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Frost PA, Chen S, Rodriguez-Ayala E, Laviada-Molina HA, Vaquera Z, Gaytan-Saucedo JF, Li WH, Haack K, Grayburn PA, Sayers K, Cole SA, Bastarrachea RA. Research methodology for in vivo measurements of resting energy expenditure, daily body temperature, metabolic heat and non-viral tissue-specific gene therapy in baboons. Res Vet Sci 2020; 133:136-145. [PMID: 32979746 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A large number of studies have shown that the baboon is one of the most commonly used non-human primate (NHP) research model for the study of immunometabolic complex traits such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), insulin resistance (IR), adipose tissue dysfunction (ATD), dyslipidemia, obesity (OB) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This paper reports on innovative technologies and advanced research strategies for energetics and translational medicine with this NHP model. This includes the following: measuring resting energy expenditure (REE) with the mobile indirect calorimeter Breezing®; monitoring daily body temperature using subcutaneously implanted data loggers; quantifying metabolic heat with veterinary infrared thermography (IRT) imaging, and non-viral non-invasive, tissue-specific ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) gene-based therapy. These methods are of broad utility; for example, they may facilitate the engineering of ectopic overexpression of brown adipose tissue (BAT) mUCP-1 via UTMD-gene therapy into baboon SKM to achieve weight loss, hypophagia and immunometabolic improvement. These methods will be valuable to basic and translational research, and human clinical trials, in the areas of metabolism, cardiovascular health, and immunometabolic and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice A Frost
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), San Antonio, TX 78227-0549, USA
| | - Shuyuan Chen
- Departments of Cell Biology and of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, United States of America
| | - Ernesto Rodriguez-Ayala
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Norte, Naucalpan de Juárez 52786, Mexico
| | - Hugo A Laviada-Molina
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Marista de Mérida, Mérida 97300, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Zoila Vaquera
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), San Antonio, TX 78227-0549, USA
| | - Janeth F Gaytan-Saucedo
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), San Antonio, TX 78227-0549, USA
| | - Wen-Hong Li
- Departments of Cell Biology and of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, United States of America
| | - Karin Haack
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), San Antonio, TX 78227-0549, USA
| | - Paul A Grayburn
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor University Medical Center and the Baylor Scott and White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Ken Sayers
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), San Antonio, TX 78227-0549, USA
| | - Shelley A Cole
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), San Antonio, TX 78227-0549, USA
| | - Raul A Bastarrachea
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), San Antonio, TX 78227-0549, USA.
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Abstract
Humans and other primates are distinct among placental mammals in having exceptionally slow rates of growth, reproduction, and aging. Primates' slow life history schedules are generally thought to reflect an evolved strategy of allocating energy away from growth and reproduction and toward somatic investment, particularly to the development and maintenance of large brains. Here we examine an alternative explanation: that primates' slow life histories reflect low total energy expenditure (TEE) (kilocalories per day) relative to other placental mammals. We compared doubly labeled water measurements of TEE among 17 primate species with similar measures for other placental mammals. We found that primates use remarkably little energy each day, expending on average only 50% of the energy expected for a placental mammal of similar mass. Such large differences in TEE are not easily explained by differences in physical activity, and instead appear to reflect systemic metabolic adaptation for low energy expenditures in primates. Indeed, comparisons of wild and captive primate populations indicate similar levels of energy expenditure. Broad interspecific comparisons of growth, reproduction, and maximum life span indicate that primates' slow metabolic rates contribute to their characteristically slow life histories.
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