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Kost BP, Beyer S, Schröder L, Zhou J, Mayr D, Kuhn C, Schulze S, Hofmann S, Mahner S, Jeschke U, Heidegger H. Glucocorticoid receptor in cervical cancer: an immunhistochemical analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2018; 299:203-209. [PMID: 30306311 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-018-4928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cervical cancer is one of the most frequent cancers in women worldwide. In most of all cases, a persistent HPV infection is the leading cause. HPV-specific sequences are able to bind glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Dexamethasone can increase the activity of early promoters in HPV16 and HPV18 interfering in transcription control of viral oncogenes. The aim of our study was to evaluate glucocorticoid receptor as transcriptional factor in its active form in the nucleus of in cervical cancer cells and to correlate the results with clinical patient specific parameters. METHODS A total of 250 paraffin-embedded cervical cancer samples obtained from patients having undergone surgery for cervical cancer were used for the study. The expression of GR was immunhistochemical examined and evaluated by a semi-quantitative scoring. SPSS software was used for the statistical evaluation of staining results and survival analysis of patients with cervical cancer. RESULTS GR is frequently expressed in cervical carcinoma tissue in favor of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). An enhanced expression is correlated with rather small clinical stages. The expression of the GR is correlated with better overall survival and progression-free survival. CONCLUSIONS The glucocorticoid receptor is frequently expressed in cervical carcinoma tissue in favor of squamous cell carcinoma. An enhanced expression is correlated with rather small clinical stages. The expression of the analyzed receptor is correlated with better overall survival. Further studies are needed to determine useful treatment targets for glucocorticoid receptor manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Peter Kost
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Beyer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Lennard Schröder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Junyan Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Doris Mayr
- Klinikum Der Universität München, Pathologisches Institut, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Kuhn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Schulze
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Hofmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Helene Heidegger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
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Nulton TJ, Olex AL, Dozmorov M, Morgan IM, Windle B. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas sequencing data reveals novel properties of the human papillomavirus 16 genome in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:17684-17699. [PMID: 28187443 PMCID: PMC5392278 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA is detected in up to 80% of oropharyngeal carcinomas (OPC) and this HPV positive disease has reached epidemic proportions. To increase our understanding of the disease, we investigated the status of the HPV16 genome in HPV-positive head and neck cancers (HNC). Raw RNA-Seq and Whole Genome Sequence data from The Cancer Genome Atlas HNC samples were analyzed to gain a full understanding of the HPV genome status for these tumors. Several remarkable and novel observations were made following this analysis. Firstly, there are three main HPV genome states in these tumors that are split relatively evenly: An episomal only state, an integrated state, and a state in which the viral genome exists as a hybrid episome with human DNA. Secondly, none of the tumors expressed high levels of E6; E6*I is the dominant variant expressed in all tumors. The most striking conclusion from this study is that around three quarters of HPV16 positive HNC contain episomal versions of the viral genome that are likely replicating in an E1-E2 dependent manner. The clinical and therapeutic implications of these observations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara J Nulton
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, VCU Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Amy L Olex
- C. Kenneth and Dianne Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mikhail Dozmorov
- C. Kenneth and Dianne Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Iain M Morgan
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, VCU Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA, USA.,Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Brad Windle
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, VCU Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA, USA.,Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Fisher C. Recent Insights into the Control of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Genome Stability, Loss, and Degradation. J Clin Med 2015; 4:204-30. [PMID: 25798290 PMCID: PMC4366058 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human papillomavirus (HPV) antiviral strategies have focused upon inhibiting viral DNA replication, but it is increasingly apparent that viral DNA levels can be chemically controlled by approaches that promote its instability. HPVs and other DNA viruses have a tenuous relationship with their hosts. They must replicate and hide from the DNA damage response (DDR) and innate immune systems, which serve to protect cells from foreign or “non-self” DNA, and yet they draft these same systems to support their life cycles. DNA binding antiviral agents promoting massive viral DNA instability and elimination are reviewed. Mechanistic studies of these agents have identified genetic antiviral enhancers and repressors, antiviral sensitizers, and host cell elements that protect and stabilize HPV genomes. Viral DNA degradation appears to be an important means of controlling HPV DNA levels in some cases, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. These findings may prove useful not only for understanding viral DNA persistence but only in devising future antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Fisher
- NanoVir, 4717 Campus, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA; ; Tel.: +1-269-372-3261
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Human papillomavirus episome stability is reduced by aphidicolin and controlled by DNA damage response pathways. J Virol 2013; 87:3979-89. [PMID: 23365423 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03473-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly reproducible quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) assay was used to study the stability of human papillomavirus (HPV) in undifferentiated keratinocytes that maintain viral episomes. The term "stability" refers to the ability of episomes to persist with little copy number variation in cells. In investigating the mechanism of action of PA25, a previously published compound that destabilizes HPV episomes, aphidicolin was also found to markedly decrease episome levels, but via a different pathway from that of PA25. Since aphidicolin is known to activate DNA damage response (DDR) pathways, effects of inhibitors and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) acting within DDR pathways were investigated. Inhibitors of Chk1 and siRNA directed against ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ataxia-telangiectasia Rad3-related (ATR) pathways significantly reduced viral episomes, suggesting that these pathways play a role in maintaining HPV episome stability. Inhibitors of Chk2 and DNA-PK had no effect on episome levels. Pharmacological inhibition of ATM proteins had no effect on episome levels, but ATM knockdown by siRNA significantly reduced episome levels, suggesting that ATM proteins are playing an important role in HPV episome stability that does not require kinase activity. These results outline two pathways that trigger episome loss from cells and suggest the existence of a little-understood mechanism that mediates viral DNA elimination. Together, our results also indicate that HPV episomes have a stability profile that is remarkably similar to that of fragile sites; these similarities are outlined and discussed. This close correspondence may influence the preference of HPV for integration into fragile sites.
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de Freitas AC, Gurgel APAD, Chagas BS, Coimbra EC, do Amaral CMM. Susceptibility to cervical cancer: an overview. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 126:304-11. [PMID: 22484226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in females worldwide. It is well-established that Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections play a critical role in the development of cervical cancer. However, a large number of women infected with oncogenic HPV types will never develop cervical cancer. Thus, there are several external environment and genetic factors involved in the progression of a precancerous lesion to invasive cancer. In this review article, we addressed possible susceptible phenotypes to cervical cancer, focusing on host genome and HPV DNA variability, multiple HPV infections, co-infection with other agents, circulating HPV DNA and lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Carlos de Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy, Department of Genetics, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
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The E1 protein of human papillomavirus type 16 is dispensable for maintenance replication of the viral genome. J Virol 2012; 86:3276-83. [PMID: 22238312 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06450-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillomavirus genomes are thought to be amplified to about 100 copies per cell soon after infection, maintained constant at this level in basal cells, and amplified for viral production upon keratinocyte differentiation. To determine the requirement for E1 in viral DNA replication at different stages, an E1-defective mutant of the human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) genome featuring a translation termination mutation in the E1 gene was used. The ability of the mutant HPV16 genome to replicate as nuclear episomes was monitored with or without exogenous expression of E1. Unlike the wild-type genome, the E1-defective HPV16 genome became established in human keratinocytes only as episomes in the presence of exogenous E1 expression. Once established, it could replicate with the same efficiency as the wild-type genome, even after the exogenous E1 was removed. However, upon calcium-induced keratinocyte differentiation, once again amplification was dependent on exogenous E1. These results demonstrate that the E1 protein is dispensable for maintenance replication but not for initial and productive replication of HPV16.
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