1
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Ma L, Li DH, Xu Z. HECTD2 Represses Cell Proliferation in Colorectal Cancer through Driving Ubiquitination and Degradation of LPCAT1. Mol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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Miranpuri GS, Bali P, Nguyen J, Kim JJ, Modgil S, Mehra P, Buttar S, Brown G, Yutuc N, Singh H, Wood A, Singh J, Anand A. Role of Microglia and Astrocytes in Spinal Cord Injury Induced Neuropathic Pain. Ann Neurosci 2022; 28:219-228. [PMID: 35341227 PMCID: PMC8948321 DOI: 10.1177/09727531211046367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Spinal cord injuries incite varying degrees of symptoms in patients, ranging
from weakness and incoordination to paralysis. Common amongst spinal cord
injury (SCI) patients, neuropathic pain (NP) is a debilitating medical
condition. Unfortunately, there remain many clinical impediments in treating
NP because there is a lack of understanding regarding the mechanisms behind
SCI-induced NP (SCINP). Given that more than 450,000 people in the United
States alone suffer from SCI, it is unsatisfactory that current treatments
yield poor results in alleviating and treating NP. Summary: In this review, we briefly discussed the models of SCINP along with the
mechanisms of NP progression. Further, current treatment modalities are
herein explored for SCINP involving pharmacological interventions targeting
glia cells and astrocytes. Key message: The studies presented in this review provide insight for new directions
regarding SCINP alleviation. Given the severity and incapacitating effects
of SCINP, it is imperative to study the pathways involved and find new
therapeutic targets in coordination with stem cell research, and to develop
a new gold-standard in SCINP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurwattan S Miranpuri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Parul Bali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research Mohali, India
| | - Justyn Nguyen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Jason J Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Shweta Modgil
- Neuroscience research lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Priya Mehra
- Neuroscience research lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Seah Buttar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Greta Brown
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Noemi Yutuc
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Aleksandar Wood
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Jagtar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience research lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.,CCRYN- Collaborative Centre for Mind Body Intervention through Yoga.,Centre of Phenomenology and Cognitive Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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3
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Kouraki A, Doherty M, Fernandes GS, Zhang W, Walsh DA, Kelly A, Valdes AM. Different genes may be involved in distal and local sensitisation: a genome-wide gene-based association study and meta-analysis. Eur J Pain 2021; 26:740-753. [PMID: 34958702 PMCID: PMC9303629 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Neuropathic pain symptoms and signs of increased pain sensitization in osteoarthritis (OA) patients may explain persistent pain after total joint replacement (TJR). Therefore, identifying genetic markers associated with pain sensitization and neuropathic‐like pain phenotypes could be clinically important in identifying targets for early intervention. Methods We performed a genome‐wide gene‐based association study (GWGAS) using pressure pain detection thresholds (PPTs) from distal pain‐free sites (anterior tibia), a measure of distal sensitization, and from proximal pain‐affected sites (lateral joint line), a measure of local sensitization, in 320 knee OA participants from the Knee Pain and related health in the Community (KPIC) cohort. We next performed gene‐based fixed‐effects meta‐analysis of PPTs and a neuropathic‐like pain phenotype using genome‐wide association study (GWAS) data from KPIC and from an independent cohort of 613 post‐TJR participants, respectively. Results The most significant genes associated with distal and local sensitization were OR5B3 and BRDT, respectively. We also found previously identified neuropathic pain‐associated genes—KCNA1, MTOR, ADORA1 and SCN3B—associated with PPT at the anterior tibia and an inflammatory pain gene—PTAFR—associated with PPT at the lateral joint line. Meta‐analysis results of anterior tibia and neuropathic‐like pain phenotypes revealed genes associated with bone morphogenesis, neuro‐inflammation, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cognitive function. Conclusions Overall, our results suggest that different biological processes might be involved in distal and local sensitization, and common genetic mechanisms might be implicated in distal sensitization and neuropathic‐like pain. Future studies are needed to replicate these findings. Significance To the best of our knowledge, this is the first GWAS for pain sensitization and the first gene‐based meta‐analysis of pain sensitization and neuropathic‐like pain. Higher pain sensitization and neuropathic pain symptoms are associated with persistent pain after surgery hence, identifying genetic biomarkers and molecular pathways associated with these traits is clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kouraki
- Academic Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, United Kingdom.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, United Kingdom
| | - M Doherty
