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Gopinath D, Koe KH, Maharajan MK, Panda S. A Comprehensive Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and the Management of Herpes Labialis. Viruses 2023; 15:225. [PMID: 36680265 PMCID: PMC9867007 DOI: 10.3390/v15010225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes labialis remains exceedingly prevalent and is one of the most common human viral infections throughout the world. Recurrent herpes labialis evolves from the initial viral infection by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) which subsequently presents with or without symptoms. Reactivation of this virus is triggered by psychosocial factors such as stress, febrile environment, ultraviolet light susceptibility, or specific dietary inadequacy. This virus infection is also characterized by uninterrupted transitions between chronic-latent and acute-recurrent phases, allowing the virus to opportunistically avoid immunity and warrant the transmission to other vulnerable hosts simultaneously. This review comprehensively evaluates the current evidence on epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission modes, clinical manifestations, and current management options of herpes labialis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Gopinath
- Basic Medical and Dental Sciences Department, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kim Hoe Koe
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | | | - Swagatika Panda
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha‘O’Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751030, India
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2
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Mugerwa H, Gautam S, Catto MA, Dutta B, Brown JK, Adkins S, Srinivasan R. Differential Transcriptional Responses in Two Old World Bemisia tabaci Cryptic Species Post Acquisition of Old and New World Begomoviruses. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132060. [PMID: 35805143 PMCID: PMC9265393 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses are transmitted by several cryptic species of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), in a persistent and circulative manner. Upon virus acquisition and circulative translocation within the whitefly, a multitude of molecular interactions occur. This study investigated the differentially expressed transcript profiles associated with the acquisition of the Old World monopartite begomovirus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), and two New World bipartite begomoviruses, sida golden mosaic virus (SiGMV) and cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV), in two invasive B. tabaci cryptic species, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED). A total of 881 and 559 genes were differentially expressed in viruliferous MEAM1 and MED whiteflies, respectively, compared with their non-viruliferous counterparts, of which 146 genes were common between the two cryptic species. For both cryptic species, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with TYLCV and SiGMV acquisition were higher compared with DEGs associated with CuLCrV acquisition. Pathway analysis indicated that the acquisition of begomoviruses induced differential changes in pathways associated with metabolism and organismal systems. Contrasting expression patterns of major genes associated with virus infection and immune systems were observed. These genes were generally overexpressed and underexpressed in B. tabaci MEAM1 and MED adults, respectively. Further, no specific expression pattern was observed among genes associated with fitness (egg production, spermatogenesis, and aging) in viruliferous whiteflies. The weighted gene correlation network analysis of viruliferous B. tabaci MEAM1 and MED adults identified different hub genes potentially implicated in the vector competence and circulative tropism of viruses. Taken together, the results indicate that both vector cryptic species and the acquired virus species could differentially affect gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibu Mugerwa
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; (H.M.); (S.G.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Saurabh Gautam
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; (H.M.); (S.G.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Michael A. Catto
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; (H.M.); (S.G.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Bhabesh Dutta
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 3250 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA;
| | - Judith K. Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Scott Adkins
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA;
| | - Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; (H.M.); (S.G.); (M.A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-770-229-3099
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3
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Friedel CC, Whisnant AW, Djakovic L, Rutkowski AJ, Friedl MS, Kluge M, Williamson JC, Sai S, Vidal RO, Sauer S, Hennig T, Grothey A, Milić A, Prusty BK, Lehner PJ, Matheson NJ, Erhard F, Dölken L. Dissecting Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Induced Host Shutoff at the RNA Level. J Virol 2021; 95:e01399-20. [PMID: 33148793 PMCID: PMC7925104 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01399-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) induces a profound host shutoff during lytic infection. The virion host shutoff (vhs) protein plays a key role in this process by efficiently cleaving host and viral mRNAs. Furthermore, the onset of viral DNA replication is accompanied by a rapid decline in host transcriptional activity. To dissect relative contributions of both mechanisms and elucidate gene-specific host transcriptional responses throughout the first 8 h of lytic HSV-1 infection, we used transcriptome sequencing of total, newly transcribed (4sU-labeled) and chromatin-associated RNA in wild-type (WT) and Δvhs mutant infection of primary human fibroblasts. Following virus entry, vhs activity rapidly plateaued at an elimination rate of around 30% of cellular mRNAs per hour until 8 h postinfection (p.i.). In parallel, host transcriptional activity dropped to 10 to 20%. While the combined effects of both phenomena dominated infection-induced changes in total RNA, extensive gene-specific transcriptional regulation was observable in chromatin-associated RNA and was surprisingly concordant between WT and Δvhs infections. Both induced strong transcriptional upregulation of a small subset of genes that were poorly expressed prior to infection but already primed by H3K4me3 histone marks at their promoters. Most interestingly, analysis of chromatin-associated RNA revealed vhs-nuclease-activity-dependent transcriptional downregulation of at least 150 cellular genes, in particular of many integrin adhesome and extracellular matrix components. This was accompanied by a vhs-dependent reduction in protein levels by 8 h p.i. for many of these genes. In summary, our study provides a comprehensive picture of the molecular mechanisms that govern cellular RNA metabolism during the first 8 h of lytic HSV-1 infection.IMPORTANCE The HSV-1 virion host shutoff (vhs) protein efficiently cleaves both host and viral mRNAs in a translation-dependent manner. In this study, we model and quantify changes in vhs activity, as well as virus-induced global loss of host transcriptional activity, during productive HSV-1 infection. In general, HSV-1-induced alterations in total RNA levels were dominated by these two global effects. In contrast, chromatin-associated RNA depicted gene-specific transcriptional changes. This revealed highly concordant transcriptional changes in WT and Δvhs infections, confirmed DUX4 as a key transcriptional regulator in HSV-1 infection, and identified vhs-dependent transcriptional downregulation of the integrin adhesome and extracellular matrix components. The latter explained seemingly gene-specific effects previously attributed to vhs-mediated mRNA degradation and resulted in a concordant loss in protein levels by 8 h p.i. for many of the respective genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Friedel
