSERV GENET 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-010-0064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Swatdipong A, Primmer CR, Vasemägi A. Historical and recent genetic bottlenecks in European grayling, Thymallus thymallus. CONSERV GENET 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-009-0031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Isolation and characterization of 19 new microsatellites for European grayling, Thymallus thymallus (Linnaeus, 1758), and their cross-amplification in four other salmonid species. CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-009-9147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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