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Jordan PM, Günther K, Nischang V, Ning Y, Deinhardt-Emmer S, Ehrhardt C, Werz O. Influenza A virus selectively elevates prostaglandin E 2 formation in pro-resolving macrophages. iScience 2024; 27:108775. [PMID: 38261967 PMCID: PMC10797193 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory influenza A virus (IAV) infections are major health concerns worldwide, where bacterial superinfections substantially increase morbidity and mortality. The underlying mechanisms of how IAV impairs host defense remain elusive. Macrophages are pivotal for the innate immune response and crucially regulate the entire inflammatory process, occurring as inflammatory M1- or pro-resolving M2-like phenotypes. Lipid mediators (LM), produced from polyunsaturated fatty acids by macrophages, are potent immune regulators and impact all stages of inflammation. Using LM metabololipidomics, we show that human pro-resolving M2-macrophages respond to IAV infections with specific and robust production of prostaglandin (PG)E2 along with upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which persists after co-infection with Staphylococcus aureus. In contrast, cytokine/interferon production in macrophages was essentially unaffected by IAV infection, and the functionality of M1-macrophages was not influenced. Conclusively, IAV infection of M2-macrophages selectively elevates PGE2 formation, suggesting inhibition of the COX-2/PGE2 axis as strategy to limit IAV exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Günther
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Vivien Nischang
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Yuping Ning
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Christina Ehrhardt
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Ackerman EE, Weaver JJA, Shoemaker JE. Mathematical Modeling Finds Disparate Interferon Production Rates Drive Strain-Specific Immunodynamics during Deadly Influenza Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050906. [PMID: 35632648 PMCID: PMC9147528 DOI: 10.3390/v14050906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The timing and magnitude of the immune response (i.e., the immunodynamics) associated with the early innate immune response to viral infection display distinct trends across influenza A virus subtypes in vivo. Evidence shows that the timing of the type-I interferon response and the overall magnitude of immune cell infiltration are both correlated with more severe outcomes. However, the mechanisms driving the distinct immunodynamics between infections of different virus strains (strain-specific immunodynamics) remain unclear. Here, computational modeling and strain-specific immunologic data are used to identify the immune interactions that differ in mice infected with low-pathogenic H1N1 or high-pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses. Computational exploration of free parameters between strains suggests that the production rate of interferon is the major driver of strain-specific immune responses observed in vivo, and points towards the relationship between the viral load and lung epithelial interferon production as the main source of variance between infection outcomes. A greater understanding of the contributors to strain-specific immunodynamics can be utilized in future efforts aimed at treatment development to improve clinical outcomes of high-pathogenic viral strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Ackerman
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (E.E.A.); (J.J.A.W.)
| | - Jordan J. A. Weaver
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (E.E.A.); (J.J.A.W.)
| | - Jason E. Shoemaker
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (E.E.A.); (J.J.A.W.)
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Correspondence:
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Blaurock C, Blohm U, Luttermann C, Holzerland J, Scheibner D, Schäfer A, Groseth A, Mettenleiter TC, Abdelwhab EM. The C-terminus of non-structural protein 1 (NS1) in H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza virus affects virus fitness in human cells and virulence in mice. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1760-1776. [PMID: 34420477 PMCID: PMC8432360 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1971568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 pose a public health threat but the viral factors relevant for its potential adaptation to mammals are largely unknown. The non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza viruses is an essential interferon antagonist. It commonly consists of 230 amino acids, but variations in the disordered C-terminus resulted in truncation or extension of NS1 with a possible impact on virus fitness in mammals. Here, we analysed NS1 sequences from 1902 to 2020 representing human influenza viruses (hIAV) as well as AIV in birds, humans and other mammals and with an emphasis on the panzootic AIV subtype H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4A (H5N8-A) from 2013 to 2015 and clade 2.3.4.4B (H5N8-B) since 2016. We found a high degree of prevalence for short NS1 sequences among hIAV, zoonotic AIV and H5N8-B, while AIV and H5N8-A had longer NS1 sequences. We assessed the fitness of recombinant H5N8-A and H5N8-B viruses carrying NS1 proteins with different lengths in human cells and in mice. H5N8-B with a short NS1, similar to hIAV or AIV from a human or other mammal-origins, was more efficient at blocking apoptosis and interferon-induction without a significant impact on virus replication in human cells. In mice, shortening of the NS1 of H5N8-A increased virus virulence, while the extension of NS1 of H5N8-B reduced virus virulence and replication. Taken together, we have described the biological impact of variation in the NS1 C-terminus in hIAV and AIV and shown that this affects virus fitness in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Blaurock
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christine Luttermann
