Replication interference between human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 mediated by heterologous E1 helicases

Distribution of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is closely associated with HPV status and uterine position

Although cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions are considered to be not randomly distributed across the cervix, but predominantly in the anterior wall, the clinicopathological etiology remains unknown. Herein, we aimed to elucidate the relationship between quantitatively measured area of CIN2/3 and cervical cancer associated factors by retrospective cohort study. We analyzed 235 consecutive therapeutic conization specimens dissected as a single intact section to determine CIN2/3 area and its correlation with both clinical risk factors including human papillomavirus (HPV) status (single or multiple infection) and uterine position defined by transvaginal ultrasound. Cervical wall was classified into three groups: anterior: (11, 12, 1, and 2 o'clock), posterior (5, 6, 7, and 8 o'clock) and lateral (3, 4, 9, and 10 o'clock). Multiple regression revealed that younger age and HPV16 status were significantly correlated with CIN2/3 area (p = 0.0224 and p = 0.0075, respectively). The Jonckheere-Terpstra test showed a significant trend: CIN2/3 area was highest in the single HPV16 group, followed by the multiple HPV16 group and the non-HPV16 group (p < 0.0001). CIN2/3 area in the anterior wall was statistically significantly larger than the posterior and lateral wall (p = 0.0059 and p = 0.0107, respectively). CIN2/3 area in the anterior wall was significantly greater with anteversion-anteflexion than retroversion-retroflexion (p = 0.0485), whereas CIN2/3 area in the posterior wall was significantly larger with retroversion-retroflexion than anteversion-anteflexion (p = 0.0394). In conclusion, the topographical distribution of CIN2/3 area is closely associated with patient age, high-risk HPV status, especially single HPV16 infection and uterine position.

Higher clearance rates of multiple HPV infections may explain their lower risk of HSIL: A retrospective study in Wenzhou, China

Persistent human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is known to be associated with cervical lesions. The chief object of the study is to investigate if the pathogenicity of multiple HPV infections is different from a single infection. Furthermore, we would like to corroborate the discrepancy with clearance rates. Between August 1, 2020, and September 31, 2021, 5089 women underwent a colposcopy-directed biopsy in our hospital. We divided the 2999 patients who met the criteria into multiple and single HPV infection groups. The HPV genotypes were identified using the flow cytometry fluorescence hybridization technology. Binary logistic regression and survival analysis were used to perform statistics. Among HPV-positive individuals, 34.78% (1043/2999) were positive for 2 or more HPV types. After adjusting for the main factors, compared with single infection, multiple infections were associated with a significantly decreased risk of high squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) (odds ratio [OR]: 0.570; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.468-0.694). In the mean time, the clearance rates of multiple infections were significantly higher (OR: 2.240; 95% CI: 1.919-2.614). When analyzing specific types covered by the 9-valent HPV vaccine, consistency between the lower risk of HSIL and the higher clearance rate was found in the most groups. Compared with a single infection, multiple HPV infections have a lower risk of HSIL, which may be related to its higher clearance rate. It suggests that aggressive treatment of multiple HPV infections early in their detection may be beneficial.

HPV16 E1 dysregulated cellular genes involved in cell proliferation and host DNA damage: A possible role in cervical carcinogenesis

HPV16 is the most prominent cause of cervical cancer. HPV16 E1, a helicase required for HPV replication exhibits increased expression in association with cervical cancer progression, suggesting that E1 has a similar effect on the host as the HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins. This study aimed to determine whether expression of HPV16 E1 correlated with carcinogenesis by modulating cellular pathways involved in cervical cancer. HEK293T cells were transfected with pEGFP, pEGFPE1 or truncated forms of HPV16 E1. Cell proliferation, cell death, and the impact of HPV16 E1 on host gene expression was then evaluated. HPV16 E1 overexpression resulted in a significant reduction of cell viability and cellular proliferation (p-value<0.0001). Moreover, prolonged expression of HPV16 E1 significantly induced both apoptotic and necrotic cell death, which was partially inhibited by QVD-OPH, a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor. Microarray, real time RT-PCR and kinetic host gene expression analyses revealed that HPV16 E1 overexpression resulted in the downregulation of genes involved in protein synthesis (RPL36A), metabolism (ALDOC), cellular proliferation (CREB5, HIF1A, JMJDIC, FOXO3, NFKB1, PIK3CA, TSC22D3), DNA damage (ATR, BRCA1 and CHEK1) and immune response (ISG20) pathways. How these genetic changes contribute to HPV16 E1-mediated cervical carcinogenesis warrants further studies.

