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Belanger JM, Cirilo JA. Metastable Amorphous Dispersions of Hydrophobic Naphthalene Compounds Can Be Formed in Water without Stabilizing Agents via the "Ouzo Effect". J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8032-8039. [PMID: 37699852 PMCID: PMC10518816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c03885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic molecules dissolved in water-miscible organic solvents are used in vitro for biological membrane studies and for testing of potential pharmaceuticals in high-throughput screenings. When these solutions are introduced into an aqueous environment, it is possible that metastable "ouzo-like" dispersions form from liquid-liquid phase separation. It is therefore hypothesized that when solutions of naphthalene compounds in water-miscible solvents are added to water, metastable dispersions will form. Millimolar solutions of naphthalene, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine (NPN), 1-aminonaphthalene, 1-iodonaphthalene (INAP), 1,4-dimethoxynaphthalene, and 1-naphthol were prepared in either dimethyl sulfoxide, ethanol, or acetone at concentrations similar to those used in biological membrane studies. Each solution was diluted 10-fold in water. Particle formation was characterized by qualitative observations, dynamic light-scattering, nephelometry, and optical microscopy. It was discovered that two of the compounds tested made metastable dispersions: INAP and NPN. The initial particle sizes were ∼400 nm (radius), with turbidity ranging from 1,000 to 20,000 NTU, depending on the initial concentrations used. Fluorescence microscopy imaging showed spherical particles that do not aggregate while under observation. Slow-nucleating crystallization occurs over days, presumably from a heterogeneous nucleation process. The formation of these dispersions has implications for in vitro delivery of hydrophobic molecules to biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. Belanger
- King’s College, Department of Chemistry and Physics, 133 N. River St., Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18711, United States
| | - Joseph A. Cirilo
- King’s College, Department of Chemistry and Physics, 133 N. River St., Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18711, United States
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Rajendar B, V N Janardhan Reddy M, N V Suresh C, Kumar Gambheerrao S, Matur RV. A reversed phase HPLC-UV method for the simultaneous determination of residual formaldehyde and Triton X-100 in vaccine products. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1184:122977. [PMID: 34655889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Many of the inactivated viral vaccines for human and animal use are manufactured using formaldehyde as an inactivating agent. Apart from formaldehyde, Triton X-100 is also one of the chemicals commonly used in viral vaccine manufacturing. Triton X-100 is typically used to extract the cell-associated viruses and / or components during manufacturing process. The concentration of formaldehyde and Triton X-100 in the final bulks are also reduced during vaccine purification process. Here we report a simple RP-HPLC-UV based method for the quantification of residual Triton X-100 and formaldehyde as process impurities in viral vaccines. This method is also adopted for the residual impurity determination of either formaldehyde or Triton X-100 in other non-viral vaccines, multivalent as well as sub-unit vaccines, such as liquid pentavalent, includes TT, DT, Hepatitis B (rDNA) and Haemophilus type b conjugate vaccine (adsorbed). This method is rapid and can quantify both Triton X-100 and formaldehyde in a single preparation with improved peak asymmetry. This new assay has a linearity range starting from 0.0625 to 1 µg/mL for formaldehyde and 0.625-10 µg/mL for Triton X-100. This method would be very useful for viral vaccine manufacturing and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burki Rajendar
- Research & Development, Biological E Limited, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, India.
| | | | - Ch N V Suresh
- Research & Development, Biological E Limited, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | | | - Ramesh V Matur
- Research & Development, Biological E Limited, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, India.
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Novel calixarene-based surfactant enables low dose split inactivated vaccine protection against influenza infection. Vaccine 2019; 38:278-287. [PMID: 31630939 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause major morbidity and represent a severe global health problem. Current influenza vaccines are mainly egg-based products requiring the split of whole viruses using classical detergents such as Triton X-100, which implies certain limitations. Here, we report the use of the novel calixarene-based surfactant CALX133ACE as an alternative to classical detergents for influenza inactivated split vaccine preparation. We confirmed that CALX133ACE-based split HA antigens are fully functional and quantifiable by the "gold standard" method SRID. Additionally, as in the case of the Triton X-100-based split, the CALX133ACE-based split antigens are stable for at least 6 months at 4 °C. Moreover, immunization of mice with CALX133ACE-based split NYMC X-179A (H1N1) antigens harboring 10 to 30-fold less antigen than the commercialized trivalent inactivated vaccines Vaxigrip® or Fluviral® induced comparable efficient protection and neutralizing antibody responses against A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time the use of a calixarene-based detergent as an efficient splitting agent for the production of optimized influenza split antigens, paving the way for significant improvement in the vaccine manufacturing process, notably with regard to the current regulation on the prohibition of endocrine disruptors, such as Triton X-100.