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Julia Holzerland
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alexander Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Allison Groseth
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elsayed M Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Olbei M, Hautefort I, Modos D, Treveil A, Poletti M, Gul L, Shannon-Lowe CD, Korcsmaros T. SARS-CoV-2 Causes a Different Cytokine Response Compared to Other Cytokine Storm-Causing Respiratory Viruses in Severely Ill Patients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:629193. [PMID: 33732251 PMCID: PMC7956943 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.629193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyper-induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, also known as a cytokine storm or cytokine release syndrome (CRS), is one of the key aspects of the currently ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. This process occurs when a large number of innate and adaptive immune cells activate and start producing pro-inflammatory cytokines, establishing an exacerbated feedback loop of inflammation. It is one of the factors contributing to the mortality observed with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) for a subgroup of patients. CRS is not unique to the SARS-CoV-2 infection; it was prevalent in most of the major human coronavirus and influenza A subtype outbreaks of the past two decades (H5N1, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and H7N9). With a comprehensive literature search, we collected changing the cytokine levels from patients upon infection with the viral pathogens mentioned above. We analyzed published patient data to highlight the conserved and unique cytokine responses caused by these viruses. Our curation indicates that the cytokine response induced by SARS-CoV-2 is different compared to other CRS-causing respiratory viruses, as SARS-CoV-2 does not always induce specific cytokines like other coronaviruses or influenza do, such as IL-2, IL-10, IL-4, or IL-5. Comparing the collated cytokine responses caused by the analyzed viruses highlights a SARS-CoV-2-specific dysregulation of the type-I interferon (IFN) response and its downstream cytokine signatures. The map of responses gathered in this study could help specialists identify interventions that alleviate CRS in different diseases and evaluate whether they could be used in the COVID-19 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marton Olbei
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dezso Modos
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Agatha Treveil
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Poletti
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lejla Gul
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Claire D. Shannon-Lowe
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tamas Korcsmaros
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Kaewborisuth C, Zanin M, Häcker H, Webby RJ, Lekcharoensuk P. G45R mutation in the nonstructural protein 1 of A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) enhances viral replication independent of dsRNA-binding activity and type I interferon biology. Virol J 2016; 13:127. [PMID: 27405392 PMCID: PMC4942902 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0585-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza A viruses can act as a viral replication enhancer by antagonizing type I interferon (IFN) induction and response in infected cells. We previously reported that A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) (PR8) containing the NS1 gene derived from A/swine/IA/15/1930 (H1N1) (IA30) replicated more efficiently than the wild type virus. Here, we identified amino acids in NS1 critical for enhancing viral replication. Methods To identify a key amino acid in NS1 which can increase the virus replication, growth kinetics of PR8 viruses encoding single mutation in NS1 were compared in A549 cells. NS1 mutant functions were studied using dsRNA-protein pull down, RIG-I mediated IFNβ-promoter activity assays and growth curve analysis in murine lung epithelial type I (Let1) cells. Results The G45R mutation in the NS1 of PR8 (G45R/NS1) virus is critical for the enhanced viral replication in A549 cells. G45R/NS1 slightly decreased NS1 binding to dsRNA but did not interfere with its suppression of RIG-I-mediated type I IFN production. Likewise, replication of G45R/NS1 virus was increased in comparison to wild type virus in both wild type and type I interferon receptor null Let1 cells. Conclusions The non-conserved amino acid, R45, enhances viral replication which is apparently independent of dsRNA binding and suppression of type I IFN, suggesting a non-characterized function of NS1 for the enhanced viral replication. As G45R/NS1 virus induced the type I IFN induction and response in infected A549 cells, it is also interesting to investigate virus virulence for further studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0585-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Challika Kaewborisuth
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, The Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, 38105-2794, TN, USA
| | - Mark Zanin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, 38105-2794, TN, USA
| | - Hans Häcker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, 38105-2794, TN, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, 38105-2794, TN, USA
