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Wechsler EI, Tugizov S, Herrera R, Da Costa M, Palefsky JM. E5 can be expressed in anal cancer and leads to epidermal growth factor receptor-induced invasion in a human papillomavirus 16-transformed anal epithelial cell line. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:631-644. [PMID: 29624161 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We created the first human papillomavirus (HPV)-16-immortalized anal epithelial cell line, known as AKC2 cells to establish an in vitro model of HPV-16-induced anal carcinogenesis. Consistent with detection of E6, E7 and E5 expression in anal cancer biopsies, AKC2 cells expressed high levels of all three HPV oncogenes. Also, similar to findings in anal cancer biopsies, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was overexpressed in AKC2 cells. AKC2 cells exhibited a poorly differentiated and invasive phenotype in three-dimensional raft culture and inhibition of EGFR function abrogated AKC2 invasion. Reducing E5 expression using E5-targeted siRNAs in AKC2 cells led to knockdown of E5 expression, but also HPV-16 E2, E6 and E7 expression. AKC2 cells treated with E5-targeted siRNA had reduced levels of total and phosphorylated EGFR, and reduced invasion. Rescue of E6/E7 expression with simultaneous E5 knockdown confirmed that E5 plays a key role in EGFR overexpression and EGFR-induced invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Isaacson Wechsler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sharof Tugizov
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rossana Herrera
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Da Costa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joel M Palefsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Wei Q, Ta G, He W, Wang W, Wu Q. Stilbene Glucoside, a Putative Sleep Promoting Constituent from Polygonum multiflorum Affects Sleep Homeostasis by Affecting the Activities of Lactate Dehydrogenase and Salivary Alpha Amylase. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 65:1011-1019. [PMID: 29093287 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has been used for treating insomnia for centuries. The most used CHM for insomnia was Polygonum multiflorum. However, the molecular mechanism for CHM preventing insomnia is unknown. Stilbene glucoside (THSG), an important active component of P. multiflorum, may play an important role for treating insomnia. To test the hypothesis, Kunming mice were treated with different dosages of THSG. To examine the sleep duration, a computer-controlled sleep-wake detection system was implemented. Electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) electrodes were implanted to determine sleep-wake state. RT-PCR and Western blot was used to measure the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and saliva alpha amylase. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to identify the strength of correlation between the variables. The results showed that THSG significantly prolonged the sleep time of the mice (p<0.01). THSG changed sleep profile by reducing wake and rapid eye movement (REM) period, and increasing non-REM period. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that THSG could down-regulate the levels of LDH and saliva alpha amylase (p<0.05). The level of lactate and glucose was positively related with the activity of LDH and saliva alpha amylase (p<0.05), respectively. On the other hand, the activities of LDH and amylase were negatively associated with sleep duration (p<0.05). The levels of lactate and glucose affect sleep homeostasis. Thus, THSG may prevent insomnia by regulating sleep duration via LDH and salivary alpha amylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wei
- Heart Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Guang Ta
- Department of Emergency and ICU, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Wenjing He
- Department of Emergency and ICU, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Emergency and ICU, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Qiucheng Wu
- Department of Emergency and ICU, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
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Kucia-Tran JA, Tulkki V, Smith S, Scarpini CG, Hughes K, Araujo AM, Yan KYM, Botthof J, Pérez-Gómez E, Quintanilla M, Cuschieri K, Caffarel MM, Coleman N. Overexpression of the oncostatin-M receptor in cervical squamous cell carcinoma is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and poor overall survival. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:212-22. [PMID: 27351213 PMCID: PMC4947707 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Copy-number gain of the oncostatin-M receptor (OSMR) occurs frequently in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and is associated with adverse clinical outcome. We previously showed that OSMR overexpression renders cervical SCC cells more sensitive to the major ligand oncostatin-M (OSM), which increases migration and invasion in vitro. We hypothesised that a major contribution to this phenotype would come from epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Methods: We performed a comprehensive integrated study, involving in vitro cell line studies, in vivo animal models and numerous clinical samples from a variety of anatomical sites. Results: In independent sets of cervical, head/neck and lung SCC tissues, OSMR expression levels correlated with multiple EMT-associated phenotypic markers and transcription factors. OSM treatment of OSMR overexpressing cervical SCC cells produced consistent EMT changes and increased tumour sphere formation in suspension culture. In a mouse model, OSMR overexpressing SCC cells treated with OSM showed significant increases in lung colonisation. The biological effects of exogenous OSM were mirrored by highly significant adverse overall survival in cervical SCCs with OSMR overexpression (N=251). Conclusions: OSM:OSMR interactions are able to induce EMT, increased cancer stem cell-like properties and enhanced lung colonisation in SCC cells. These changes are likely to contribute to the highly significant adverse outcome associated with OSMR overexpression in cervical SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valtteri Tulkki