Prevalence of human papillomavirus detection in ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis

We conducted a meta-analysis of published data to update and estimate the prevalence of HPV in ovarian cancer. A comprehensive literature search was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Eligible articles published from 1989 until 2020 by searching Web of Sciences, Pubmed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library Central databases were gathered. A pooled estimation of HPV prevalence with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated based on a random effect model. Quantitative assessment of heterogeneity was explored using Cochrane test and I². Additionally, publication bias, sensitivity, meta-regression, and subgroup analyses were also performed. Twenty-nine studies involving 2280 patients with ovarian cancer were included. The statistical heterogeneity was high (I² = 88%, P<0.0001). The pooled prevalence of HPV in ovarian cancer cases was 15.9% (95% CI, 11–22). In subgroup analyses, the highest prevalence of HPV was reported by studies from Asia (30.9%; 95% CI, 20–44) and Eastern Europe (29.3%; 95% CI, 4.4–78). Furthermore, the most frequently detected HPV genotype was HPV16 (54%; 95% CI, 27.9–55), followed by HPV18 (23.2%; 95% CI, 18.8–28.2). Our meta-analysis suggests a great difference in the prevalence of HPV detected in ovarian cancer by different studies, which is not seen in strongly HPV-associated cancers such as cervical cancer. However, the prevalence varied markedly by geographic region. Considering the substantial heterogeneity found, more studies with control groups and precise assays measuring HPV mRNA expression are needed to further evaluate the link and causative aetiology between HPV and ovarian cancer.

Potential Effects of Human Papillomavirus Type Substitution, Superinfection Exclusion and Latency on the Efficacy of the Current L1 Prophylactic Vaccines

There are >200 different types of human papilloma virus (HPV) of which >51 infect genital epithelium, with ~14 of these classed as high-risk being more commonly associated with cervical cancer. During development of the disease, high-risk types have an increased tendency to develop a truncated non-replicative life cycle, whereas low-risk, non-cancer-associated HPV types are either asymptomatic or cause benign lesions completing their full replicative life cycle. HPVs can also be present as non-replicative so-called “latent” infections and they can also show superinfection exclusion, where cells with pre-existing infections with one type cannot be infected with a different HPV type. Thus, the HPV repertoire and replication status present in an individual can form a complex dynamic meta-community which changes with respect to both time and exposure to different HPV types. In light of these considerations, it is not clear how current prophylactic HPV vaccines will affect this system and the potential for iatrogenic outcomes is discussed in light of recent outcome data.

Clinical Significance of the Interaction between Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Type 16 and Other High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses in Women with Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) and Invasive Cervical Cancer

The aim is to evaluate the clinical consequences of coinfection between HPV 16 and other high-risk HPVs among women with a histological diagnosis of CIN or invasive cervical cancer. A total of 2985 women, with a diagnosis of either CIN or cancer (<IB) on cervical or cone biopsy, were included. HPV genotypes were identified using the INNO-LiPA HPV genotyping assay, version EXTRA, on cervical scraping, before the colposcopic evaluation and the colposcopic biopsies or conization. In the overall population, HPV16 interacted positively with HPV18 (RR = 2, 95% CI 1.5–2.6) and negatively with HPV33, 51, 52, and 66, in log-linear analysis. There was an excess of CIN3 diagnoses among subjects coinfected with HPV16 and HPV18 or HPV52, although the absolute number of cases was relatively small. In a logistic model, the odds ratio of CIN3+ associated with coinfection of HPV16 and HPV18 (OR = 3.8, 95% CI 2.5–5.7, p=0.004 compared to single HPV16) or HPV52 (OR = 3.6, 95% CI 2.6–5.1, p=0.009 compared to single HPV) was higher than that associated with single HPV 16 infections. Finally, multiple infections had no effect on residual disease and did not influence the recurrence of high-grade CIN during a median follow-up of 25 months (IR 17–41). HPV16 interacted positively with HPV18 and negatively with HPV33, 51, 52, and 66 supporting the notion that HPV16 interacts mostly negatively with other HR-HPVs in CIN lesions. Among specimens coinfected with HPV16 and 18 or 52, there was an excess of CIN3+ although the impact on the prevalence of severe cervical lesions was limited.