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, The Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50th Ngamwongwan Rd., Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. .,Center for Advances Studies in Agriculture and Food, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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Zheng Z, Wei C, Guan K, Yuan Y, Zhang Y, Ma S, Cao Y, Wang F, Zhong H, He X. Bacterial E3 Ubiquitin Ligase IpaH4.5 ofShigella flexneriTargets TBK1 To Dampen the Host Antibacterial Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:1199-208. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bender S, Reuter A, Eberle F, Einhorn E, Binder M, Bartenschlager R. Activation of Type I and III Interferon Response by Mitochondrial and Peroxisomal MAVS and Inhibition by Hepatitis C Virus. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005264. [PMID: 26588843 PMCID: PMC4654527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing viruses by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) triggers the innate immune system of the host cell and activates immune signaling cascades such as the RIG-I/IRF3 pathway. Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS, also known as IPS-1, Cardif, and VISA) is the crucial adaptor protein of this pathway localized on mitochondria, peroxisomes and mitochondria-associated membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. Activation of MAVS leads to the production of type I and type III interferons (IFN) as well as IFN stimulated genes (ISGs). To refine the role of MAVS subcellular localization for the induction of type I and III IFN responses in hepatocytes and its counteraction by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), we generated various functional and genetic knock-out cell systems that were reconstituted to express mitochondrial (mito) or peroxisomal (pex) MAVS, exclusively. Upon infection with diverse RNA viruses we found that cells exclusively expressing pexMAVS mounted sustained expression of type I and III IFNs to levels comparable to cells exclusively expressing mitoMAVS. To determine whether viral counteraction of MAVS is affected by its subcellular localization we employed infection of cells with HCV, a major causative agent of chronic liver disease with a high propensity to establish persistence. This virus efficiently cleaves MAVS via a viral protease residing in its nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) and this strategy is thought to contribute to the high persistence of this virus. We found that both mito- and pexMAVS were efficiently cleaved by NS3 and this cleavage was required to suppress activation of the IFN response. Taken together, our findings indicate comparable activation of the IFN response by pex- and mitoMAVS in hepatocytes and efficient counteraction of both MAVS species by the HCV NS3 protease. Mammalian cells developed several defense mechanisms against viral infection. One major strategy involves pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognizing non-self motifs in viral RNA and triggering the production of type I and III interferon (IFN) that induce an antiviral state. One central signaling molecule in this cascade is MAVS (Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling protein), residing on mitochondria, mitochondria-associated membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, and peroxisomes. Here we characterized the role of mitochondrial and peroxisomal MAVS for the activation of the IFN response and their counteraction by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major causative agent of chronic liver disease with a high propensity to establish persistence. By using various functional and genetic knock-out cell systems reconstituted to express exclusively mitochondrial or peroxisomal MAVS, we observed comparable activation of type I and III IFN response by either MAVS species. In addition, we found that the HCV protease residing in nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) efficiently cleaves MAVS independent from its subcellular localization. This cleavage is required for suppression of the IFN response and might contribute to HCV persistence. Our results indicate a largely localization-independent activation of the IFN response by MAVS in hepatocytes and its efficient counteraction by the HCV NS3 protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Bender
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antje Reuter
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Eberle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Evelyne Einhorn
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Master BioSciences, Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marco Binder
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Haybaeck J, Postruznik M, Miller CL, Dulay JR, Llenos IC, Weis S. Increased expression of retinoic acid-induced gene 1 in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:279-89. [PMID: 25678793 PMCID: PMC4322876 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s72536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoids regulate gene expression in different cells and tissues at the transcriptional level. Retinoic acid transcriptionally regulates downstream regulatory molecules, including enzymes, transcription factors, cytokines, and cytokine receptors. Animal models indicate an involvement of retinoid signaling pathways in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and learning, especially in the hippocampus. Retinoic acid-inducible or induced gene 1 (RAI-1) is induced during neuronal differentiation, and was associated with the severity of the phenotype and response to medication in schizophrenic patients. METHODS In the present study, we used immunohistochemistry to investigate the expression of RAI-1 in 60 brains from the Stanley Neuropathology Consortium (15 cases each from controls and from patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression). Rating scores for density and intensity were determined in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. RESULTS All four groups showed high interindividual variation. RAI-1-positive cells were identified as neurons and astrocytes. Significantly increased intensities in cortical neurons were noted in all three major psychiatric groups compared with controls. The density of RAI-1-positive neurons was increased (P=0.06) in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In bipolar disorder, RAI-1-positive astrocytes in gray matter showed a significantly increased intensity and compound value. Thus, a significant increase in the parameters measured was found in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression. CONCLUSION Our study shows a significant increase in expression of RAI-1 in the brains from patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression. The increased expression might reflect altered signaling pathways, like that for retinoic acid. The underlying mechanisms leading to the increased expression and its functional consequences are so far unknown, and remain to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Haybaeck
