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Occurrence of Equine Foamy Virus Infection in Horses from Poland. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091973. [PMID: 36146781 PMCID: PMC9504846 DOI: 10.3390/v14091973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine foamy virus (EFVeca) is a foamy virus of non-primate origin and among the least-studied members of this retroviral subfamily. By sequence comparison, EFVeca shows the highest similarity to bovine foamy virus. In contrast to simian, bovine or feline foamy viruses, knowledge about the epidemiology of EFVeca is still limited. Since preliminary studies suggested EFVeca infections among horses in Poland, we aimed to expand the diagnostics of EFVeca infections by developing specific diagnostic tools and apply them to investigate its prevalence. An ELISA test based on recombinant EFVeca Gag protein was developed for serological investigation, while semi-nested PCR for the detection of EFVeca DNA was established. 248 DNA and serum samples from purebred horses, livestock and saddle horses, Hucul horses and semi-feral Polish primitive horses were analyzed in this study. ELISA was standardized, and cut off value, sensitivity and specificity of the test were calculated using Receiver Operating Characteristic and Bayesian estimation. Based on the calculated cut off, 135 horses were seropositive to EFVeca Gag protein, while EFVeca proviral DNA was detected in 85 animals. The rate of infected individuals varied among the horse groups studied; this is the first report confirming the existence of EFVeca infections in horses from Poland using virus-specific tools.
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Simian Foamy Viruses in Central and South America: A New World of Discovery. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100967. [PMID: 31635161 PMCID: PMC6832937 DOI: 10.3390/v11100967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses (FVs) are the only exogenous retrovirus to date known to infect neotropical primates (NPs). In the last decade, an increasing number of strains have been completely or partially sequenced, and molecular evolution analyses have identified an ancient co-speciation with their hosts. In this review, the improvement of diagnostic techniques that allowed the determination of a more accurate prevalence of simian FVs (SFVs) in captive and free-living NPs is discussed. Determination of DNA viral load in American primates indicates that oral tissues are the viral replicative site and that buccal swab collection can be an alternative to diagnose SFV infection in NPs. Finally, the transmission potential of NP SFVs to primate workers in zoos and primate centers of the Americas is examined.
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Pinto-Santini DM, Stenbak CR, Linial ML. Foamy virus zoonotic infections. Retrovirology 2017; 14:55. [PMID: 29197389 PMCID: PMC5712078 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foamy viruses (FV) are ancient complex retroviruses that differ from orthoretroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and murine leukemia virus (MLV) and comprise a distinct subfamily of retroviruses, the Spumaretrovirinae. FV are ubiquitous in their natural hosts, which include cows, cats, and nonhuman primates (NHP). FV are transmitted mainly through saliva and appear nonpathogenic by themselves, but they may increase morbidity of other pathogens in coinfections. CONCLUSIONS This review summarizes and discusses what is known about FV infection of natural hosts. It also emphasizes what is known about FV zoonotic infections A large number of studies have revealed that the FV of NHP, simian foamy viruses (SFV), are transmitted to humans who interact with infected NHP. SFV from a variety of NHP establish persistent infection in humans, while bovine foamy virus and feline foamy virus rarely or never do. The possibility of FV recombination and mutation leading to pathogenesis is considered. Since humans can be infected by SFV, a seemingly nonpathogenic virus, there is interest in using SFV vectors for human gene therapy. In this regard, detailed understanding of zoonotic SFV infection is highly relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maxine L. Linial
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., A3-205, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
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Muniz CP, Zheng H, Jia H, Cavalcante LTF, Augusto AM, Fedullo LP, Pissinatti A, Soares MA, Switzer WM, Santos AF. A non-invasive specimen collection method and a novel simian foamy virus (SFV) DNA quantification assay in New World primates reveal aspects of tissue tropism and improved SFV detection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184251. [PMID: 28863180 PMCID: PMC5581185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian foamy viruses (SFVs) co-evolved with a wide range of Old World and New World primates (OWPs and NWPs, respectively) and occasionally transmit to humans. Previous studies of OWPs showed that the predominant site of SFV replication is the oral mucosa. However, very little is known about SFV viral loads (VLs) in the oral mucosa or blood of NWPs. NWPs