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Parthiban S, Ramesh A, Karuppannan AK, Dhinakar Raj G, Hemalatha S, Parthiban M, Senthilkumar K, Balasubramaniyam D, Sumanth Kumar R, Ranganatha S, Ravishankar C. Isolation and genetic analysis of Porcine circovirus 2 in southern India evidences high circulation of Porcine circovirus 2d genotype. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:11829-11846. [PMID: 36214948 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07946-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus 2 is globally noted swine pathogen with multiple genotypes associated with vast clinical and subclinical outcomes. This study aimed to isolate and characterize PCV2 genotypes circulating in southern states of India. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 434 field samples comprising of serum (n = 273), tissues (n = 109) and swabs (n = 52) collected from swine during 2019 to 2021 from southern states of India were screened for PCV2 by specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Molecular prevalence of PCV2 in southern India was found to be 12.21% (n = 53). All the 53 PCV2 positive samples were further subjected to the PCR assay with designed primers targeting full length amplification of ORF2 gene of PCV2 for molecular characterization. Randomly 32 positive samples by full length PCV2-ORF2 gene PCR were sequenced for genotyping. Signature motif and phylogenetic analysis of 32 PCV2 sequences revealed 62.5% (n = 20) prevalence of PCV2d genotype followed by 21.8% (n = 7) of PCV2h or PCV2-IM1 and 15.6% (n = 5) of PCV2b genotypes. Twenty five PCR positive field samples were subjected for virus isolation in PK15 cells and characterized. Out of 25 samples processed 5 (20%) PCV2 isolates obtained in this study were confirmed by PCR and immune fluorescence assay. Molecular characterization of PK15 adapted five PCV2 isolates confirmed circulation of PCV2d, PCV2h and PCV2b genotypes in pigs under field conditions in southern India. CONCLUSIONS Isolation and molecular epidemiological study of PCV2 in southern states of India evidences high circulation of PCV2d genotypes in field conditions in comparison to other genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parthiban
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, 600 007, India
| | - A Ramesh
- Vaccine Research Centre-Viral Vaccines, CAHS, MMC, Chennai, 600 051, India. .,Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 051, India.
| | | | - G Dhinakar Raj
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, 600 007, India
| | - S Hemalatha
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, MVC, Chennai, 600 007, India
| | - M Parthiban
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, 600 007, India
| | - K Senthilkumar
- Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam, Chennai, 603 203, India
| | - D Balasubramaniyam
- Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam, Chennai, 603 203, India
| | - R Sumanth Kumar
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Bengaluru, 560 024, India
| | - S Ranganatha
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Bengaluru, 560 024, India
| | - Chintu Ravishankar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, COVAS, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, India
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Tan CY, Thanawongnuwech R, Arshad SS, Hassan L, Fong MWC, Ooi PT. Genotype Shift of Malaysian Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2) from PCV2b to PCV2d within a Decade. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141849. [PMID: 35883396 PMCID: PMC9311952 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study aims to provide an updated Malaysian porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) situation after a knowledge gap of one decade. Molecular detection rates of 83.78% and 83.54% at farm and sample population level were reported, close to previous publication. However, an obvious genotype shift from genotype PCV2b to PCV2d was revealed. Substitution rate for PCV2 cap gene sequences in this study was estimated at 1.102 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year, in agreement with the high substitution rate expected from PCV2 strains. Phylogenetic clustering pattern according to the year of sample origin was observed, suggesting possible nucleotide mutation occurring over time. Concurrent circulation of different PCV2 strains within one farm and within a single individual were also observed. This study also reports detection of PCV2 antigen across all production age groups from fetuses to sows; in abattoir lung samples from clinically healthy finishers; and in the wild boar population roaming Peninsular Malaysia. These observations of high molecular detection rates in farms, clinically healthy abattoir samples and in the wild boar population; and most importantly, a new wave of genotype shift from PCV2b to PCV2d—warrant further attention on the Malaysian PCV2 situation pertinent to the control and management strategy applicable to local swine farming. Abstract This paper aims to update the molecular status of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) in Malaysia. Firstly, the molecular detection rate of PCV2 in farm and sampled pig population were reported to be 83.78% (31/37 farms) and 83.54% (66/79 pigs) positive for PCV2, respectively. PCV2 was detected across all age groups, from fetuses, porkers to sows. Co-detection of PCV2 and PCV3 antigens was also reported at a rate of 28.77% (21/73). Secondly, PCV2 antigen was also detected in Malaysian abattoir lung samples: 18 out of 19 (94.74%) samples originating from clinically healthy finishers were tested positive. Further, this is the first study to confirm the circulation of PCV2 in the wild boar population roaming Peninsular Malaysia, where 28 out of 28 (100%) wild boar lung samples were found positive. One decade earlier, only genotype PCV2b was reported in Malaysia. This most recent update revealed that genotypes PCV2a, PCV2b and PCV2d were present, with PCV2d being the predominant circulating genotype. PCV2 cap gene nucleotide sequences in this study were found to be under negative selection pressure, with an estimated substitution rate of 1.102 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year (ssy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chew Yee Tan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (C.Y.T.); (S.S.A.); (L.H.); (M.W.C.F.)
