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Villanueva RA, Loyola A. Pre- and Post-Transcriptional Control of HBV Gene Expression: The Road Traveled towards the New Paradigm of HBx, Its Isoforms, and Their Diverse Functions. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1674. [PMID: 37371770 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped DNA human virus belonging to the Hepadnaviridae family. Perhaps its main distinguishable characteristic is the replication of its genome through a reverse transcription process. The HBV circular genome encodes only four overlapping reading frames, encoding for the main canonical proteins named core, P, surface, and X (or HBx protein). However, pre- and post-transcriptional gene regulation diversifies the full HBV proteome into diverse isoform proteins. In line with this, hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) is a viral multifunctional and regulatory protein of 16.5 kDa, whose canonical reading frame presents two phylogenetically conserved internal in-frame translational initiation codons, and which results as well in the expression of two divergent N-terminal smaller isoforms of 8.6 and 5.8 kDa, during translation. The canonical HBx, as well as the smaller isoform proteins, displays different roles during viral replication and subcellular localizations. In this article, we reviewed the different mechanisms of pre- and post-transcriptional regulation of protein expression that take place during viral replication. We also investigated all the past and recent evidence about HBV HBx gene regulation and its divergent N-terminal isoform proteins. Evidence has been collected for over 30 years. The accumulated evidence simply strengthens the concept of a new paradigm of the canonical HBx, and its smaller divergent N-terminal isoform proteins, not only during viral replication, but also throughout cell pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandra Loyola
- Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 8580702, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 7510602, Chile
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Canonical and Divergent N-Terminal HBx Isoform Proteins Unveiled: Characteristics and Roles during HBV Replication. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111701. [PMID: 34829930 PMCID: PMC8616016 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBx) is a viral regulatory and multifunctional protein. It is well-known that the canonical HBx reading frame bears two phylogenetically conserved internal in-frame translational initiation codons at Met2 and Met3, thus possibly generating divergent N-terminal smaller isoforms during translation. Here, we demonstrate that the three distinct HBx isoforms are generated from the ectopically expressed HBV HBx gene, named XF (full-length), XM (medium-length), and XS (short-length); they display different subcellular localizations when expressed individually in cultured hepatoma cells. Particularly, the smallest HBx isoform, XS, displayed a predominantly cytoplasmic localization. To study HBx proteins during viral replication, we performed site-directed mutagenesis to target the individual or combinatorial expression of the HBx isoforms within the HBV viral backbone (full viral genome). Our results indicate that of all HBx isoforms, only the smallest HBx isoform, XS, can restore WT levels of HBV replication, and bind to the viral mini chromosome, thereby establishing an active chromatin state, highlighting its crucial activities during HBV replication. Intriguingly, we found that sequences of HBV HBx genotype H are devoid of the conserved Met3 position, and therefore HBV genotype H infection is naturally silent for the expression of the HBx XS isoform. Finally, we found that the HBx XM (medium-length) isoform shares significant sequence similarity with the N-terminus domain of the COMMD8 protein, a member of the copper metabolism MURR1 domain-containing (COMMD) protein family. This novel finding might facilitate studies on the phylogenetic origin of the HBV X protein. The identification and functional characterization of its isoforms will shift the paradigm by changing the concept of HBx from being a unique, canonical, and multifunctional protein toward the occurrence of different HBx isoforms, carrying out different overlapping functions at different subcellular localizations during HBV genome replication. Significantly, our current work unveils new crucial HBV targets to study for potential antiviral research, and human virus pathogenesis.