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Shende N, Karale A, Marathe P, Chakraborty S, Mallya AD, Dhere RM. Quantitation of residual sodium dodecyl sulfate in meningococcal polysaccharide by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biologicals 2019; 60:68-74. [PMID: 31126703 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is a commonly used surfactant in protein solubilization and also during the polysaccharide purification. A GC-MS method has been developed to quantitate residual SDS in meningococcal polysaccharide serogroups A,C,W,Y and X circumventing the need of spectroscopic assays and HPLC based methods which are either unstable or requires the confirmation by MS. The developed method is based on quantitative conversion of SDS to 1-dodecanol at elevated temperature. Meningococcal polysaccharides and SDS standards were treated with methanolic-HCl and extracted in n-Hexane. The conversion of SDS to 1-dodecanol was confirmed by mass spectra and separation was achieved using a DB-5ms column. The mass spectral analysis of 1-dodecanol showed characteristic ions at m/z 168, 140 and 125. The GC-MS method validation performed on intermediate and purified meningococcal polysaccharides showed linearity with r2 > 0.99 over the concentration range of 2.5-200 μg/ml with LOD and LOQ of 1.27 and 3.85 respectively. The method was found to be precise, robust and accurate with spike recovery ranging 83-117%. The GC-MS method can be used in the quantitation of residual SDS during polysaccharide purification and provides valuable information about consistency of polysaccharide manufacturing process for development of pentavalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Shende
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, 411028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhijeet Karale
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, 411028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Preeti Marathe
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, 411028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sourish Chakraborty
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, 411028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Asha D Mallya
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, 411028, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Rajeev M Dhere
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune, 411028, Maharashtra, India
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Nishisaka-Nonaka R, Mawatari K, Yamamoto T, Kojima M, Shimohata T, Uebanso T, Nakahashi M, Emoto T, Akutagawa M, Kinouchi Y, Wada T, Okamoto M, Ito H, Yoshida KI, Daidoji T, Nakaya T, Takahashi A. Irradiation by ultraviolet light-emitting diodes inactivates influenza a viruses by inhibiting replication and transcription of viral RNA in host cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 189:193-200. [PMID: 30391908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a serious global threat to humans and their livestock, especially poultry and pigs. This study aimed to investigate how to inactivate IAVs by using different ultraviolet-light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs). We developed sterilization equipment with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) those peak wavelengths were 365 nm (UVA-LED), 310 nm (UVB-LED), and 280 nm (UVC-LED). These UV-LED irradiations decreased dose fluence-dependent plaque-forming units of IAV H1N1 subtype (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934) infected Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, but the inactivation efficiency of UVA-LED was significantly lower than UVB- and UVC-LED. UV-LED irradiations did not alter hemagglutination titer, but decreased accumulation of intracellular total viral RNA in infected MDCK cells was observed. Additionally, UV-LED irradiations suppressed the accumulation of intracellular mRNA (messenger RNA), vRNA (viral RNA), and cRNA (complementary RNA), as measured by strand-specific RT-PCR. These results suggest that UV-LEDs inhibit host cell replication and transcription of viral RNA. Both UVB- and UVC-LED irradiation decreased focus-forming unit (FFU) of H5N1 subtype (A/Crow/Kyoto/53/2004), a highly pathogenic avian IAV (HPAI), in infected MDCK cells, and the amount of FFU were lower than the H1N1 subtype. From these results, it appears that IAVs may have different sensitivity among the subtypes, and UVB- and UVC-LED may be suitable for HPAI virus inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Nishisaka-Nonaka
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Mawatari
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Yamamoto
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kojima
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takaaki Shimohata
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takashi Uebanso
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Nakahashi
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Minamijyousanjima-cho 2-1, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Takahiro Emoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokushima University, Minamijyousanjima-cho 2-1, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Masatake Akutagawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokushima University, Minamijyousanjima-cho 2-1, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Kinouchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokushima University, Minamijyousanjima-cho 2-1, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Takahiro Wada
- Nihon Funen Co., Ltd, 179-1 Mitsujima-shinden, Kawashima-cho, Yoshinogawa City, Tokushima 779-3394, Japan
| | - Masayuki Okamoto
- Nihon Funen Co., Ltd, 179-1 Mitsujima-shinden, Kawashima-cho, Yoshinogawa City, Tokushima 779-3394, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Nihon Funen Co., Ltd, 179-1 Mitsujima-shinden, Kawashima-cho, Yoshinogawa City, Tokushima 779-3394, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yoshida
- Nihon Funen Co., Ltd, 179-1 Mitsujima-shinden, Kawashima-cho, Yoshinogawa City, Tokushima 779-3394, Japan
| | - Tomo Daidoji
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Akira Takahashi
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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Lee KKH, Sahin YZ, Neeleman R, Trout BL, Kayser V. Quantitative determination of the surfactant-induced split ratio of influenza virus by fluorescence spectroscopy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1757-65. [PMID: 26901837 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1141846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of marketed seasonal influenza vaccines are prepared using viruses that are chemically inactivated and treated with a surfactant. Treating with surfactants has important consequences: it produces 'split viruses' by solubilizing viral membranes, stabilizes free membrane proteins and ensures a low level of reactogenicity while retaining high vaccine potency. The formulation stability and potency of split influenza vaccines are largely determined by the specifics of this 'splitting' process; namely, the consequent conformational changes of proteins and interactions of solubilized particles, which may form aggregates. Robust methods to quantitatively determine the split ratio need to be developed before optimal splitting conditions can be investigated to streamline production of superior influenza vaccines. Here, we present a quantitative method, based on both steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, to calculate the split ratio of the virus after surfactant treatment. We use the lipophilic dye Nile Red (NR) as a probe to elucidate molecular interactions and track changes in molecular environments. Inactivated whole influenza viruses obtained from a sucrose gradient were incubated with NR and subsequently treated with increasing concentrations of the surfactant Triton X-100 (TX-100) to induce virus splitting. NR's emission spectra showed that the addition of TX-100 caused ˜27 nm red-shifts in the emission peak, indicative of increasingly hydrophilic environments surrounding NR. The emission spectra of NR at different surfactant concentrations were analyzed with multi-peak fitting to ascertain the number of different micro-environments surrounding NR and track its population change in these different environments. Results from both the emission spectra and fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy revealed that NR showed presence in 3 distinct molecular environments. The split ratio of the virus was then calculated from the percentages of NR in these environments using both fluorescence emission and lifetime data. This study can pave the way for the development of robust methods to rapidly quantify splitting extent during vaccine manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Kwon Ho Lee
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Yusuf Ziya Sahin
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Ronald Neeleman
- b Global Technologies Innovation, Sanofi-Pasteur , Marcy l'Etoile , France
| | | | - Veysel Kayser
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
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