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henri Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Siti Suri Arshad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (C.Y.T.); (S.S.A.); (L.H.); (M.W.C.F.)
| | - Latiffah Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (C.Y.T.); (S.S.A.); (L.H.); (M.W.C.F.)
| | - Michelle Wai Cheng Fong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (C.Y.T.); (S.S.A.); (L.H.); (M.W.C.F.)
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (C.Y.T.); (S.S.A.); (L.H.); (M.W.C.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Evidence of coinfection of pigs with African swine fever virus and porcine circovirus 2. Arch Virol 2021; 167:207-211. [PMID: 34826000 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Archival swine DNA samples from Indonesia and Mongolia, some of which were previously shown to be positive for African swine fever virus, were screened for the presence of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) and porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) by PCR. Samples from both countries were positive for PCV-2 (three from Mongolia and two from Indonesia), while none were positive for PCV-3. The PCV-2 amplicons were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the PCV-2 strains belonged to four different genotypes: PCV-2a (Mongolia), PCV-2b (Mongolia and Indonesia), PCV-2d (Indonesia), and PCV-2g (Mongolia). This is the first report of ASFV/PCV-2 coinfection in pigs and the first report of the presence of PCV-2 in Mongolia.
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Afolabi KO, Iweriebor BC, Obi CL, Okoh AI. Genetic characterization and diversity of porcine circovirus type 2 in non-vaccinated South African swine herds. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:412-421. [PMID: 30291727 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a swine infectious viral pathogen of great significance in global swine herds. It was recently detected at another Province of South Africa sequel to the first detection of North American-like strain (PCV2a) at Gauteng about two decades ago, but there is a dearth of information about the genomic features and diversity of the viral strains in circulation within the country and the entire sub-Saharan Africa region. To date, only one complete genome of the virus from South Africa is available on global data base. This current effort is therefore geared towards the full-genome characterization of the circulating PCV2 strains in the pigs of Eastern Cape Province. With the use of conventional polymerase chain reaction method, fifteen complete PCV2 genomes were successfully amplified, sequenced and assembled from field samples obtained from non-vaccinated pigs in the region. Neighbor Joining and Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses of the ORF2 gene and full genomes unanimously showed that most of the assembled genomes (11) belong to genotype PCV2b. Furthermore, three of the characterized sequences formed clade with other reference mutant PCV2b and PCV2b subtype 1C (i.e. PCV2d) strains from the USA, China and South Korea. The last sequence, however, clustered with other reference strains belonging to PCV2 intermediate clade 2 (PCV2-IM2), recently identified in a global PCV2 strains phylogenetic analysis. This study reports the first complete genome sequences of PCV2b, PCV2d and PCV2-IM2 in pigs from South Africa, and it gives a possible insight into the genetic characteristics and variability of the viral strains presently in circulation within the country. It further emphasizes the need for more stringent measures in curtailing the introduction and spread of transboundary swine pathogens in the country and entire Southern African region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayode Olayinka Afolabi
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Benson Chuks Iweriebor
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Chikwelu Lawrence Obi
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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Wang X, Li W, Xu X, Wang W, He K, Fan H. Phylogenetic analysis of two goat-origin PCV2 isolates in China. Gene 2018; 651:57-61. [PMID: 29408624 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Complete genome characterization of non-porcine origin Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was first described in 2014 in China. In the present study, we first identified PCV2 nucleotides in goat samples and the prevalence of PCV2 in goat was 6.15%. However, only two new strains, Goat2014-4 and Goat2014-5, could be completely sequenced. The genome of the strain Goat2014-4, which collected from the goat infected with PPRV, contains 1766 nt; strain Goat2014-5, which originated from a healthy goat, is comprised of 1767 nt. The results showed that they shared the highest nucleotide identity with BDH and the lowest similarity with DK1980PMWSfree strain and they belonged only to genotype PCV2d. Meanwhile, they shared higher homology with porcine-origin PCV2 strains than others. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the capsid amino acid sequences revealed that there were distinct differences for goat2014-4 (708 bp) and goat2014-5 (705 bp); strain Goat2014-4 showed an elongation of two amino acids, and strains Goat2014-5 showed an elongation of one amino acid compared with other reference strains. This is the first report of the genetic analysis of goat-origin PCV2 isolates. It also provides an additional supported evidence for cross-species transmission of PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenliang Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xianglan Xu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Kongwang He