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Enriquez-Navarro K, Maldonado-Rodriguez A, Rojas-Montes O, Torres-Ibarra R, Bucio-Ortiz L, De la Cruz MA, Torres-Flores J, Xoconostle-Cazares B, Lira R. Identification of mutations in the S gene of hepatitis B virus in HIV positive Mexican patients with occult hepatitis B virus infection. Ann Hepatol 2021; 19:507-515. [PMID: 32592870 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM Occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) is characterized by the presence of replication-competent hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in the liver and/or serum of patients with undetectable levels of the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). Due to the shared infection routes HIV positive patients are at higher risk of developing OBI, thus, the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of OBI in Mexican HIV-infected patients and to identify mutations in the HBV S gene that could be associated to the development of OBI. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma samples from 50 HIV-infected patients with undetectable levels of the HBsAg were obtained and analyzed. The Core, PreS and S genes were amplified by nested PCR and sequenced by the Sanger method. To analyze HBV diversity in the OBI-positive patients, ten sequences of 762bp from the HBV S gene were selected, cloned, and subsequently sequenced for mutational analyses. RESULTS OBI infection was found with a frequency of 36% (18/50). All the HBV sequences corresponded to the H genotype. The most common mutations were: C19Y, Q129H, E164D, and I195M, with a frequency of 44%, 36%, 39% and 48% respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we report the presence of OBI in a cohort of Mexican HIV-infected patients with an overall prevalence of 36%. Mutational analyses revealed that four non-silent mutations were frequent in different regions of the HBsAg gene, suggesting that they might be associated to the development of OBI in this population, nevertheless, further studies are required to determine their role in the pathogenesis of OBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Enriquez-Navarro
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, CMN Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico; Posgrado en Biología Experimental, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Angelica Maldonado-Rodriguez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, CMN Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Othon Rojas-Montes
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, CMN Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Rocio Torres-Ibarra
- Clinica de Hepatitis, Hospital de Infectologia Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Leticia Bucio-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Miguel A De la Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, CMN Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Jesus Torres-Flores
- Laboratorio de Virología, Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Beatriz Xoconostle-Cazares
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Rosalia Lira
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, CMN Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico.
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Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Brazil: Introduction and dissemination. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104936. [PMID: 34023512 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B is a viral infectious disease highly spread worldwide with a long evolutionary history associated with human migrations through the continents and countries. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was disseminated probably from Africa and diverged into ten genotypes (HBV-A to HBV-J) distributed around the world. In Brazil, almost all HBV genotypes were already reported, with a predominance of three ones: A (52.1%), D (36.8%), and F (7.7%). This review aimed to evaluate the introduction and dissemination of the main HBV genotypes and subgenotypes in Brazil over the last centuries to explain the current epidemic scenario. The highest frequency of HBV-A is a consequence of the introduction and spreading of HBV-A1 in the 16th to 19th centuries due to the African slave trade, but the more recent introduction of HBV-A2 from Europe also contributed to the current situation. HBV-D is the second most frequent genotype because it was consecutively introduced by migrations from Europe (mainly subgenotype D3, but also D2) and the Middle East (D1) in the 19th to 20th centuries. On contrary, HBV-F (F1a, F1b, F2a, F2b, F3, and F4) was disseminated by the Amerindians in all South American countries, including Brazil, by migrations inside the continent for more than three centuries ago. Other HBV genotypes are rare and eventually frequent in some human groups because of the dissemination by very specific epidemiological routes. In conclusion, the current scenario of the HBV epidemics is a consequence of the introduction and dissemination of some subgenotypes from the three main genotypes A, D, and F over the last five centuries.