Protein-protein interactions of HPV-Chlamydia trachomatis-human and their potential in cervical cancer

Aim: HPV is an important cause of cervical cancer, but Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is suspiciously involved in this disease ranging from direct to its involvement as a cofactor with HPV. We performed this study to understand the interaction of HPV and C. trachomatis with humans and its contribution to cervical cancer. Materials & methods: Host-pathogen and pathogen-pathogen protein-protein interaction maps of HPV/CT/human were prepared and compared to analyze interactions during single/coinfection of C. trachomatis and HPV. The interacting human proteins were detected by their involvement in cervical cancer. Results: C. trachomatis may interact with several cancer associated proteins while HPV and C. trachomatis largely interact with different human proteins, suggesting different pathogenesis. Conclusion: C. trachomatis coinfection with HPV may modulate cervical cancer development.

Epidemiological evaluation of human papillomavirus genotypes and their associations in multiple infections

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of multiple type human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, and whether any types are involved in multiple HPV-type infections (mHPV) more or less frequently than expected. From January 2012 to February 2018, 2848 cervico-vaginal swabs were analysed in the UOC Microbiology and Virology of Policlinico of Bari, Italy. HPV DNA detection was performed using initially nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequently multiplex real-time PCR assay. 1357/2848 samples (47.65%) were HPV DNA positive and 694/1357 (51.14%) showed mHPVs. The median number of mHPVs was 2 (interquartile range: 2–3). HPV-types more frequently detected were 42 (9.97%), 16 (8.92%), 53 (7.23%) and 31 (7.16%). Each detected HPV-type was involved in mHPVs in more than 50% of cases. Statistical analysis showed significant associations for all HPV-types except for 33, 43, 51, 58 and 82 HPV-types. The major number of significant pairwise associations were detected for the types 42 and 70. Only positive associations were detected. Further data are necessary to evaluate the clinical impact of the single combinations.

How can HPV-induced cervical cancer be controlled by a combination of drug therapy? A mathematical study

This paper deals with a control strategy through impulsive drug treatment to study the effect of Chemotherapy and CTL activator drug to eradicate the cervical cancer. CTL kills the HPV infected cells and helps to prevent cervical cancer. Dendritic cell (DC) plays a crucial role in this disease dynamics in enhancing the activity of CTL. To explore these effects, we have formulated a mathematical model consisting of six compartments to describe the interactions between HPV and three classes of cervical cells (susceptible, infected, cancerous), with DC and CTL. Calculating the basic reproduction ratio, we find that there exists a disease-free equilibrium point and an endemic equilibrium point. In our study, we have shown that though DC enhances the activity of CTL, it is not sufficient to eradicate the disease totally. How we could restrict the cancer development by using double drug in an impulsive way with particular drug doses is being reflected in the results. To illustrate our results, numerical simulations are also presented.