- Academic Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, United Kingdom.,Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, United Kingdom.,Versus Arthritis Centre for Sports, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, United Kingdom
| | - G S Fernandes
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 6EH, United Kingdom
| | - W Zhang
- Academic Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, United Kingdom.,Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, United Kingdom.,Versus Arthritis Centre for Sports, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, United Kingdom
| | - D A Walsh
- Academic Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, United Kingdom.,Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, United Kingdom.,Versus Arthritis Centre for Sports, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, United Kingdom
| | - A Kelly
- Academic Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, United Kingdom.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, United Kingdom
| | - A M Valdes
- Academic Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, United Kingdom.,Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, United Kingdom.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, United Kingdom
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4
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Beura SK, Panigrahi AR, Yadav P, Agrawal S, Singh SK. Role of Neurons and Glia Cells in Wound Healing as a Novel Perspective Considering Platelet as a Conventional Player. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:137-160. [PMID: 34633653 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex physiological process in which the damaged or injured tissue is replaced or regenerated by new cells or existing cells respectively in their synthesized and secreted matrices. Several cells modulate the process of wound healing including macrophages, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes. Apart from these cells, platelet has been considered as a major cellular fragment to be involved in wound healing at several stages by secreting its granular contents including growth factors, thus resulting in coagulation, inflammation, and angiogenesis. A distant cell, which is gaining significant attention nowadays due to its resemblance with platelet in several aspects, is the neuron. Not only neurons but also glia cells are also confirmed to regulate wound healing at different stages in an orchestrated manner. Furthermore, these neurons and glia cells mediate wound healing inducing tissue repair and regeneration apart from hemostasis, angiogenesis, and inflammation by secreting various growth factors, coagulation molecules, immunomodulatory molecules as well as neurohormones, neuropeptides, and neurotrophins. Therefore, in wound healing platelets, neurons and glia cells not only contribute to tissue repair but are also responsible for establishing the wound microenvironment, thus affecting the proliferation of immune cells, fibroblast, and keratinocytes. Here in this review, we will enlighten the physiological roles of neurons and glia cells in coordination with platelets to understand various cellular and molecular mechanism in brain injury and associated neurocognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir K Beura
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Abhishek R Panigrahi
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Siwani Agrawal
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Sunil K Singh
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India.
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5
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Riffel APK, de Souza JA, Santos MDCQ, Kroth A, da Silveira EMS, Scheid T, Dexheimer GM, Horst A, Kolberg C, Ribeiro MFM, de Fraga LS, Partata WA. Co-administration of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol modifies ascorbic acid and attenuates p38, Akt, and TNF-α expression in spinal cord of rats with neuropathic pain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s41110-019-0113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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6
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Valentine WJ, Hashidate-Yoshida T, Yamamoto S, Shindou H. Biosynthetic Enzymes of Membrane Glycerophospholipid Diversity as Therapeutic Targets for Drug Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:5-27. [PMID: 32894505 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Biophysical properties of membranes are dependent on their glycerophospholipid compositions. Lysophospholipid acyltransferases (LPLATs) selectively incorporate fatty chains into lysophospholipids to affect the fatty acid composition of membrane glycerophospholipids. Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases (LPAATs) of the 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase (AGPAT) family incorporate fatty chains into phosphatidic acid during the de novo glycerophospholipid synthesis in the Kennedy pathway. Other LPLATs of both the AGPAT and the membrane bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT) families further modify the fatty chain compositions of membrane glycerophospholipids in the remodeling pathway known as the Lands' cycle. The LPLATs functioning in these pathways possess unique characteristics in terms of their biochemical activities, regulation of expressions, and functions in various biological contexts. Essential physiological functions for LPLATs have been revealed in studies using gene-deficient mice, and important roles for several enzymes are also indicated in human diseases where their mutation or dysregulation causes or contributes to the pathological condition. Now several LPLATs are emerging as attractive therapeutic targets, and further understanding of the mechanisms underlying their physiological and pathological roles will aid in the development of novel therapies to treat several diseases that involve altered glycerophospholipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Valentine