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Fragoso-Fonseca DE, Escobar-Escamilla N, Lloret Y Sánchez LT, Wong-Arámbula CE, Hernández-Rivas L, Díaz-Quiñonez JA, Ramírez-González JE. Full genome and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis B virus genotype F in Mexican isolates. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1981-1984. [PMID: 29549442 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus genotype F (HBV/F) is endemic in Central and South America with a minor proportion in Mexico and North America. HBV/F is divided into subgenotypes and subtypes with particular geographic circulation patterns. Here, we report the complete genome sequence and molecular characterization of HBV/F from three isolates. Phylogenetic analysis with all available HBV/F sequences showed that our sequences belonged to the F1b subtype and, in addition, the absence of the previously reported F1a subtype in Mexican isolates. Our findings suggest the circulation of HBV/F1b, the first phylogenomic study of HBV/F in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Esaú Fragoso-Fonseca
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Secretaría de Salud, Francisco de P. Miranda 177, Lomas de Plateros, 01480, Álvaro Obregón, Mexico City, Mexico
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Casco de Santo Tomás, S/N, Casco de Santo Tomás, 11340, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Noé Escobar-Escamilla
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Secretaría de Salud, Francisco de P. Miranda 177, Lomas de Plateros, 01480, Álvaro Obregón, Mexico City, Mexico
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Casco de Santo Tomás, S/N, Casco de Santo Tomás, 11340, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Teresa Lloret Y Sánchez
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Secretaría de Salud, Francisco de P. Miranda 177, Lomas de Plateros, 01480, Álvaro Obregón, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia Elena Wong-Arámbula
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Secretaría de Salud, Francisco de P. Miranda 177, Lomas de Plateros, 01480, Álvaro Obregón, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lucía Hernández-Rivas
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Secretaría de Salud, Francisco de P. Miranda 177, Lomas de Plateros, 01480, Álvaro Obregón, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Alberto Díaz-Quiñonez
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Secretaría de Salud, Francisco de P. Miranda 177, Lomas de Plateros, 01480, Álvaro Obregón, Mexico City, Mexico
- División de Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Paseo de las Facultades S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Ernesto Ramírez-González
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) "Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez", Secretaría de Salud, Francisco de P. Miranda 177, Lomas de Plateros, 01480, Álvaro Obregón, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Attaran MS, Hosseini SM, Fakhari J, Sharifi Z. Serological and molecular characterization of hepatitis B virus in asymptomatic blood donors in Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2018; 10:59-64. [PMID: 29922420 PMCID: PMC6004635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped DNA virus belongs to Hepadnaviridea family. HBV infection is a serious global health problem, with 2 billion people infected worldwide, and 350 million suffering from chronic HBV infection. The aim of this study was to determine the serological pattern and molecular characterization of HBV diversity in asymptomatic blood donors in Iran alongside with the mutation status of HBV in relation to blood safety. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and sixty six samples from asymptomatic blood donors who were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen during 2012 to 2014 were selected. The serological and molecular markers were analyzed by screening HBsAb, HBcAb, HBeAg and HBeAb and HBV-DNA. For detection of HBV genotypes and possible mutations, HBV polymerase and pre core/core regions were sequenced. RESULTS In term of serologic markers of HBV, 100% of asymptomatic blood donors were HBsAg positive and 97.6%, 92.2%, 5.4% and 2.4% of them were HBcAb, HBeAb, HBeAg and HBsAb positive respectively in asymptomatic blood donors. The maximum of samples viral load was 4.41 × 107 IU/ml for HBeAg positive blood donors. While the minimum and maximum of viral load in HBeAb positive samples was 1.21 × 102 IU/ml and 1 × 106 IU/ml respectively and the mean of viral load in HBeAb positive samples was 5.882 × 103 IU/ml. About 9.7% of HBeAb positive samples had a pre core mutation that is related to stopping the synthesis of HBeAg and only genotype D was prevalent in asymptomatic blood donors. CONCLUSION This study showed that from 166 samples most of them were in a chronic phase of HBV infection and just 5.4% of asymptomatic blood donors were in the acute phase or acute chronic phase of HBV infection. The major risk factor for HBV infection was a familial history of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Seyed Attaran
