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Bellinger D, Wehrmann K, Rohde A, Schuppert M, Störk S, Flohr-Jost M, Gall D, Pauli P, Deckert J, Herrmann MJ, Erhardt-Lehmann A. The application of virtual reality exposure versus relaxation training in music performance anxiety: a randomized controlled study. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:555. [PMID: 37528410 PMCID: PMC10394851 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Performance anxiety is the most frequently reported anxiety disorder among professional musicians. Typical symptoms are - on a physical level - the consequences of an increase in sympathetic tone with cardiac stress, such as acceleration of heartbeat, increase in blood pressure, increased respiratory rate and tremor up to nausea or flush reactions. These symptoms can cause emotional distress, a reduced musical and artistical performance up to an impaired functioning. While anxiety disorders are preferably treated using cognitive-behavioral therapy with exposure, this approach is rather difficult for treating music performance anxiety since the presence of a public or professional jury is required and not easily available. The use of virtual reality (VR) could therefore display an alternative. So far, no therapy studies on music performance anxiety applying virtual reality exposure therapy have investigated the therapy outcome including cardiovascular changes as outcome parameters. METHODS This mono-center, prospective, randomized and controlled clinical trial has a pre-post design with a follow-up period of 6 months. 46 professional and semi-professional musicians will be recruited and allocated randomly to an VR exposure group or a control group receiving progressive muscle relaxation training. Both groups will be treated over 4 single sessions. Music performance anxiety will be diagnosed based on a clinical interview using ICD-10 and DSM-5 criteria for specific phobia or social anxiety. A behavioral assessment test is conducted three times (pre, post, follow-up) in VR through an audition in a concert hall. Primary outcomes are the changes in music performance anxiety measured by the German Bühnenangstfragebogen and the cardiovascular reactivity reflected by heart rate variability (HRV). Secondary outcomes are changes in blood pressure, stress parameters such as cortisol in the blood and saliva, neuropeptides, and DNA-methylation. DISCUSSION The trial investigates the effect of VR exposure in musicians with performance anxiety compared to a relaxation technique on anxiety symptoms and corresponding cardiovascular parameters. We expect a reduction of anxiety but also a consecutive improvement of HRV with cardiovascular protective effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov. (ClinicalTrials.gov Number: NCT05735860).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bellinger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Center for Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Kristin Wehrmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Center for Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Rohde
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Center for Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Störk
- Department Clinical Research & Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Würzburg, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Flohr-Jost
- Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy), Center for Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Gall
- Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy), Center for Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul Pauli
- Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy), Center for Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Deckert
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Center for Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin J Herrmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Center for Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Angelika Erhardt-Lehmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Center for Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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2
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Ackermann BJ, McCrary JM, Miller C, Dick R, Guptill C. An Intensive Continuing Education Course to Enhance Care of the Performing Arts Athlete: The "Essentials of Performing Arts Medicine". Curr Sports Med Rep 2022; 21:454-459. [PMID: 36508602 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000001021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Randall Dick
- Health and Safety Sports Consultants, LLC, Carmel, IN
| | - Christine Guptill
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, CANADA
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3
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Jha S, Stogios N, de Oliveira AS, Thomas S, Nolan RP. Getting Into the Zone: A Pilot Study of Autonomic-Cardiac Modulation and Flow State During Piano Performance. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:853733. [PMID: 35492712 PMCID: PMC9044034 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.853733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Music performance anxiety is a common experience among elite and professional musicians and impedes performers from achieving flow state, or a state of focused, sustained engagement that promotes optimal performance. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to use heart rate variability (HRV) to determine the psychophysiological underpinnings of optimal music performance. METHODS We assessed HRV to study how autonomic-cardiac modulation was associated with flow during piano performance. Twenty-two pianists (15-22 years) with at least a Grade 8 Royal Conservatory of Music certification prepared two standardized pieces and a self-selected piece. Performer heart rate data were measured with a Polar 800 watch in 5-min periods immediately before performances, during performances and post-performance. HRV was employed to assess autonomic modulation of cardiac intervals. HRV indices of sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation of the heart were analyzed in 2.5-min segments to monitor short-term autonomic adjustments using the Kubios HRV Software. Flow state was measured using the 36-item Flow State Scale (FSS). Relationships were analyzed using zero-order correlations and multiple linear regressions. RESULTS Our sample consisted of 22 RCM Grade 8 certified pianists. Participants achieved the highest level of flow during performance of the Bach piece. Decreased HRV was observed during performance, as indicated by a significant drop in total power. Flow state was positively associated with High Frequency (HF) power during the pre-performance phase, and inversely associated with Low Frequency (LF) power during performance. CONCLUSION Inverse association of flow with LF-HRV during performance affirms the importance of vagal-HR modulation for achievement of flow state. Increased HF-HRV and reduced LF-HRV immediately prior to performance suggests that flow state may be shaped as much by physiological preparation during pre-performance as it is by physiologic responses during performance. Further research is required to validate the correlation between autonomic modulation of the heart and flow state. Evidence of this correlation between autonomic modulation of the heart and achievement of flow state may pave the way for further research on enhancing musical performance and targeting MPA through HRV-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Jha
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Music, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicolette Stogios
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Scott Thomas
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert P Nolan
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Cardiac eHealth and Behavioural Cardiology Research Unit, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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4
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Worschech F, Marie D, Jünemann K, Sinke C, Krüger THC, Großbach M, Scholz DS, Abdili L, Kliegel M, James CE, Altenmüller E. Improved Speech in Noise Perception in the Elderly After 6 Months of Musical Instruction. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:696240. [PMID: 34305522 PMCID: PMC8299120 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.696240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding speech in background noise poses a challenge in daily communication, which is a particular problem among the elderly. Although musical expertise has often been suggested to be a contributor to speech intelligibility, the associations are mostly correlative. In the present multisite study conducted in Germany and Switzerland, 156 healthy, normal-hearing elderly were randomly assigned to either piano playing or music listening/musical culture groups. The speech reception threshold was assessed using the International Matrix Test before and after a 6 month intervention. Bayesian multilevel modeling revealed an improvement of both groups over time under binaural conditions. Additionally, the speech reception threshold of the piano group decreased during stimuli presentation to the left ear. A right ear improvement only occurred in the German piano group. Furthermore, improvements were predominantly found in women. These findings are discussed in the light of current neuroscientific theories on hemispheric lateralization and biological sex differences. The study indicates a positive transfer from musical training to speech processing, probably supported by the enhancement of auditory processing and improvement of general cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Worschech
- Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians’ Medicine, Hanover University of Music, Drama and Media, Hanover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
| | - Damien Marie
- Geneva Musical Minds Lab, Geneva School of Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Jünemann
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Sexual Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Christopher Sinke
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Sexual Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Tillmann H. C. Krüger
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Sexual Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Michael Großbach
- Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians’ Medicine, Hanover University of Music, Drama and Media, Hanover, Germany
| | - Daniel S. Scholz
- Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians’ Medicine, Hanover University of Music, Drama and Media, Hanover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
| | - Laura Abdili
- Geneva Musical Minds Lab, Geneva School of Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Kliegel
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Clara E. James
- Geneva Musical Minds Lab, Geneva School of Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eckart Altenmüller
- Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians’ Medicine, Hanover University of Music, Drama and Media, Hanover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