- Institute of Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Adam W Whisnant
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lara Djakovic
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Marie-Sophie Friedl
- Institute of Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Kluge
- Institute of Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - James C Williamson
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Somesh Sai
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine/Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ramon Oliveira Vidal
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine/Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine/Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Hennig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Arnhild Grothey
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Milić
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bhupesh K Prusty
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Matheson
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Erhard
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lars Dölken
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
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Wyler E, Franke V, Menegatti J, Kocks C, Boltengagen A, Praktiknjo S, Walch-Rückheim B, Bosse J, Rajewsky N, Grässer F, Akalin A, Landthaler M. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of herpes simplex virus 1-infected cells connects NRF2 activation to an antiviral program. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4878. [PMID: 31653857 PMCID: PMC6814756 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12894-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus infection initiates a range of perturbations in the host cell, which remain poorly understood at the level of individual cells. Here, we quantify the transcriptome of single human primary fibroblasts during the first hours of lytic infection with HSV-1. By applying a generalizable analysis scheme, we define a precise temporal order of early viral gene expression and propose a set-wise emergence of viral genes. We identify host cell genes and pathways relevant for infection by combining three different computational approaches: gene and pathway overdispersion analysis, prediction of cell-state transition probabilities, as well as future cell states. One transcriptional program, which correlates with increased resistance to infection, implicates the transcription factor NRF2. Consequently, Bardoxolone methyl and Sulforaphane, two known NRF2 agonists, impair virus production, suggesting that NRF2 activation restricts viral infection. Our study provides insights into early stages of HSV-1 infection and serves as a general blueprint for the investigation of heterogeneous cell states in virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Wyler
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vedran Franke
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennifer Menegatti
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical School, Kirrbergerstrasse Haus, 4766421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Christine Kocks
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anastasiya Boltengagen
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Samantha Praktiknjo
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Walch-Rückheim
- Institute of Virology and Center of Human und Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jens Bosse
- Heinrich Pette Institute (HPI), Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Rajewsky
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedrich Grässer
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical School, Kirrbergerstrasse Haus, 4766421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Altuna Akalin
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Markus Landthaler
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
- IRI Life Sciences, Institute für Biologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
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Juranic Lisnic V, Babic Cac M, Lisnic B, Trsan T, Mefferd A, Das Mukhopadhyay C, Cook CH, Jonjic S, Trgovcich J. Dual analysis of the murine cytomegalovirus and host cell transcriptomes reveal new aspects of the virus-host cell interface. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003611. [PMID: 24086132 PMCID: PMC3784481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Major gaps in our knowledge of pathogen genes and how these gene products interact with host gene products to cause disease represent a major obstacle to progress in vaccine and antiviral drug development for the herpesviruses. To begin to bridge these gaps, we conducted a dual analysis of Murine Cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and host cell transcriptomes during lytic infection. We analyzed the MCMV transcriptome during lytic infection using both classical cDNA cloning and sequencing of viral transcripts and next generation sequencing of transcripts (RNA-Seq). We also investigated the host transcriptome using RNA-Seq combined with differential gene expression analysis, biological pathway analysis, and gene ontology analysis. We identify numerous novel spliced and unspliced transcripts of MCMV. Unexpectedly, the most abundantly transcribed viral genes are of unknown function. We found that the most abundant viral transcript, recently identified as a noncoding RNA regulating cellular microRNAs, also codes for a novel protein. To our knowledge, this is the first viral transcript that functions both as a noncoding RNA and an mRNA. We also report that lytic infection elicits a profound cellular response in fibroblasts. Highly upregulated and induced host genes included those involved in inflammation and immunity, but also many unexpected transcription factors and host genes related to development and differentiation. Many top downregulated and repressed genes are associated with functions whose roles in infection are obscure, including host long intergenic noncoding RNAs, antisense RNAs or small nucleolar RNAs. Correspondingly, many differentially expressed genes cluster in biological pathways that may shed new light on cytomegalovirus pathogenesis. Together, these findings provide new insights into the molecular warfare at the virus-host interface and suggest new areas of research to advance the understanding and treatment of cytomegalovirus-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanda Juranic Lisnic
- Department of Histology and Embryology and the Center for Proteomics, University of Rijeka School of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marina Babic Cac
- Department of Histology and Embryology and the Center for Proteomics, University of Rijeka School of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Berislav Lisnic
- Laboratory of Biology and Microbial Genetics, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tihana Trsan
- Department of Histology and Embryology and the Center for Proteomics, University of Rijeka School of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Adam Mefferd
- The Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Charles H. Cook
- The Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology and the Center for Proteomics, University of Rijeka School of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Joanne Trgovcich
- The Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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