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding authors: Zohreh Sharifi, PhD, Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98 21 8205 2233,
| | - Javad Fakhari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Sharifi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding authors: Zohreh Sharifi, PhD, Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98 21 8205 2233,
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Ong HK, Tan WS, Ho KL. Virus like particles as a platform for cancer vaccine development. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4053. [PMID: 29158984 PMCID: PMC5694210 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers have killed millions of people in human history and are still posing a serious health problem worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need for developing preventive and therapeutic cancer vaccines. Among various cancer vaccine development platforms, virus-like particles (VLPs) offer several advantages. VLPs are multimeric nanostructures with morphology resembling that of native viruses and are mainly composed of surface structural proteins of viruses but are devoid of viral genetic materials rendering them neither infective nor replicative. In addition, they can be engineered to display multiple, highly ordered heterologous epitopes or peptides in order to optimize the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the displayed entities. Like native viruses, specific epitopes displayed on VLPs can be taken up, processed, and presented by antigen-presenting cells to elicit potent specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Several studies also indicated that VLPs could overcome the immunosuppressive state of the tumor microenvironment and break self-tolerance to elicit strong cytotoxic lymphocyte activity, which is crucial for both virus clearance and destruction of cancerous cells. Collectively, these unique characteristics of VLPs make them optimal cancer vaccine candidates. This review discusses current progress in the development of VLP-based cancer vaccines and some potential drawbacks of VLPs in cancer vaccine development. Extracellular vesicles with close resembling to viral particles are also discussed and compared with VLPs as a platform in cancer vaccine developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Kian Ong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Mani M, Srikanth P, Gnanskandan S, Vijayaraghavan S, Shanmuganathan S. Mutations in Hepatitis B virus polymerase gene/partial surface gene among Chronic HBV carriers as markers for anti-viral drug resistance and escape mutants. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.24870/cjb.2017-a85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Sosa-Jurado F, Hilda Rosas-Murrieta N, Guzman-Flores B, Perez Zempoaltecalt C, Patricia Sanchez Torres A, Ramirez Rosete L, Bernal-Soto M, Marquez-Dominguez L, Melendez-Mena D, Angel Mendoza Torres M, Teresa Lopez Delgado M, Reyes-Leyva J, Vallejo-Ruiz V, Santos-Lopez G. Prevalence of Serologic Hepatitis B Markers in Blood Donors From Puebla, Mexico: The Association of Relatively High Levels of Anti-Core Antibodies With the Detection of Surface Antigen and Genomic DNA. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2016; 16:e36942. [PMID: 27630726 PMCID: PMC5011399 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.36942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes chronic hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Surface antigen (HBsAg) detection is a definitive test that can confirm HBV infection, while the presence of antibodies against the core protein (anti-HBc) suggests either a previous or ongoing infection or occult hepatitis B infection (OBI). OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of anti-HBc and HBsAg in blood donors. Further, the study aimed to estimate the anti-HBc level at which HBV DNA is detected in putative OBI cases, as well as to search for mutations in the "a" determinant associated with the non-detection of HBsAg in serum. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study from 2003-2009. The study included 120,552 blood donors from the state of Puebla, Mexico. Different commercial systems based on microparticles (enzymatic (MEIA) or chemiluminescent (CMIA)) were used to determine the HBsAg and anti-HBc levels. For the detection of HBV DNA, a nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) was used and the genotypes were determined using Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Of the 120,552 blood donors, 1437 (1.19%, 95% CI: 1.12 - 1.26) were reactive to anti-HBc, while 82 (0.066%, 95% CI: 0.053 - 0.079) were reactive to HBsAg. Some 156 plasma samples collected in 2009 from anti-HBc-positive/HBsAg-negative blood donors were submitted for HBV DNA detection in a search for probable OBI. Viral DNA was detected in 27/156 (17.3%, 95% CI: 11.5 - 23.1). Our results show an association between HBV DNA or HBsAg and anti-HBc S/CO levels ≥ 4.0. All DNA samples were identified as genotype H and some "a" determinant mutations were identified, although none corresponded to mutations previously reported to hinder the detection of HBsAg by commercial immunoassays. CONCLUSIONS We observed that as the anti-HBc levels increase, there is a higher prevalence of the viral protein HBsAg in blood donors. Samples testing positive for HBV-DNA were seen to exhibit a ten-fold higher presence of anti-HBc S/CO ≥ 4 than those with S/CO ≥ 1 and < 4.0, which highlights the relevance of anti-HBc determination in blood donor samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Sosa-Jurado