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Hongjie Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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Genetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 in China. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2715-2726. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3414-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Genetic diversity of porcine circovirus type 2 and implications for detection and control. Res Vet Sci 2015; 103:179-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Wang WC, Zeng ZY, Tang DY, Liang HY, Liu Z, Dai ZJ. Construction of a novel porcine circovirus type 2 infectious clone as a basis for the development of a PCV2 iDNA vaccine. J Virol Methods 2015; 220:21-6. [PMID: 25882478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus-associated disease is a highly contagious disease that has significant economic consequences. The disease is prevalent in many countries and regions. To generate a genetic marker strain of PCV2, a Sal I restriction enzyme site was inserted into the PCV2 clone as a genetic marker by applying iDNA infectious clone technology. The iDNA represents plasmids that encode the full-length DNA genome of PCV2 assembled in a pcDNA3.1-based vectors. The mutant PCV2 was rescued by transfecting an infectious clone into PK-15 cells and was characterised by an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA). The viral genome could be differentiated from the wild-type parent by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Kunming mice were inoculated with the PCV2 infectious clone or rescued virus via intranasal and intraperitoneal routes. Seroconversion to PCV2-specific antibody appeared in the majority of mice from the two inoculated groups at 7 days postinoculation (DPI), and the specific antibody level was steady for at least 42 days. Viraemia, beginning at 7 DPI and lasting 4 weeks, was detected in the majority of the pigs from the two inoculated groups. The animal experiments revealed that the PCV2 infectious clone and rescued virus both could replicate in mice and induce mice to generate anti-PCV2 antibodies. The infectious clones of PCV2 will be useful for further research investigating a potential tractable iDNA vaccine by reverse genetics technology for attenuated virulance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cheng Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Zhi-Yong Zeng
- College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Veterinary Public Health in Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - De-Yuan Tang
- College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hai-Ying Liang
- College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhen-Jiang Dai
- College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Anoopraj R, Rajkhowa TK, Cherian S, Arya RS, Tomar N, Gupta A, Ray PK, Somvanshi R, Saikumar G. Genetic characterisation and phylogenetic analysis of PCV2 isolates from India: Indications for emergence of natural inter-genotypic recombinants. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 31:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Huynh TML, Nguyen BH, Nguyen VG, Dang HA, Mai TN, Tran THG, Ngo MH, Le VT, Vu TN, Ta TKC, Vo VH, Kim HK, Park BK. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses of porcine circovirus type 2 among pig farms in Vietnam. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 61:e25-34. [PMID: 23414511 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrated the prevalence of Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) among pig farms in Vietnam. Analyses of the genome, capsid protein and phylogeny classified all 30 Vietnamese PCV2 strains as the PCV2b genotype, belonging to the clusters of 1A, 1B, 1C and recombinant forms. Each viral genome was 1767 nucleotides long and shared 96.0-100% nucleotide sequence identity. The amino acid substitutions in the capsid protein of the Vietnamese PCV2 strains were in immunodominant regions, and the majority of strains (24/30) contained a lysine extension at the C-terminus. Bayesian phylogeographic analysis revealed epidemic links of the PCV2 recombinant cluster within and among countries, which supports a circulating recombinant form of PCV2. Further analysis by the Jameson-Wolf antigenic index indicated antigenic alterations at important sites in the capsid protein (sites 131-133) among the recombinant cluster and the other clusters of PCV2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M L Huynh
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Complete genome sequence of a highly prevalent porcine circovirus 2 isolated from piglet stool samples in China. J Virol 2012; 86:4716. [PMID: 22457531 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00268-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the etiologic agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease. Here, we first report the complete genome sequence of PCV2 strain JSTZ, which was isolated from piglet stool samples and is highly prevalent in China. It will help in understanding the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of PCV2.
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