HPV genotypes co-infections associated with cervical carcinoma: Special focus on phylogenetically related and non-vaccine targeted genotypes

HPV is the major causative agent for cervical cancer. Study on the risk of cervical cancer associated with different hr-HPV genotypes would be useful for disease management and new vaccine strategy. With limited reports available, the present study aimed to investigate the pattern of HPV genotypes coinfections and risk of cervical carcinoma associated with them in Indian population. 15 HPV genotypes were detected by E6/E7 multiplex nested type-specific PCR in the HPV-positive cervical samples of 172 cervical cancer cases and 174 subjects with normal cytology. Association between the genotypes and cervical cancer was estimated by calculating the Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. Risk of cervical carcinoma was associated with multiple genotypes excluding HPV16 (OR:5.87; 95% CI-1.28-26-29; p = .02), multiple genotypes excluding HPV18 (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.09–6.05; p = .03), multiple genotypes of α9 species(OR = 5.3 95% CI = 1.14–24.03; p = .007), and multiple genotypes of α7 species (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = .49–13.45; p = .2). Genotypes not targeted by quadrivalent vaccine types (OR = 2.94 95% CI = 1.48–5.80; p = .001) conferred 2.94 fold higher risk of cervical carcinoma. Cases those coinfected with phylogenetically related genotypes (OR = 2.29; 95% CI(.69–7.59) p = .17) were at 2.9 fold higher risk of invasive cervical carcinoma than those infected with other genotypes although it is not statistically significant. Whereas phylogenetically unrelated genotypes coinfection is negatively associated with cervical carcinoma (OR = .44 95% CI (.244-.8) p = .007) and it is statistically significant.Genotypes not targeted by 9-valent vaccines (OR = .40; 95% CI = .19-.85; p = .017) associated with lesser risk of cervical carcinoma as compared to other genotypes. Subjects infected with any HPV genotype/genotypes excluding HPV16 in association with HPV 18 (OR = 4.1; 95% CI = 1.81–9.25 P = < .001) were at 4.1 fold higher risk of developing invasive cervical carcinoma.In conclusion, the risk of development of cervical cancer is genotype specific and might be associated with type-specific interactions between the genotypes in multiple infections.

Novel Mechanisms Revealed in the Trachea Transcriptome of Resistant and Susceptible Chicken Lines following Infection with Newcastle Disease Virus

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has a devastating impact on poultry production in developing countries. This study examined the transcriptome of tracheal epithelial cells from two inbred chicken lines that differ in NDV susceptibility after challenge with a high-titer inoculum of lentogenic NDV. The Fayoumi line had a significantly lower NDV load postchallenge than the Leghorn line, demonstrating the Fayoumi line's classification as a relatively NDV-resistant breed. Examination of the trachea transcriptome showed a large increase in immune cell infiltration in the trachea in both lines at all times postinfection. The pathways conserved across lines and at all three time points postinfection included iCOS-iCOSL signaling in T helper cells, NF-κB signaling, the role of nuclear factor of activated T cells in the regulation of the immune response, calcium-induced T lymphocyte apoptosis, phospholipase C signaling, and CD28 signaling in T helper cells. Although shared pathways were seen in the Fayoumi and Leghorn lines, each line showed unique responses as well. The downregulation of collagen and the activation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 signaling in the Fayoumis relative to the Leghorns at 2 days postinfection may contribute to the resistance phenotype seen in the Fayoumis. This study provides a further understanding of host-pathogen interactions which could improve vaccine efficacy and, in combination with genome-wide association studies, has the potential to advance strategies for breeding chickens with enhanced resistance to NDV.

iTRAQ-based Proteomic Analysis of Porcine Kidney Epithelial PK15 cells Infected with Pseudorabies virus

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is one of the most important pathogens of swine, resulting in severe economic losses to the pig industry. To improve our understanding of the host responses to PRV infection, we applied isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to quantitatively identify the differentially expressed cellular proteins in PRV-infected PK15 cells. In total, relative quantitative data were identified for 4333 proteins in PRV and mock- infected PK15 cells, among which 466 cellular proteins were differentially expressed, including 234 upregulated proteins and 232 downregulated proteins. Bioinformatics analysis disclosed that most of these differentially expressed proteins were involved in metabolic processes, cellular growth and proliferation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, cell adhesion and cytoskeleton. Moreover, expression levels of four representative proteins, beta-catenin, STAT1, GRB2 and PCNA, were further confirmed by western blot analysis. This is the first attempt to analyze the protein profile of PRV-infected PK15 cells using iTRAQ technology, and our findings may provide valuable information to help understand the host response to PRV infection.