- Laboratory of Virology and Molecular Biology, Eastern Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Puebla, Mexico
- Corresponding Authors: Francisca Sosa-Jurado, Laboratory of Virology and Molecular Biology, Eastern Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Puebla, Mexico. Tel/Fax: +52-2444440122, E-mail: ; Gerardo Santos-Lopez, Laboratory of Virology and Molecular Biology, Eastern Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Puebla, Mexico. Tel/Fax: +52-2444440122, E-mail:
| | - Nora Hilda Rosas-Murrieta
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chemistry Center, Institute of Science, Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Belinda Guzman-Flores
- Blood Bank Hospital, National Medical Center Manuel Avila Camacho, Mexican Social Security Institute, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Cintia Perez Zempoaltecalt
- Laboratory of Virology and Molecular Biology, Eastern Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ana Patricia Sanchez Torres
- Blood Bank Hospital, National Medical Center Manuel Avila Camacho, Mexican Social Security Institute, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Leticia Ramirez Rosete
- Blood Bank Hospital, National Medical Center Manuel Avila Camacho, Mexican Social Security Institute, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Maribel Bernal-Soto
- Blood Bank Hospital, National Medical Center Manuel Avila Camacho, Mexican Social Security Institute, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Luis Marquez-Dominguez
- Laboratory of Virology and Molecular Biology, Eastern Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Daniel Melendez-Mena
- Department of Gastroenterology, Specialized Hospital, Medical Unit of High Specialty, National Medical Center Manuel Avila Camacho, Mexican Social Security Institute, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Mendoza Torres
- Department of Gastroenterology, Specialized Hospital, Medical Unit of High Specialty, National Medical Center Manuel Avila Camacho, Mexican Social Security Institute, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - Julio Reyes-Leyva
- Laboratory of Virology and Molecular Biology, Eastern Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Veronica Vallejo-Ruiz
- Laboratory of Virology and Molecular Biology, Eastern Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Santos-Lopez
- Laboratory of Virology and Molecular Biology, Eastern Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Puebla, Mexico
- Corresponding Authors: Francisca Sosa-Jurado, Laboratory of Virology and Molecular Biology, Eastern Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Puebla, Mexico. Tel/Fax: +52-2444440122, E-mail: ; Gerardo Santos-Lopez, Laboratory of Virology and Molecular Biology, Eastern Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Puebla, Mexico. Tel/Fax: +52-2444440122, E-mail:
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Al-Qudari AY, Amer HM, Abdo AA, Hussain Z, Al-Hamoudi W, Alswat K, Almajhdi FN. Surface gene variants of hepatitis B Virus in Saudi Patients. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:133-8. [PMID: 26997220 PMCID: PMC4817297 DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.167186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to be one of the most important viral pathogens in humans. Surface (S) protein is the major HBV antigen that mediates virus attachment and entry and determines the virus subtype. Mutations in S gene, particularly in the "a" determinant, can influence virus detection by ELISA and may generate escape mutants. Since no records have documented the S gene mutations in HBV strains circulating in Saudi Arabia, the current study was designed to study sequence variation of S gene in strains circulating in Saudi Arabia and its correlation with clinical and risk factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 123 HBV-infected patients were recruited for this study. Clinical and biochemical parameters, serological markers, and viral load were determined in all patients. The entire S gene sequence of samples with viral load exceeding 2000 IU/mL was retrieved and exploited in sequence and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS A total of 48 mutations (21 unique) were recorded in viral strains in Saudi Arabia, among which 24 (11 unique) changed their respective amino acids. Two amino acid changes were recorded in "a" determinant, including F130L and S135F with no evidence of the vaccine escape mutant G145R in any of the samples. No specific relationship was recognized between the mutation/amino acid change record of HBsAg in strains in Saudi Arabia and clinical or laboratory data. Phylogenetic analysis categorized HBV viral strains in Saudi Arabia as members of subgenotypes D1 and D3. CONCLUSION The present report is the first that describes mutation analysis of HBsAg in strains in Saudi Arabia on both nucleotide and amino acid levels. Different substitutions, particularly in major hydrophilic region, may have a potential influence on disease diagnosis, vaccination strategy, and antiviral chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Y. Al-Qudari