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Magdalena Postruznik
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Jeannette R Dulay
- Laboratory of Brain Research and Neuropathology, Departments of Psychiatry and Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, and Stanley Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ida C Llenos
- Laboratory of Brain Research and Neuropathology, Departments of Psychiatry and Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, and Stanley Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA ; Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, State Neuropsychiatric Hospital Wagner-Jauregg, Medical School, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Serge Weis
- Laboratory of Brain Research and Neuropathology, Departments of Psychiatry and Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, and Stanley Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA ; Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, State Neuropsychiatric Hospital Wagner-Jauregg, Medical School, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
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Pathogenic influenza viruses and coronaviruses utilize similar and contrasting approaches to control interferon-stimulated gene responses. mBio 2014; 5:e01174-14. [PMID: 24846384 PMCID: PMC4030454 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01174-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The broad range and diversity of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) function to induce an antiviral state within the host, impeding viral pathogenesis. While successful respiratory viruses overcome individual ISG effectors, analysis of the global ISG response and subsequent viral antagonism has yet to be examined. Employing models of the human airway, transcriptomics and proteomics datasets were used to compare ISG response patterns following highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza (HPAI) A virus, 2009 pandemic H1N1, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) infection. The results illustrated distinct approaches utilized by each virus to antagonize the global ISG response. In addition, the data revealed that highly virulent HPAI virus and MERS-CoV induce repressive histone modifications, which downregulate expression of ISG subsets. Notably, influenza A virus NS1 appears to play a central role in this histone-mediated downregulation in highly pathogenic influenza strains. Together, the work demonstrates the existence of unique and common viral strategies for controlling the global ISG response and provides a novel avenue for viral antagonism via altered histone modifications. This work combines systems biology and experimental validation to identify and confirm strategies used by viruses to control the immune response. Using a novel screening approach, specific comparison between highly pathogenic influenza viruses and coronaviruses revealed similarities and differences in strategies to control the interferon and innate immune response. These findings were subsequently confirmed and explored, revealing both a common pathway of antagonism via type I interferon (IFN) delay as well as a novel avenue for control by altered histone modification. Together, the data highlight how comparative systems biology analysis can be combined with experimental validation to derive novel insights into viral pathogenesis.
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Chen S, Cheng A, Wang M. Innate sensing of viruses by pattern recognition receptors in birds. Vet Res 2013; 44:82. [PMID: 24016341 PMCID: PMC3848724 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to mammals, several viral-sensing pattern recognition receptors (PRR) have been identified in birds including Toll-like receptors (TLR) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLR). Avian TLR are slightly different from their mammalian counterparts, including the pseudogene TLR8, the absence of TLR9, and the presence of TLR1La, TLR1Lb, TLR15, and TLR21. Avian TLR3 and TLR7 are involved in RNA virus recognition, especially highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV), while TLR15 and TLR21 are potential sensors that recognize both RNA viruses and bacteria. However, the agonist of TLR15 is still unknown. Interestingly, chickens, unlike ducks, geese and finches, lack RIG-I, however they do express melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) which functionally compensates for the absence of RIG-I. Duck RIG-I is the cytosolic recognition element for HPAIV recognition, while chicken cells sense HPAIV through MDA5. However, the contributions of MDA5 and RIG-I to IFN-β induction upon HPAIV infection is different, and this may contribute to the chicken’s susceptibility to highly pathogenic influenza. It is noteworthy that the interactions between avian DNA viruses and PRR have not yet been reported. Furthermore, the role for avian Nod-like receptors (NLR) in viral immunity is largely unknown. In this review, recent advances in the field of viral recognition by different types of PRR in birds are summarized. In particular, the tissue and cellular distribution of avian PRR, the recognition and activation of PRR by viruses, and the subsequent expression of innate antiviral genes such as type I IFN and proinflammatory cytokines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
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