have smaller body sizes, limiting collection of sufficient whole blood volumes to molecularly detect and quantify SFV. Our study evaluated the use of noninvasively collected buccal swabs to detect NWP SFV compared with detection in blood using a new NWP SFV quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay. Buccal and blood samples were collected from 107 captive NWPs in Brazil comprising eleven distinct genera at the Primate Center of Rio de Janeiro (n = 58) and at Fundação Jardim Zoológico da Cidade do Rio Janeiro (n = 49). NWP SFV western blot (WB) testing was performed on a subset of animals for comparison with PCR results. The qPCR assay was validated using distinct SFV polymerase sequences from seven NWP genera (Callithrix, Sapajus, Saimiri, Ateles, Alouatta, Cacajao and Pithecia). Assay sensitivity was 20 copies/106 cells, detectable in 90% of replicates. SFV DNA VLs were higher in buccal swabs (5 log copies/106 cells) compared to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (3 log copies/106 cells). The qPCR assay was also more sensitive than nested PCR for detection of NWP SFV infection and identified an additional 27 SFV-infected monkeys of which 18 (90%) were WB-positive and three that were WB-negative. We show the utility of using both blood and buccal swabs and our new qPCR assay for detection and quantification of diverse NWP SFV, which will assist a better understanding of the epidemiology of SFV in NWPs and any potential zoonotic infection risk for humans exposed to NWPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia P. Muniz
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - HaoQiang Zheng
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hongwei Jia
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Anderson M. Augusto
- Fundação Jardim Zoológico da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz P. Fedullo
- Fundação Jardim Zoológico da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alcides Pissinatti
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Estadual de Ambiente, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A. Soares
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Oncovirologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - William M. Switzer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - André F. Santos
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Muniz CP, Jia H, Shankar A, Troncoso LL, Augusto AM, Farias E, Pissinatti A, Fedullo LP, Santos AF, Soares MA, Switzer WM. An expanded search for simian foamy viruses (SFV) in Brazilian New World primates identifies novel SFV lineages and host age-related infections. Retrovirology 2015; 12:94. [PMID: 26576961 PMCID: PMC4650395 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While simian foamy viruses have co-evolved with their primate hosts for millennia, most scientific studies have focused on understanding infection in Old World primates with little knowledge available on the epidemiology and natural history of SFV infection in New World primates (NWPs). To better understand the geographic and species distribution and evolutionary history of SFV in NWPs we extend our previous studies in Brazil by screening 15 genera consisting of 29 NWP species (140 monkeys total), including five genera (Brachyteles, Cacajao, Callimico, Mico, and Pithecia) not previously analyzed. Monkey blood specimens were tested using a combination of both serology and PCR to more accurately estimate prevalence and investigate transmission patterns. Sequences were phylogenetically analyzed to infer SFV and host evolutionary histories. Results The overall serologic and molecular prevalences were 42.8 and 33.6 %, respectively, with a combined assay prevalence of 55.8 %. Discordant serology and PCR results were observed for 28.5 % of the samples, indicating that both methods are currently necessary for estimating NWP SFV prevalence. SFV prevalence in sexually mature NWPs with a positive result in any of the WB or PCR assays was 51/107 (47.7 %) compared to 20/33 (61 %) for immature animals. Epidemiological analyses revealed an increase in SFV prevalence with age in captive Cebus monkeys. Phylogenetic analysis identified novel SFVs in Cacajao,Leontopithecus, and Chiropotes species that had 6–37 % nucleotide divergence to other NWP SFV. Comparison of host and SFV phylogenies showed an overall cospeciation evolutionary history with rare ancient and contemporaneous host-switching for Saimiri and Leontopithecus and Cebus xanthosternos, respectively. Conclusions We identified novel SFV in four neotropical monkey genera in Brazil and demonstrate that SFV prevalence increases with age in Cebus monkeys. Importantly, our test results suggest that both molecular and serological screening are currently required to accurately determine infection with NWP SFV. Our study significantly expands knowledge of the epidemiology and natural history of NWP SFVs. The tools and information provided in our study will facilitate further investigation of SFV in NWPs and the potential for zoonotic infection with these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia P Muniz
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., MS G45, Atlanta, 30329, USA.