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haitham M. Amer
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Department of Virology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ayman A. Abdo
- Department of Medicine, King Saud University Liver Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahid Hussain
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Al-Hamoudi
- Department of Medicine, King Saud University Liver Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alswat
- Department of Medicine, King Saud University Liver Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad N. Almajhdi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Address for correspondence: Dr. Fahad N. Almajhdi, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh - 11451, Saudi Arabia. E-mail:
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11
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Darmawan E, Turyadi, El-Khobar KE, Nursanty NKD, Thedja MD, Muljono DH. Seroepidemiology and occult hepatitis B virus infection in young adults in Banjarmasin, Indonesia. J Med Virol 2014; 87:199-207. [PMID: 25521058 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a public health problem in Indonesia. There has been limited data regarding HBV infection in young adult population. This study aimed to evaluate the seroepidemiology of HBV infection and characterize occult HBV variants in healthy young adults in Banjarmasin, Indonesia, who were born before the implementation of the universal infant hepatitis B vaccination. Serum samples of 195 healthy young adults were tested for HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HBs. The prevalence of HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HBs was 9 (4.6%), 62 (31.8%), and 96 (49.2%), respectively. Seventy four (37.9%) samples were seronegative for all three parameters, indicating the susceptibility to HBV infection. Among 66 samples positive for HBsAg and/or anti-HBc, 13 (19.7%) were HBV DNA positive; of these, four were HBsAg positive and nine were HBsAg negative, and categorized as occult HBV infection. Most occult HBV cases had high-level anti-HBs (>100 IU/l), suggesting that blood with positive anti-HBs and anti-HBc could not be regarded as noninfectious. Thirteen amino acid substitutions were identified: T126S, P127S, Q129R, T131N, M133T, and Y161S in the HBsAg-positive group; P120T, T126I, G145S, Y161F, E164V, and V168F in the occult-HBV group; and T143S in both groups. More studies are required to provide data on the prevalence and characteristics of mutants to ensure reliable diagnosis. The occult HBV infection, combined with the HBsAg prevalence, could indicate the high HBV carriage among young adults in this area. The high percentage of individuals susceptible to HBV infection reiterates the need for catch-up immunization strategies targeted at young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Darmawan
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
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12
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Roman S, Jose-Abrego A, Fierro NA, Escobedo-Melendez G, Ojeda-Granados C, Martinez-Lopez E, Panduro A. Hepatitis B virus infection in Latin America: A genomic medicine approach. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:7181-7196. [PMID: 24966588 PMCID: PMC4064063 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the leading cause of severe chronic liver disease. This article provides a critical view of the importance of genomic medicine for the study of HBV infection and its clinical outcomes in Latin America. Three levels of evolutionary adaptation may correlate with the clinical outcomes of HBV infection. Infections in Latin America are predominantly of genotype H in Mexico and genotype F in Central and South America; these strains have historically circulated among the indigenous population. Both genotypes appear to be linked to a benign course of disease among the native and mestizo Mexicans and native South Americans. In contrast, genotypes F, A and D are common in acute and chronic infections among mestizos with Caucasian ancestry. Hepatocellular carcinoma is rare in Mexicans, but it has been associated with genotype F1b among Argentineans. This observation illustrates the significance of ascertaining the genetic and environmental factors involved in the development of HBV-related liver disease in Latin America, which contrast with those reported in other regions of the world.