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Molecular Therapy, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Shota Yamamoto
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Shindou
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Lipid Science, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
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7
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Shimizu H, Ito A, Sakurada K, Nakamura J, Tanaka K, Komatsu M, Takeda M, Saito K, Endo Y, Kozaki T, Shoda M, Kuriyama H. AK106-001616, a Potent and Selective Inhibitor of Cytosolic Phospholipase A 2: In Vivo Efficacy for Inflammation, Neuropathic Pain, and Pulmonary Fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:511-522. [PMID: 30971478 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.255034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
3-[3-Amino-4-(indan-2-yloxy)-5-(1-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)-phenyl]-propionic acid (AK106-001616) is a novel, potent, and selective inhibitor of the cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) enzyme. Unlike traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, AK106-001616 reduced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production by stimulated cells. The suppression of PGE2 and LTB4 production was also confirmed using an air pouch model in rats administered a single oral dose of AK106-001616. AK106-001616 alleviated paw swelling in a rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) model. The maximum effect of the inhibitory effect of AK106-001616 was comparable with that of naproxen on paw swelling in a rat AIA model. Meanwhile, the inhibitory effect of AK106-001616 was more effective than that of naproxen in the mouse collagen antibody-induced arthritis model with leukotrienes contributing to the pathogenesis. AK106-001616 dose dependently reversed the decrease in paw withdrawal threshold not only in rat carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia, but also in a rat neuropathic pain model induced by sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI). However, naproxen and celecoxib did not reverse the decrease in the paw withdrawal threshold in the CCI model. Furthermore, AK106-001616 reduced the disease score of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats. In addition, AK106-001616 did not enhance aspirin-induced gastric damage in fasted rats, increase blood pressure, or increase the thromboxane A2/ prostaglandin I2 ratio that is thought to be an underlying mechanism of thrombotic cardiovascular events increased by selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Taken together, these data demonstrate that oral AK106-001616 may provide valuable effects for wide indications without attendant gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Shimizu
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Ito
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Sakurada
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Junji Nakamura
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tanaka
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masakazu Komatsu
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mineko Takeda
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Saito
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Endo
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohito Kozaki
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Motoshi Shoda
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kuriyama
- Laboratories for Pharmacology (H.S., A.I., Ka.S., J.N., K.T., M.K., M.T., Ke.S., Y.E., H.K.), Safety Assessment and ADME (T.K.), and Medicinal Chemistry (M.S.), Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
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8
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Shindou H, Shiraishi S, Tokuoka SM, Takahashi Y, Harayama T, Abe T, Bando K, Miyano K, Kita Y, Uezono Y, Shimizu T. Relief from neuropathic pain by blocking of the platelet-activating factor-pain loop. FASEB J 2017; 31:2973-2980. [PMID: 28341636 PMCID: PMC5471516 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601183r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain resulting from peripheral neuronal damage is largely resistant to treatment with currently available analgesic drugs. Recently, ATP, lysophosphatidic acid, and platelet-activating factor (PAF) have been reported to play important inductive roles in neuropathic pain. In the present study, we found that pain-like behaviors resulting from partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSL) were largely attenuated by deficiency of lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT)2, which is one of the PAF biosynthetic enzymes. By contrast, deficiency of the other PAF biosynthetic enzyme, LPCAT1, did not ameliorate neuropathic pain. With regard to the mechanism of the observed effects, LPCAT2 was detected in wild-type spinal cord microglia, and the absence of LPCAT2 expression precluded spinal PAF expression in LPCAT2-knockout mice. Furthermore, ATP-stimulated PAF biosynthesis in macrophages was decreased by pretreatment with the PAF receptor antagonist ABT-491, indicating the existence of a positive feedback loop of PAF biosynthesis, which we designated the PAF-pain loop. In conclusion, LPCAT2 is a novel therapeutic target for newly categorized analgesic drugs; in addition, our data call for the re-evaluation of the clinical utility of PAF receptor antagonists.-Shindou, H., Shiraishi, S., Tokuoka, S. M., Takahashi Y., Harayama, T., Abe, T., Bando, K., Miyano, K., Kita, Y., Uezono, Y., Shimizu, T. Relief from neuropathic pain by blocking of the platelet-activating factor-pain loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Shindou