| | - Hongwei Jia
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., MS G45, Atlanta, 30329, USA.
| | - Anupama Shankar
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., MS G45, Atlanta, 30329, USA.
| | - Lian L Troncoso
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Elisabete Farias
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | | | - André F Santos
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo A Soares
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Programa de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - William M Switzer
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., MS G45, Atlanta, 30329, USA.
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Ghersi BM, Jia H, Aiewsakun P, Katzourakis A, Mendoza P, Bausch DG, Kasper MR, Montgomery JM, Switzer WM. Wide distribution and ancient evolutionary history of simian foamy viruses in New World primates. Retrovirology 2015; 12:89. [PMID: 26514626 PMCID: PMC4627628 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although simian foamy viruses (SFV) are the only exogenous retroviruses to infect New World monkeys (NWMs), little is known about their evolutionary history and epidemiology. Previous reports show distinct SFVs among NWMs but were limited to small numbers of captive or wild monkeys from five (Cebus, Saimiri, Ateles, Alouatta, and Callithrix) of the 15 NWM genera. Other studies also used only PCR testing or serological assays with limited validation and may have missed infection in some species. We developed and validated new serological and PCR assays to determine the prevalence of SFV in blood specimens from a large number of captive NWMs in the US (n = 274) and in captive and wild-caught NWMs (n = 236) in Peruvian zoos, rescue centers, and illegal trade markets. Phylogenetic and co-speciation reconciliation analyses of new SFV polymerase (pol) and host mitochondrial cytochrome B sequences, were performed to infer SFV and host co-evolutionary histories. RESULTS 124/274 (45.2 %) of NWMs captive in the US and 59/157 (37.5 %) of captive and wild-caught NWMs in Peru were SFV WB-positive representing 11 different genera (Alouatta, Aotus, Ateles, Cacajao, Callithrix, Cebus, Lagothrix, Leontopithecus, Pithecia, Saguinus and Saimiri). Seroprevalences were lower at rescue centers (10/53, 18.9 %) compared to zoos (46/97, 47.4 %) and illegal trade markets (3/7, 8/19, 42.9 %) in Peru. Analyses showed that the trees of NWM hosts and SFVs have remarkably similar topologies at the level of species and sub-populations suggestive of co-speciation. Phylogenetic reconciliation confirmed 12 co-speciation events (p < 0.002) which was further supported by obtaining highly similar divergence dates for SFV and host genera and correlated SFV-host branch times. However, four ancient cross-genus transmission events were also inferred for Pitheciinae to Atelidae, Cacajao to ancestral Callithrix or Cebus monkeys, between Callithrix and Cebus monkeys, and Lagothrix to Alouatta. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a broad distribution and stable co-speciation history of SFV in NWMs at the species level. Additional studies are necessary to further explore the epidemiology and natural history of SFV infection of NWMs and to determine the zoonotic potential for persons exposed to infected monkeys in captivity and in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongwei Jia
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., MS G-45, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| | - Pakorn Aiewsakun
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
| | - Aris Katzourakis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
| | | | - Daniel G Bausch
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru. .,Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Hygiene, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | | | - Joel M Montgomery
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru. .,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
| | - William M Switzer
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., MS G-45, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
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Troncoso LL, Muniz CP, Siqueira JD, Curty G, Schrago CG, Augusto A, Fedullo L, Soares MA, Santos AF. Characterization and comparative analysis of a simian foamy virus complete genome isolated from Brazilian capuchin monkeys. Virus Res 2015; 208:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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