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13
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New perspective on the natural course of chronic HBV infection. Front Med 2014; 8:129-34. [PMID: 24871442 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-014-0339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant threat to public health and an enormous burden on society. Mechanisms responsible for chronic HBV infection remain poorly understood. A better understanding of the natural course of chronic HBV infection may shed new light on the mechanisms underlying this disease and help in designing new antiviral strategies. Natural course of chronic HBV infection is conventionally viewed as an uninterrupted process that is usually marked by HBV e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion or characterized by different phases associated with assumed host responses to HBV infection. However, none of these descriptions captures or highlights the core events that determine the natural course of chronic HBV infection. In this review, we briefly present the current knowledge on this subject and explain the significance and implication of events that occur during infection. A pre-core mutant becomes predominant in the viral population following elimination of the wild-type virus in duck hepatitis B virus-chronically infected animals. The coupled events in which first there is viral clearance that clears wild-type virus and then there is the reinfection of wild-type virus cleared livers with mutant virus are highly relevant to understanding of the natural course of chronic HBV infection under both treated and untreated conditions. In our new perspective, a general natural course of chronic HBV infection comprises cycles of viral clearance and reinfection, and such cycles prolong the chronic HBV infection course. Reviewing published data on the natural course of chronic HBV infection can reduce the possibility of missing important points in the initial data interpretation.
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14
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Roman S, Panduro A. HBV endemicity in Mexico is associated with HBV genotypes H and G. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:5446-5453. [PMID: 24023487 PMCID: PMC3761097 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i33.5446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes have distinct genetic and geographic diversity and may be associated with specific clinical characteristics, progression, severity of disease and antiviral response. Herein, we provide an updated overview of the endemicity of HBV genotypes H and G in Mexico. HBV genotype H is predominant among the Mexican population, but not in Central America. Its geographic distribution is related to a typical endemicity among the Mexicans which is characterized by a low hepatitis B surface antigen seroprevalence, apparently due to a rapid resolution of the infection, low viral loads and a high prevalence of occult B infection. During chronic infections, genotype H is detected in mixtures with other HBV genotypes and associated with other co-morbidities, such as obesity, alcoholism and co-infection with hepatitis C virus or human immunodeficiency virus. Hepatocellular carcinoma prevalence is low. Thus, antiviral therapy may differ significantly from the standard guidelines established worldwide. The high prevalence of HBV genotype G in the Americas, especially among the Mexican population, raises new questions regarding its geographic origin that will require further investigation.
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15
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Baclig MO, Alvarez MR, Gopez-Cervantes J, Natividad FF. Unique surface gene variants of hepatitis B virus isolated from patients in the Philippines. J Med Virol 2013; 86:209-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael O. Baclig
- Research and Biotechnology Division; St. Luke's Medical Center; Quezon City Philippines
| | - May R. Alvarez
- Research and Biotechnology Division; St. Luke's Medical Center; Quezon City Philippines
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16
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Franco E, Bagnato B, Marino MG, Meleleo C, Serino L, Zaratti L. Hepatitis B: Epidemiology and prevention in developing countries. World J Hepatol 2012; 4:74-80. [PMID: 22489259 PMCID: PMC3321493 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v4.i3.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious global public health problem. The infection may be transmitted through sexual intercourse, parenteral contact or from an infected mother to the baby at birth and, if contracted early in life, may lead to chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. On the basis of the HBV carrier rate, the world can be divided in 3 regions of high, medium and low endemicity. The major concern is about high endemicity countries, where the most common route of infection remains vertical transmission from mother to child. Screening of all pregnant women and passive immunization with human hepatitis B immunoglobulin are not affordable for many developing countries. The infection rate can be reduced by modifying behavior, improving individual education, testing all blood donations, assuring asepsis in clinical practice and screening all pregnant women. However, availability of a safe and efficacious vaccine and adoption of appropriate immunization strategies are the most effective means to prevent HBV infection and its consequences. The unsolved problem for poorest countries, where the number of people currently infected is high, is the cost of the vaccine. A future challenge is to overcome the social and economic hurdles of maintaining and improving a prevention policy worldwide to reduce the global burden of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Franco