Rescue of recombinant Newcastle disease virus: current cloning strategies and RNA polymerase provision systems

Since the first rescue of a recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rNDV) in the late 1990s, many more rNDVs have been rescued by researchers around the world. Regardless of methodology, the main principle behind rescue of the virus has remained the same, i.e., the formation of a functional replication complex by simultaneously providing the full-length viral RNA and the viral NP, P and L proteins. However, different strategies have been reported for the insertion of the full-length genome into a suitable transcription vector, which remains the most challenging step of the rescue. Moreover, several systems have been published for provision of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which is needed for transcription of viral RNA (vRNA) from the transfected plasmid DNA. The aim of this article is to consolidate all of the current cDNA assembly strategies and transcription systems used in rescue of rNDV in order to attain a better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.

HPV16 Sublineage Associations With Histology-Specific Cancer Risk Using HPV Whole-Genome Sequences in 3200 Women

BACKGROUND

HPV16 is a common sexually transmitted infection although few infections lead to cervical precancer/cancer; we cannot distinguish nor mechanistically explain why only certain infections progress. HPV16 can be classified into four main evolutionary-derived variant lineages (A, B, C, D) that have been previously suggested to have varying disease risks.

METHODS

We used a high-throughput HPV16 whole-genome sequencing assay to investigate variant lineage risk among 3215 HPV16-infected women. Using sublineages A1/A2 as the reference, we assessed all variant lineage associations with infection outcome over three or more years of follow-up: 1107 control subjects (

RESULTS

A4 sublineage was associated with an increased risk of cancer, specifically adenocarcinoma (OR = 9.81, 95% CI = 2.02 to 47.69, P = 4.7x10(-03)). Lineage B had a lower risk of CIN3 (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0. 28 to 0.91, P = 02) while lineage C showed increased risk (OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.09 to 3.89, P = 03). D2/D3 sublineages were strongly associated with an increased risk of CIN3 and cancer, particularly D2 (OR for cancer = 28.48, 95% CI = 9.27 to 87.55, P = 5.0x10(-09)). D2 had the strongest increased risk of glandular lesions, AIS (OR = 29.22, 95% CI = 8.94 to 95.51, P = 2.3x10(-08)), and adenocarcinomas (OR = 137.34, 95% CI = 37.21 to 506.88, P = 1.5x10(-13)). Moreover, the risk of precancer and cancer for specific variant lineages varied by a women's race/ethnicity; those women whose race/ethnicity matched that of the infecting HPV16 variant had an increased risk of CIN3 + (P < 001).

CONCLUSIONS

Specific HPV16 variant sublineages strongly influence risk of histologic types of precancer and cancer, and viral genetic variation may help explain its unique carcinogenic properties.

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Key Words Collapse

MESH Headings

• Adenocarcinoma/ethnology
• Adenocarcinoma/virology
• Adenocarcinoma in Situ/ethnology
• Adenocarcinoma in Situ/virology
• Adult
• Aftercare
• California/epidemiology
• Carcinoma/ethnology
• Carcinoma/virology
• Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/ethnology
• Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/virology
• Female
• Genome
• High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
• Human papillomavirus 16/classification
• Human papillomavirus 16/genetics
• Human papillomavirus 16/pathogenicity
• Humans
• Middle Aged
• Papillomavirus Infections/ethnology
• Papillomavirus Infections/virology
• Phylogeny
• Precancerous Conditions/ethnology
• Precancerous Conditions/virology
• Risk Factors
• Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/ethnology
• Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology
• Young Adult
• Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/ethnology
• Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/virology

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Grants

• U01 CA078527 NCI NIH HHS

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Affiliation(s)