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; .,Agency for Research and Medical Development (AMED), Tokyo Japan.,Department of Lipid Science, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Shiraishi
- Agency for Research and Medical Development (AMED), Tokyo Japan.,Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Suzumi M Tokuoka
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Yoshikazu Takahashi
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Harayama
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Japan; and
| | - Kana Bando
- Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Japan; and.,Animal Resource Development Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Japan; and
| | - Kanako Miyano
- Agency for Research and Medical Development (AMED), Tokyo Japan.,Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Yoshihiro Kita
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; and.,Life Sciences Core Facility, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Uezono
- Agency for Research and Medical Development (AMED), Tokyo Japan.,Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Supportive Care Research, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Life Sciences Core Facility, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Liu Y, Shields LBE, Gao Z, Wang Y, Zhang YP, Chu T, Zhu Q, Shields CB, Cai J. Current Understanding of Platelet-Activating Factor Signaling in Central Nervous System Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5563-5572. [PMID: 27613281 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a bioactive lipid mediator which serves as a reciprocal messenger between the immune and nervous systems. PAF, a pluripotent inflammatory mediator, is extensively expressed in many cells and tissues and has either beneficial or detrimental effects on the progress of inflammation-related neuropathology. Its wide distribution and various biological functions initiate a cascade of physiological or pathophysiological responses during development or diseases. Current evidence indicates that excess PAF accumulation in CNS diseases exacerbates the inflammatory response and pathological consequences, while application of PAF inhibitors or PAFR antagonists by blocking this signaling pathway significantly reduces inflammation, protects cells, and improves the recovery of neural functions. In this review, we integrate the current findings of PAF signaling in CNS diseases and elucidate topics less appreciated but important on the role of PAF signaling in neurological diseases. We propose that the precise use of PAF inhibitors or PAFR antagonists that target the specific neural cells during the appropriate temporal window may constitute a potential therapy for CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Lisa B E Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Zhongwen Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Yuanyi Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ping Zhang
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Tianci Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Qingsan Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China.
| | | | - Jun Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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10
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Riffel APK, de Souza JA, Santos MDCQ, Horst A, Scheid T, Kolberg C, Belló-Klein A, Partata WA. Systemic administration of vitamins C and E attenuates nociception induced by chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve in rats. Brain Res Bull 2016; 121:169-77. [PMID: 26855326 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants have been tested to treat neuropathic pain, and α-Tocopherol (vitamin E--vit. E) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C--vit. C) are potent antioxidants. We assessed the effect of intraperitoneal administration of vit. C (30 mg/kg/day) and vit. E (15 mg/kg/day), given alone or in combination, on the mechanical and thermal thresholds and the sciatic functional index (SFI) in rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. We also determined the lipid hydroperoxides and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the injured sciatic nerve. Further, we assessed the effects of oral administration of vit. C+vit. E (vit. C+E) and of a combination of vit. C+E and gabapentin (100mg/kg/day, i.p.) on the mechanical and thermal thresholds of CCI rats. The vitamins, whether administered orally or i.p., attenuated the reductions in the mechanical and thermal thresholds induced by CCI. The antinociceptive effect was greater with a combination of vit. C+E than with each vitamin given alone. The SFI was also improved in vitamin-treated CCI rats. Co-administration of vit. C+E and gabapentin induced a greater antinociceptive effect than gabapentin alone. No significant change occurred in TAC and lipid hydroperoxide levels, but TAC increased (45%) while lipid hydroperoxides decreased (38%) in the sciatic nerve from vit. C+E-treated CCI rats. Thus, treatment with a combination of vit. C+E was more effective to treat CCI-induced neuropathic pain than vitamins alone, and the antinociceptive effect was greater with co-administration of vit. C+E and gabapentin than with gabapentin alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula K Riffel
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Jéssica A de Souza
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo Q Santos