- Elisabetta Franco, Laura Zaratti, Department of Public Health, University Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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17
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Detección de hepatitis B oculta en donantes de bancos sangre, Colombia 2008-2009. BIOMEDICA 2011. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v31i4.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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18
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Utsumi T, Yano Y, Lusida MI, Amin M, Soetjipto, Hotta H, Hayashi Y. Serologic and molecular characteristics of hepatitis B virus among school children in East Java, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 83:189-93. [PMID: 20595500 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Universal childhood hepatitis B vaccination was introduced in Indonesia in 1997; by 2008, coverage was estimated to be 78%. This study aimed to investigate the serologic status and virologic characteristics of hepatitis B virus (HBV) among the children in East Java. A total of 229 healthy children born during 1994-1999 were enrolled in this study. Overall, 3.1% were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and 23.6% were positive for antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs). HBV DNA was detected in 5 of 222 HBsAg-negative carriers, which were suggested to be cases of occult HBV infection. A single amino substitution (T126I) in the S region was frequently found. HBV infection remains endemic, and the prevalence of anti-HBs remains insufficient among children in East Java, Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Utsumi
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
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Lira R, Maldonado-Rodriguez A, Rojas-Montes O, Ruiz-Tachiquin M, Torres-Ibarra R, Cano-Dominguez C, Valdez-Salazar H, Gomez-Delgado A, Muñoz O, Alvarez-Muñoz MT. Use of dried blood samples for monitoring hepatitis B virus infection. Virol J 2009; 6:153. [PMID: 19788743 PMCID: PMC2761391 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a problem in several regions of the world with limited resources. Blood samples dried on filter paper (DBS) have been successfully used to diagnose and monitor several infectious diseases. In Mexico there is an urgent need for an affordable and easy sampling method for viral load (VL) testing and monitoring of chronic HBV infection. The purpose of this work was to validate the utility of DBS samples for monitoring HBV infection in patients from Mexico City. METHODS Matched samples of plasma and DBS on filter paper from 47 HBV infected patients from the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), were included. To evaluate the DNA stability and purity from DBS stored at different temperature conditions, samples from ten patients were stored at 4 degree, 25 degree, and 37 degree C for 7 days. After DBS elution and DNA extraction, the purity of these samples was determined measuring the O.D. rate 260/280. The DBS utility for molecular studies was assessed with PCR assays to amplify a 322 bp fragment from the "a" determinant region of the HBV "S" gene. The VL from all samples was determined to evaluate the correlation between plasma and DBS matched samples. RESULTS The quality of the DNA from DBS specimen is not adversely affected by storage at 4 degree, 25 degree and 37 degree C for up 7 days. Statistical ANOVA analyses did not show any significant difference. The same amplification efficiency was observed between DNA templates from samples stored at different temperatures. The Pearson correlation between the VL from DBS and plasma matched samples was 0.93 (p = 0.01). The SD was 1.48 for DBS vs.1.32 for Plasma, and an average of log10 copies/mL of 5.32 vs. 5.53. ANOVA analysis did not show any statistically significant difference between the analyzed groups (p = 0.92). CONCLUSION The results provide strong evidence that the isolation and quantification of DNA-HBV from DBS is a viable alternative for patient monitoring, and molecular characterization of the virus variants circulating in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Lira
- Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatria, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Cuauhtemoc 330 Col, Doctores, Delegacion Cuauhtemoc, Mexico City, Mexico.
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