Lisa Mirabello Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD (LM, MY, MC, JFB, NW, XZ, KY, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB, YX, MS); Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (MY, MC, JFB, XZ, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB); Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (ZC); Women's Health Research Institute, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland CA (TRB); Regional Laboratory, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (TL); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (PEC, RDB); Departments of Pediatrics; Microbiology & Immunology; and, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (RDB)
Meredith Yeager Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD (LM, MY, MC, JFB, NW, XZ, KY, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB, YX, MS); Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (MY, MC, JFB, XZ, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB); Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (ZC); Women's Health Research Institute, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland CA (TRB); Regional Laboratory, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (TL); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (PEC, RDB); Departments of Pediatrics; Microbiology & Immunology; and, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (RDB)
Michael Cullen Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD (LM, MY, MC, JFB, NW, XZ, KY, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB, YX, MS); Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (MY, MC, JFB, XZ, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB); Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (ZC); Women's Health Research Institute, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland CA (TRB); Regional Laboratory, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (TL); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (PEC, RDB); Departments of Pediatrics; Microbiology & Immunology; and, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (RDB)
Joseph F Boland Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD (LM, MY, MC, JFB, NW, XZ, KY, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB, YX, MS); Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (MY, MC, JFB, XZ, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB); Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (ZC); Women's Health Research Institute, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland CA (TRB); Regional Laboratory, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (TL); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (PEC, RDB); Departments of Pediatrics; Microbiology & Immunology; and, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (RDB)
Zigui Chen Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD (LM, MY, MC, JFB, NW, XZ, KY, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB, YX, MS); Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (MY, MC, JFB, XZ, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB); Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (ZC); Women's Health Research Institute, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland CA (TRB); Regional Laboratory, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (TL); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (PEC, RDB); Departments of Pediatrics; Microbiology & Immunology; and, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (RDB)
Nicolas Wentzensen Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD (LM, MY, MC, JFB, NW, XZ, KY, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB, YX, MS); Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (MY, MC, JFB, XZ, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB); Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (ZC); Women's Health Research Institute, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland CA (TRB); Regional Laboratory, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (TL); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (PEC, RDB); Departments of Pediatrics; Microbiology & Immunology; and, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (RDB)
Xijun Zhang Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD (LM, MY, MC, JFB, NW, XZ, KY, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB, YX, MS); Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (MY, MC, JFB, XZ, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB); Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (ZC); Women's Health Research Institute, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland CA (TRB); Regional Laboratory, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (TL); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (PEC, RDB); Departments of Pediatrics; Microbiology & Immunology; and, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (RDB)
Kai Yu Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD (LM, MY, MC, JFB, NW, XZ, KY, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB, YX, MS); Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (MY, MC, JFB, XZ, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB); Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (ZC); Women's Health Research Institute, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland CA (TRB); Regional Laboratory, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (TL); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (PEC, RDB); Departments of Pediatrics; Microbiology & Immunology; and, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (RDB)
Qi Yang Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD (LM, MY, MC, JFB, NW, XZ, KY, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB, YX, MS); Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (MY, MC, JFB, XZ, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB); Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (ZC); Women's Health Research Institute, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland CA (TRB); Regional Laboratory, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (TL); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (PEC, RDB); Departments of Pediatrics; Microbiology & Immunology; and, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (RDB)
Jason Mitchell Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD (LM, MY, MC, JFB, NW, XZ, KY, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB, YX, MS); Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (MY, MC, JFB, XZ, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB); Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (ZC); Women's Health Research Institute, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland CA (TRB); Regional Laboratory, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (TL); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (PEC, RDB); Departments of Pediatrics; Microbiology & Immunology; and, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (RDB)
David Roberson Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD (LM, MY, MC, JFB, NW, XZ, KY, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB, YX, MS); Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (MY, MC, JFB, XZ, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB); Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (ZC); Women's Health Research Institute, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland CA (TRB); Regional Laboratory, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (TL); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (PEC, RDB); Departments of Pediatrics; Microbiology & Immunology; and, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (RDB)
Sara Bass Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD (LM, MY, MC, JFB, NW, XZ, KY, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB, YX, MS); Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (MY, MC, JFB, XZ, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB); Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (ZC); Women's Health Research Institute, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland CA (TRB); Regional Laboratory, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (TL); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (PEC, RDB); Departments of Pediatrics; Microbiology & Immunology; and, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (RDB)
Yanzi Xiao Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD (LM, MY, MC, JFB, NW, XZ, KY, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB, YX, MS); Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (MY, MC, JFB, XZ, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB); Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (ZC); Women's Health Research Institute, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland CA (TRB); Regional Laboratory, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (TL); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (PEC, RDB); Departments of Pediatrics; Microbiology & Immunology; and, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (RDB)
Laurie Burdett Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD (LM, MY, MC, JFB, NW, XZ, KY, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB, YX, MS); Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (MY, MC, JFB, XZ, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB); Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (ZC); Women's Health Research Institute, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland CA (TRB); Regional Laboratory, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (TL); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (PEC, RDB); Departments of Pediatrics; Microbiology & Immunology; and, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (RDB)
Tina Raine-Bennett Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD (LM, MY, MC, JFB, NW, XZ, KY, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB, YX, MS); Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (MY, MC, JFB, XZ, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB); Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (ZC); Women's Health Research Institute, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland CA (TRB); Regional Laboratory, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (TL); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (PEC, RDB); Departments of Pediatrics; Microbiology & Immunology; and, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (RDB)
Thomas Lorey Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD (LM, MY, MC, JFB, NW, XZ, KY, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB, YX, MS); Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (MY, MC, JFB, XZ, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB); Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (ZC); Women's Health Research Institute, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland CA (TRB); Regional Laboratory, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (TL); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (PEC, RDB); Departments of Pediatrics; Microbiology & Immunology; and, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (RDB)
Philip E Castle Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD (LM, MY, MC, JFB, NW, XZ, KY, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB, YX, MS); Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (MY, MC, JFB, XZ, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB); Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (ZC); Women's Health Research Institute, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland CA (TRB); Regional Laboratory, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (TL); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (PEC, RDB); Departments of Pediatrics; Microbiology & Immunology; and, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (RDB)
Robert D Burk Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD (LM, MY, MC, JFB, NW, XZ, KY, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB, YX, MS); Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (MY, MC, JFB, XZ, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB); Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (ZC); Women's Health Research Institute, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland CA (TRB); Regional Laboratory, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (TL); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (PEC, RDB); Departments of Pediatrics; Microbiology & Immunology; and, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (RDB)
Mark Schiffman Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD (LM, MY, MC, JFB, NW, XZ, KY, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB, YX, MS); Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD (MY, MC, JFB, XZ, QY, JM, DR, SB, LB); Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (ZC); Women's Health Research Institute, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland CA (TRB); Regional Laboratory, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (TL); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (PEC, RDB); Departments of Pediatrics; Microbiology & Immunology; and, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (RDB)