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Stephen Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Cinzia G Scarpini
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Angela M Araujo
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | | | - Jan Botthof
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Eduardo Pérez-Gómez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Miguel Quintanilla
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Kate Cuschieri
- Scottish Human Papilloma Virus Reference Laboratory, Specialist Virology Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Maria M Caffarel
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Nicholas Coleman
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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Groves IJ, Knight ELA, Ang QY, Scarpini CG, Coleman N. HPV16 oncogene expression levels during early cervical carcinogenesis are determined by the balance of epigenetic chromatin modifications at the integrated virus genome. Oncogene 2016; 35:4773-86. [PMID: 26876196 PMCID: PMC5024154 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In cervical squamous cell carcinomas, high-risk human papillomavirus (HRHPV) DNA is usually integrated into host chromosomes. Multiple integration events are thought to be present within the cells of a polyclonal premalignant lesion and the features that underpin clonal selection of one particular integrant remain poorly understood. We previously used the W12 model system to generate a panel of cervical keratinocyte clones, derived from cells of a low-grade premalignant lesion naturally infected with the major HRHPV type, HPV16. The cells were isolated regardless of their selective advantage and differed only by the site of HPV16 integration into the host genome. We used this resource to test the hypothesis that levels of HPV16 E6/E7 oncogene expression in premalignant cells are regulated epigenetically. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the epigenetic landscape of the integrated HPV16 DNA in selected clones, in which levels of virus oncogene expression per DNA template varied ~6.6-fold. Across the cells examined, higher levels of virus expression per template were associated with more open chromatin at the HPV16 long control region, together with greater loading of chromatin remodelling enzymes and lower nucleosome occupancy. There were higher levels of histone post-translational modification hallmarks of transcriptionally active chromatin and lower levels of repressive hallmarks. There was greater abundance of the active/elongating form of the RNA polymerase-II enzyme (RNAPII-Ser2P), together with CDK9, the component of positive transcription elongation factor b complex responsible for Ser2 phosphorylation. The changes observed were functionally significant, as cells with higher HPV16 expression per template showed greater sensitivity to depletion and/or inhibition of histone acetyltransferases and CDK9 and less sensitivity to histone deacetylase inhibition. We conclude that virus gene expression per template following HPV16 integration is determined through multiple layers of epigenetic regulation, which are likely to contribute to selection of individual cells during cervical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Groves
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E L A Knight
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Q Y Ang
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - C G Scarpini
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - N Coleman
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Scarpini CG, Groves IJ, Pett MR, Ward D, Coleman N. Virus transcript levels and cell growth rates after naturally occurring HPV16 integration events in basal cervical keratinocytes. J Pathol 2014; 233:281-93. [PMID: 24752734 PMCID: PMC4285939 DOI: 10.1002/path.4358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cervical carcinogenesis is characterized by a clonal selection process in which the
high-risk human papillomavirus (HRHPV) genome usually changes from the
extra-chromosomal (episomal) state seen in productive infections to DNA that is
integrated into host chromosomes. However, it is not clear whether all HRHPV
integration events provide cells with a selective growth advantage compared with the
episome-containing cells from which they originate. It is also unclear whether
selection of cells containing a particular integrant from a mixed population simply
reflects the highest levels of virus oncogene expression or has additional
determinants. These early events in cervical carcinogenesis cannot readily be
addressed by cross-sectional studies of clinical samples. We used the W12 model
system to generate a panel of cervical squamous cell clones that were derived from an
identical background under non-competitive conditions and differed only by the
genomic site of HPV16 integration. Compared with the ‘baseline’
episome-containing cells from which they were isolated, only 9/17 clones (53%)
showed significantly greater growth rates and only 7/17 (41%) showed
significantly greater expression of the major virus oncogenes E7/E6. There were
significant variations in levels of HPV16 transcription per DNA template, changes
that were associated with histone modifications in the integrated virus chromatin.
Cell growth rates showed only weak and non-significant associations with protein and
mRNA levels for E7, E6, and the mean E7/E6 values. We conclude that HPV16 integration
in basal cervical cells does not necessarily lead to increased levels of virus
oncogenes, or to a competitive growth advantage, when compared with the initiating
episome-containing cells.
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