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You S, Xu J, Guo Y, Guo X, Zhang Y, Zhang N, Sun G, Sun Y. E3 ubiquitin ligase WWP2 as a promising therapeutic target for diverse human diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 96:101257. [PMID: 38430667 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian E3 ubiquitin ligases have emerged in recent years as critical regulators of cellular homeostasis due to their roles in targeting substrate proteins for ubiquitination and triggering subsequent downstream signals. In this review, we describe the multiple roles of WWP2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase with unique and important functions in regulating a wide range of biological processes, including DNA repair, gene expression, signal transduction, and cell-fate decisions. As such, WWP2 has evolved to play a key role in normal physiology and diseases, such as tumorigenesis, skeletal development and diseases, immune regulation, cardiovascular disease, and others. We attempt to provide an overview of the biochemical, physiological, and pathophysiological roles of WWP2, as well as open questions for future research, particularly in the context of putative therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong You
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yushan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaofan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Naijin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Advanced Reproductive Medicine and Fertility, National Health Commission, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Guozhe Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Canto-Valdés MC, Bolio González ME, Acevedo-Jiménez GE, Ramírez Álvarez H. What role do endogenous retroviruses play in domestic cats infected with feline leukaemia virus? N Z Vet J 2023. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2022.2131648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- MC Canto-Valdés
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - ME Bolio González
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - GE Acevedo-Jiménez
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education Cuautitlán, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | - H Ramírez Álvarez
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education Cuautitlán, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
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Canto-Valdés MC, Bolio González ME, Acevedo Jiménez GE, Ramírez Álvarez H. What role do endogenous retroviruses play in domestic cats infected with feline leukaemia virus? N Z Vet J 2022; 71:1-7. [PMID: 36178295 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2022.2131648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFeline leukaemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus that infects domestic and wild cats around the world. FeLV infection is associated with the development of neoplasms, bone marrow disorders and immunosuppression. Viral subgroups arise from mutations in the FeLV genome or from recombination of FeLV with ancestral endogenous retroviruses in the cat genome. The retroviral endogenisation process has allowed generation of a diversity of endogenous viruses, both functional and defective. These elements may be part of the normal functioning of the feline genome and may also interact with FeLV to form recombinant FeLV subgroups, enhance pathogenicity of viral subgroups, or inhibit and/or regulate other retroviral infections. Recombination of the env gene occurs most frequently and appears to be the most significant in terms of both the quantity and diversification of pathogenic effects in the viral population, as well as affecting cell tropism and types of disease that occur in infected cats. This review focuses on available information regarding genetic diversity, pathogenesis and diagnosis of FeLV as a result of the interaction between endogenous and exogenous viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Canto-Valdés
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - M E Bolio González
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - G E Acevedo Jiménez
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education Cuautitlán, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - H Ramírez Álvarez
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education Cuautitlán, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli, State of Mexico, Mexico
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Yoshikawa R, Miyaho RN, Hashimoto A, Abe M, Yasuda J, Miyazawa T. Suppression of production of baboon endogenous virus by dominant negative mutants of cellular factors involved in multivesicular body sorting pathway. Virus Res 2014; 196:128-34. [PMID: 25463055 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Baboon endogenous virus (BaEV) is an infectious endogenous gammaretrovirus isolated from a baboon placenta. BaEV-related sequences have been identified in both Old World monkeys and African apes, but not in humans or Asian apes. Recently, it was reported that BaEV-like particles were produced from Vero cells derived from African green monkeys by chemical induction, and thus BaEV-like particles may contaminate biological products manufactured using Vero cells. In this study, we constructed an infectious molecular clone of BaEV strain M7. We found two putative L-domain motifs, PPPY and PSAP, in the pp15 region of Gag. To examine the function of the L-domain motifs, we conducted virus budding assay using L-domain motif mutants. We revealed that the PPPY motif, but not the PSAP motif, plays a major role as the L-domain in BaEV budding. We also demonstrated that Vps4A/B are involved in BaEV budding. These data suggest that BaEV Gag recruits the cellular endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery through the interaction of the PPPY L-domain with cellular factors. These data will be useful for controlling contamination of BaEV-like particles in biological products in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokusuke Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Rie Nakaoka Miyaho
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akira Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masumi Abe
- Fifth Biology Section for Microbiology, First Department of Forensic Science, National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwai, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Jiro Yasuda
- Department of Emerging Infectious Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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Abe M, Fukuma A, Yoshikawa R, Miyazawa T, Yasuda J. Inhibition of budding/release of porcine endogenous retrovirus. Microbiol Immunol 2014; 58:432-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Abe
- Fifth Biology Section for Microbiology; First Department of Forensic Science; National Research Institute of Police Science; Kashiwa 277-0882
| | - Aiko Fukuma
- Fifth Biology Section for Microbiology; First Department of Forensic Science; National Research Institute of Police Science; Kashiwa 277-0882
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases; Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN); Nagasaki University; Nagasaki 852-8523
| | - Rokusuke Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction; Department of Cell Biology; Institute for Virus Research; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | - Takayuki Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction; Department of Cell Biology; Institute for Virus Research; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | - Jiro Yasuda