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andréa Horst
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Taína Scheid
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina Kolberg
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriane Belló-Klein
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Wania A Partata
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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11
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Hammond JW, Lu SM, Gelbard HA. Platelet Activating Factor Enhances Synaptic Vesicle Exocytosis Via PKC, Elevated Intracellular Calcium, and Modulation of Synapsin 1 Dynamics and Phosphorylation. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 9:505. [PMID: 26778968 PMCID: PMC4705275 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet activating factor (PAF) is an inflammatory phospholipid signaling molecule implicated in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory and neurotoxicity during neuroinflammation. However, little is known about the intracellular mechanisms mediating PAF’s physiological or pathological effects on synaptic facilitation. We show here that PAF receptors are localized at the synapse. Using fluorescent reporters of presynaptic activity we show that a non-hydrolysable analog of PAF (cPAF) enhances synaptic vesicle release from individual presynaptic boutons by increasing the size or release of the readily releasable pool and the exocytosis rate of the total recycling pool. cPAF also activates previously silent boutons resulting in vesicle release from a larger number of terminals. The underlying mechanism involves elevated calcium within presynaptic boutons and protein kinase C activation. Furthermore, cPAF increases synapsin I phosphorylation at sites 1 and 3, and increases dispersion of synapsin I from the presynaptic compartment during stimulation, freeing synaptic vesicles for subsequent release. These findings provide a conceptual framework for how PAF, regardless of its cellular origin, can modulate synapses during normal and pathologic synaptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennetta W Hammond
- Center for Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Shao-Ming Lu
- Center for Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Harris A Gelbard
- Center for Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, USA
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12
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Helley M, Abate W, Jackson S, Bennett J, Thompson S. The expression of Toll-like receptor 4, 7 and co-receptors in neurochemical sub-populations of rat trigeminal ganglion sensory neurons. Neuroscience 2015; 310:686-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Morita K, Motoyama N, Kitayama T, Shiraishi S, Dohi T. [Pain relieving effect of platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonists in a bone cancer pain model]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2015; 146:87-92. [PMID: 26256746 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.146.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Yu Y, Zhang M, Zhang X, Cai Q, Zhu Z, Jiang W, Xu C. Transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor through platelet-activating factor/receptor in ovarian cancer cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:85. [PMID: 25261977 PMCID: PMC4189590 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-014-0085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background We previously identified platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) as being overexpressed in ovarian cancer and found that its ligand PAF evoked EGFR phosphorylation using the phospho-antibody microarray. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are also overexpressed in ovarian cancer and contribute to the growth of ovarian cancer cells. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of crosstalk between PAFR and EGFR signaling in ovarian cancer cells to further determine whether the interaction between PAFR and EGFR synergistic contribute to the progression of ovarian cancer. Methods Expression and localization of PAFR in several ovarian cancer cell lines were assessed by Western blot, realtime-PCR and immunofluorescence. The ovarian cancer cells were stimulated with PAF or PAF and in some experiments also pharmacological inhibitors. Phosphorylation of proteins in signaling pathways were measured by Western blot. HB-EGF concentrations of the supernatant from stimulated ovarian cancer cells were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Our data show that PAF increases EGFR phosphorylation through PAFR in a time- and dose- dependent manner in SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells. This transactivation is dependent on phospholipase C-β and intracellular calcium signaling. This pathway is also Src tyrosine kinase- and metalloproteinase- dependent. PAF triggers EGFR activation through the increased heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) release in metalloprotease-dependent manner. Several studies involving EGFR transactivation through G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) have demonstrated EGFR-dependent increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Yet in SKOV-3 cells, PAF treatment also increases ERK1/2 phosphorylation in a EGFR-independent manner. Conclusions The results suggest that in SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells, PAF transactivates EGFR and downstream ERK pathways, thus diversifying the GPCR-mediated signal. The crosstalk between PAFR and EGFR suggests a potentially important signaling linkage between inflammatory and growth factor signaling in ovarian cancer cells.