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Identification of APOBEC3B promoter elements responsible for activation by human papillomavirus type 16 E6

Recent cancer genomics studies have identified mutation patterns characteristic of APOBEC3B (A3B) in multiple cancers, including cervical cancer, which is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. A3B expression is upregulated by HPV E6/E7 oncoproteins, implying a crucial role for A3B upregulation in HPV-induced carcinogenesis. Here, we explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the activation of the A3B promoter by E6. Luciferase reporter assays with a series of deleted fragments of the human A3B promoter in normal immortalized human keratinocytes (NIKS) identified two functional regions in the promoter: the distal region (from -200 to -51), which is required for basal promoter activity, and the proximal region (from +1 to +45), which exerts an inhibitory effect on gene expression. Each promoter region was found to contain an E6-responsive element(s). Disruption of an AT-rich motif located between +10 and +16 abrogated the proximal-region-mediated activation of the A3B promoter by E6. DNA pull-down assays revealed that a cellular zinc-finger protein, ZNF384, binds to the AT-rich motif in the A3B promoter, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that ZNF384 binds to the A3B promoter in cells. ZNF384 knockdown reduced the A3B mRNA levels in NIKS expressing E6, but not in the parental NIKS, indicating that ZNF384 contributes to A3B upregulation by E6, but not to basal A3B expression. The exogenous expression of ZNF384 led to the activation of the A3B promoter in NIKS. Collectively, these results indicate that E6 activates the A3B promoter through the distal and proximal regions, and that ZNF384 is required for the proximal-region-mediated activation of A3B.