- Fifth Biology Section for Microbiology; First Department of Forensic Science; National Research Institute of Police Science; Kashiwa 277-0882
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases; Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN); Nagasaki University; Nagasaki 852-8523
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Chudak C, Beimforde N, George M, Zimmermann A, Lausch V, Hanke K, Bannert N. Identification of late assembly domains of the human endogenous retrovirus-K(HML-2). Retrovirology 2013; 10:140. [PMID: 24252269 PMCID: PMC3874623 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Late assembly (L)-domains are protein interaction motifs, whose dysfunction causes characteristic budding defects in enveloped viruses. Three different amino acid motifs, namely PT/SAP, PPXY and YPXnL have been shown to play a major role in the release of exogenous retroviruses. Although the L-domains of exogenous retroviruses have been studied comprehensively, little is known about these motifs in endogenous human retroviruses. Results Using a molecular clone of the human endogenous retrovirus K113 that had been engineered to reverse the presumed non-synonymous postinsertional mutations in the major genes, we identified three functional L-domains of the virus, all located in the Gag p15 protein. A consensus PTAP tetrapeptide serves as the core of a main L-domain for the virus and its inactivation reduces virus release in HEK 293T cells by over 80%. Electron microscopy of cells expressing the PTAP mutant revealed predominantly late budding structures and budding chains at the plasma membrane. The fact that this motif determines subcellular colocalization with Tsg101, an ESCRT-I complex protein known to bind to the core tetrapeptide, supports its role as an L-domain. Moreover, two YPXnL motifs providing additional L-domain function were identified in the p15 protein. One is adjacent to the PTAP sequence and the other is in the p15 N-terminus. Mutations in either motif diminishes virus release and induces an L-domain phenotype while inactivation of all three L-domains results in a complete loss of particle release in HEK 293T cells. The flexibility of the virus in the use of L-domains for gaining access to the ESCRT machinery is demonstrated by overexpression of Tsg101 which rescues the release of the YPXnL mutants. Similarly, overexpression of Alix not only enhances release of the PTAP mutant by a factor of four but also the release of a triple mutant, indicating that additional cryptic YPXnL domains with a low affinity for Alix may be present. No L-domain activity is provided by the proline-rich peptides at the Gag C-terminus. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that HERV-K(HML-2) release is predominantly mediated through a consensus PTAP motif and two auxiliary YPXnL motifs in the p15 protein of the Gag precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Norbert Bannert
- Department for HIV and other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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A new approach to establish a cell line with reduced risk of endogenous retroviruses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61530. [PMID: 23585909 PMCID: PMC3621756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are integrated as DNA proviruses in the genomes of all mammalian species. Several ERVs are replication-competent and produced as fully infectious viruses from host cell. Thus, live-attenuated vaccines and biological substances have been prepared using the cell lines which may produce ERV. Indeed, we recently reported that several commercial live-attenuated vaccines for pets were contaminated with the infectious feline endogenous retrovirus, RD-114. In this study, to establish a cell line for vaccine manufacture with reduced risk of ERVs, we generated a cell line stably expressing human tetherin (Teth-CRFK cells). The release of infectious ERV from Teth-CRFK cells was suppressed to undetectable levels, while the production of parvovirus in Teth-CRFK cells was similar to that in parental CRFK cells. These observations suggest that Teth-CRFK cells will be useful as a cell line for the manufacture of live-attenuated vaccines or biological substances with reduced risk of ERV.
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Construction and characterization of an infectious molecular clone of Koala retrovirus. J Virol 2013; 87:5081-8. [PMID: 23427161 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01584-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Koala retrovirus (KoRV) is a gammaretrovirus that is currently endogenizing into koalas. Studies on KoRV infection have been hampered by the lack of a replication-competent molecular clone. In this study, we constructed an infectious molecular clone, termed plasmid pKoRV522, of a KoRV isolate (strain Aki) from a koala reared in a Japanese zoo. The virus KoRV522, derived from pKoRV522, grew efficiently in human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells, attaining 10(6) focus-forming units/ml. Several mutations in the Gag (L domain) and Env regions reported to be involved in reduction in viral infection/production in vitro are found in pKoRV522, yet KoRV522 replicated well, suggesting that any effects of these mutations are limited. Indeed, a reporter virus pseudotyped with pKoRV522 Env was found to infect human, feline, and mink cell lines efficiently. Analyses of KoRV L-domain mutants showed that an additional PPXY sequence, PPPY, in Gag plays a critical role in KoRV budding. Altogether, our results demonstrate the construction and characterization of the first infectious molecular clone of KoRV. The infectious clone reported here will be useful for elucidating the mechanism of endogenization of the virus in koalas and screening for antiretroviral drugs for KoRV-infected koalas.
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Sequence comparison of three infectious molecular clones of RD-114 virus. Virus Genes 2012; 45:393-7. [PMID: 22639102 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-012-0759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RD-114 virus is a replication-competent feline endogenous retrovirus. RD-114 virus contaminates several feline and canine live attenuated vaccines and the issue of contamination of RD-114 virus in vaccines should be solved. To date, three infectious molecular clones (pSc3c, pCRT1, and pRD-UCL) have been reported. In this study, we sequenced the entire nucleotide sequence of pRD-UCL and compared the nucleotide sequences of the three infectious molecular clones. As a result, these three infectious clones were nearly identical with each other in gag-pol and env coding regions. These data support the notion that the active locus of infectious RD-114 virus is single in the feline genome. The length of long terminal repeat (LTR) of pCRT1 was 47 bp shorter than those of pSc3c and pRD-UCL. The 47-bp sequence named direct repeat A (DR-A) was duplicated in the U3 region in pSc3c and pRD-UCL. Although several potential enhancer binding sites are present in the DR-A, there was no significant difference in promoter activities between the LTRs of pRD-UCL and pCRT1 in two human cell lines. We also analyzed the splicing pattern of the RD-114 virus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and confirmed that RD-114 virus is a simple retrovirus. The data presented here will provide basic information about RD-114 virus to solve the contamination issue in live attenuated vaccines.
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