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15
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Hishikawa D, Hashidate T, Shimizu T, Shindou H. Diversity and function of membrane glycerophospholipids generated by the remodeling pathway in mammalian cells. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:799-807. [PMID: 24646950 PMCID: PMC3995458 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r046094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular membranes are composed of numerous kinds of glycerophospholipids with different combinations of polar heads at the sn-3 position and acyl moieties at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, respectively. The glycerophospholipid compositions of different cell types, organelles, and inner/outer plasma membrane leaflets are quite diverse. The acyl moieties of glycerophospholipids synthesized in the de novo pathway are subsequently remodeled by the action of phospholipases and lysophospholipid acyltransferases. This remodeling cycle contributes to the generation of membrane glycerophospholipid diversity and the production of lipid mediators such as fatty acid derivatives and lysophospholipids. Furthermore, specific glycerophospholipid transporters are also important to organize a unique glycerophospholipid composition in each organelle. Recent progress in this field contributes to understanding how and why membrane glycerophospholipid diversity is organized and maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hishikawa
- Department of Lipid Signaling, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
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16
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Sato KL, Johanek LM, Sanada LS, Sluka KA. Spinal cord stimulation reduces mechanical hyperalgesia and glial cell activation in animals with neuropathic pain. Anesth Analg 2014; 118:464-472. [PMID: 24361846 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is commonly used for neuropathic pain; the optimal variables and mechanisms of action are unclear. We tested whether modulation of SCS variables improved analgesia in animals with neuropathic pain by comparing 6-hour vs 30-minute duration and 50%, 75%, or 90% motor threshold (MT) intensity (amplitude). Furthermore, we examined whether maximally effective SCS reduced glial activation in the spinal cord in neuropathic animals. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats received the spared nerve injury model and were implanted with an epidural SCS lead. Animals were tested for mechanical withdrawal threshold of the paw before and 2 weeks after spared nerve injury, before and after SCS daily for 4 days, and 1, 4, and 9 days after SCS. Spinal cords were examined for the effects of SCS on glial cell activation. RESULTS The mechanical withdrawal threshold decreased, and glial immunoreactivity increased 2 weeks after spared nerve injury. For duration, 6-hour SCS significantly increased the mechanical withdrawal threshold when compared with 30-minute SCS or sham SCS; 30-minute SCS was greater than sham SCS. For intensity (amplitude), 90% MT SCS significantly increased the withdrawal threshold when compared with 75% MT SCS, 50% MT SCS, and sham SCS. Both 4 and 60 Hz SCS decreased glial activation (GFAP, MCP-1, and OX-42) in the spinal cord dorsal horn when compared with sham. CONCLUSIONS Six-hour duration SCS with 90% MT showed the largest increase in mechanical withdrawal threshold, suggesting that the variables of stimulation are important for clinical effectiveness. One potential mechanism for SCS may be to reduce glial activation at the level of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina L Sato
- From the Department of Physical Therapy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Morita K, Shiraishi S, Motoyama N, Kitayama T, Kanematsu T, Uezono Y, Dohi T. Palliation of bone cancer pain by antagonists of platelet-activating factor receptors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91746. [PMID: 24637403 PMCID: PMC3956712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone cancer pain is the most severe among cancer pain and is often resistant to current analgesics. Thus, the development of novel analgesics effective at treating bone cancer pain are desired. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonists were recently demonstrated to have effective pain relieving effects on neuropathic pain in several animal models. The present study examined the pain relieving effect of PAF receptor antagonists on bone cancer pain using the femur bone cancer (FBC) model in mice. Animals were injected with osteolytic NCTC2472 cells into the tibia, and subsequently the effects of PAF receptor antagonists on pain behaviors were evaluated. Chemical structurally different type of antagonists, TCV-309, BN 50739 and WEB 2086 ameliorated the allodynia and improved pain behaviors such as guarding behavior and limb-use abnormalities in FBC model mice. The pain relieving effects of these antagonists were achieved with low doses and were long lasting. Blockade of spinal PAF receptors by intrathecal injection of TCV-309 and WEB 2086 or knockdown of the expression of spinal PAF receptor protein by intrathecal transfer of PAF receptor siRNA also produced a pain relieving effect. The amount of an inducible PAF synthesis enzyme, lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2 (LPCAT2) protein significantly increased in the spinal cord after transplantation of NCTC 2472 tumor cells into mouse tibia. The combination of morphine with PAF receptor antagonists develops marked enhancement of the analgesic effect against bone cancer pain without affecting morphine-induced constipation. Repeated administration of TCV-309 suppressed the appearance of pain behaviors and prolonged survival of FBC mice. The present results suggest that PAF receptor antagonists in combination with, or without, opioids may represent a new strategy for the treatment of persistent bone cancer pain and improve the quality of life of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Morita
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Nursing, Hiroshima Bunka Gakuen University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Cancer Pathophysiology, Division National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Basic Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Seiji Shiraishi
- Cancer Pathophysiology, Division National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyo Motoyama
- Cancer Pathophysiology, Division National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Dental Science for Health Promotion, Division of Integrated Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kitayama
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Basic Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanematsu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Basic Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Uezono
- Cancer Pathophysiology, Division National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Dohi
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Piller N, Decosterd I, Suter MR. Reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction reference genes in the spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain: validation and literature search. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:266. [PMID: 23841944 PMCID: PMC3717014 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a widely used, highly sensitive laboratory technique to rapidly and easily detect, identify and quantify gene expression. Reliable RT-qPCR data necessitates accurate normalization with validated control genes (reference genes) whose expression is constant in all studied conditions. This stability has to be demonstrated. We performed a literature search for studies using quantitative or semi-quantitative PCR in the rat spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain to verify whether any reference genes had previously been validated. We then analyzed the stability over time of 7 commonly used reference genes in the nervous system – specifically in the spinal cord dorsal horn and the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). These were: Actin beta (Actb), Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ribosomal proteins 18S (18S), L13a (RPL13a) and L29 (RPL29), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1) and hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS). We compared the candidate genes and established a stability ranking using the geNorm algorithm. Finally, we assessed the number of reference genes necessary for accurate normalization in this neuropathic pain model. Results We found GAPDH, HMBS, Actb, HPRT1 and 18S cited as reference genes in literature on studies using the SNI model. Only HPRT1 and 18S had been once previously demonstrated as stable in RT-qPCR arrays. All the genes tested in this study, using the geNorm algorithm, presented gene stability values (M-value) acceptable enough for them to qualify as potential reference genes in both DRG and spinal cord. Using the coefficient of variation, 18S failed the 50% cut-off with a value of 61% in the DRG. The two most stable genes in the dorsal horn were RPL29 and RPL13a; in the DRG they were HPRT1 and Actb. Using a 0.15 cut-off for pairwise variations we found that any pair of stable reference gene was sufficient for the normalization process. Conclusions In the rat SNI model, we validated and ranked Actb, RPL29, RPL13a, HMBS, GAPDH, HPRT1 and 18S as good reference genes in the spinal cord. In the DRG, 18S did not fulfill stability criteria. The combination of any two stable reference genes was sufficient to provide an accurate normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Piller
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Avenue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kanda H, Kobayashi K, Yamanaka H, Noguchi K. COX-1-dependent prostaglandin D2 in microglia contributes to neuropathic pain via DP2 receptor in spinal neurons. Glia 2013; 61:943-56. [PMID: 23505121 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme synthesizes prostaglandins (PGs) from arachidonic acid and exists as two major isozymes, COX-1 and COX-2. The crucial role of prostaglandins in the pathogenesis of inflammatory pain in peripheral tissue and the spinal cord has been established; however its expression dynamics after peripheral nerve injury and its role in neuropathic pain are not clear. In this study, we examined the detailed expression patterns of genes for COX, PGD2 and thromboxane A2 synthases and their receptors in the spinal cord. Furthermore, we explored the altered gene expression of these molecules using the spared nerve injury (SNI) model. We also examined whether these molecules have a role in the development or maintenance of neuropathic pain. We found a number of interesting results in this study, the first was that COX-1 was constitutively expressed in the spinal cord and up-regulated in microglia located in laminae I-II after nerve injury. Second, COX-2 mRNA expression was induced in blood vessels after nerve injury. Third, TXA2 synthase and hematopoietic PGD synthase mRNAs were dramatically increased in the microglia after nerve injury. Finally, we found that intrathecal injection of a COX-1 inhibitor and DP2 receptor antagonist significantly attenuated the mechanical allodynia. Our findings indicate that PGD2 produced by microglia is COX-1 dependent, and that neurons in the spinal cord can receive PGD2 from microglia following peripheral nerve injury. We believe that PGD2 signaling via DP2 signaling pathway from microglia to neurons is one of the triggering factors for mechanical allodynia in this neuropathic pain model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirosato Kanda
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
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Motoyama N, Morita K, Kitayama T, Shiraishi S, Uezono Y, Nishimura F, Kanematsu T, Dohi T. Pain-releasing action of Platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonists in neuropathic pain animal models and the mechanisms of action. Eur J Pain 2013; 17:1156-67. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - T. Kitayama
- Department of Dental Pharmacology; Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Hiroshima; Japan
| | - S. Shiraishi
- Cancer Pathophysiology; Division National Cancer Center Research Institute; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Y. Uezono
- Cancer Pathophysiology; Division National Cancer Center Research Institute; Tokyo; Japan
| | - F. Nishimura
- Department of Dental Science for Health Promotion; Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Japan
| | - T. Kanematsu
- Department of Dental Pharmacology; Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Hiroshima; Japan
| | - T. Dohi
- Department of Pharmacotherapy; Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nihon Pharmaceutical University; Saitama; Japan
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The role of PAF/PAFR signaling in zymosan-induced articular inflammatory hyperalgesia. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0813-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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