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Vaag J, Bjerkeset O, Sivertsen B. Anxiety and Depression Symptom Level and Psychotherapy Use Among Music and Art Students Compared to the General Student Population. Front Psychol 2021; 12:607927. [PMID: 34262500 PMCID: PMC8273161 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.607927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Previous epidemiological studies have shown higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms among professional musicians, compared to the general workforce. Similar findings have been observed for psychotherapy use among musicians. To date, large-scale investigations of prevalence rates among music and arts students are lacking. Methods: Eight hundred and eighty students from music and arts institutions and faculties were derived from a national health student survey for higher education in Norway (the SHoT study). They were compared to a sample of the general student population (n = 48,729). We used logistic regression analysis, adjusting for age, sex, and semesters of study. Results: Music and arts students reported higher rates of anxiety [OR 1.60 (1.38-1.85), Prevalence difference (PD) 9.6 (6.3-12.8)] and depression symptoms [OR 1.41 (1.22-1.62), PD 7.9 (4.5-11.2)] compared to the general student force. Similar patterns were observed for self-reported mental disorders [OR 1.71 (1.46-2.01), PD 8.1 (5.3-11.0)], as well as psychotherapy use [OR 1.91 (1.60-2.29), PD 7.4 (4.9-9.9)] in music and arts students. Conclusions: Our findings are consistent with studies comparing musicians to the general workforce, and indicate that challenges also exist at student level, and not only after becoming a professional in the performing arts, which is important when planning health-related measures. These findings have the potential to inform on health promotion and services in the educational system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Vaag
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ottar Bjerkeset
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.,Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Børge Sivertsen
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Research and Innovation, Fonna Hospital Trust, Haugesund, Norway
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6
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Chi JY, Halaki M, Ackermann BJ. Ergonomics in violin and piano playing: A systematic review. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2020; 88:103143. [PMID: 32678769 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to evaluate whether muscle activity and playing-related musculoskeletal disorders are associated with musicians' anthropometrics and their instrument size or set-up during violin and piano performance. Studies were retrieved systematically from six databases on 1 April 2019 combined with hand searching results. The Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS tool) was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included papers. A total of twenty articles were identified. Most included studies focussed on either the adjustment of the shoulder rest in violinists, or the hand size in pianists. However, methodological quality was inconsistent. The electromyography data reported by the included studies were not appropriately processed and interpreted. Studies generally reported the use of a shoulder rest changes muscle activity and smaller hand size is correlated to increased playing-related musculoskeletal disorders incidence. However, no conclusions can be drawn due to heterogeneity and low quality of methodology in the available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yang Chi
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Room 132, RC Mills A26, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
| | - Mark Halaki
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 75 East Street, Lidcombe, New South Wales, 2141, Australia
| | - Bronwen J Ackermann
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Room 132, RC Mills A26, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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7
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Araújo LS, Wasley D, Redding E, Atkins L, Perkins R, Ginsborg J, Williamon A. Fit to Perform: A Profile of Higher Education Music Students' Physical Fitness. Front Psychol 2020; 11:298. [PMID: 32210876 PMCID: PMC7066496 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical demands of music making are well acknowledged, but understanding of musicians' physical and fitness profiles is nonetheless limited, especially those of advanced music students who are training to enter music's competitive professional landscape. To gain insight into how physical fitness is associated with music making, this study investigated music students' fitness levels on several standardized indicators. Four hundred and eighty three students took part in a fitness screening protocol that included measurements of lung function, flexibility (hypermobility, shoulder range of motion, sit and reach), strength and endurance (hand grip, plank, press-up), and sub-maximal cardiovascular fitness (3-min step test), as well as self-reported physical activity (IPAQ-SF). Participants scored within age-appropriate ranges on lung function, shoulder range of motion, grip strength, and cardiovascular fitness. Their results for the plank, press-up, and sit and reach were poor by comparison. Reported difficulty (22%) and pain (17%) in internal rotation of the right shoulder were also found. Differences between instrument groups and levels of study were observed on some measures. In particular, brass players showed greater lung function and grip strength compared with other groups, and postgraduate students on the whole were able to maintain the plank for longer but also demonstrated higher hypermobility and lower lung function and cardiovascular fitness than undergraduate students. Seventy-nine percent of participants exceeded the minimum recommended weekly amount of physical activity, but this was mostly based on walking activities. Singers were the most physically active group, and keyboard players, composers, and conductors were the least active. IPAQ-SF scores correlated positively with lung function, sit and reach, press-up and cardiovascular fitness suggesting that, in the absence of time and resources to carry out comprehensive physical assessments, this one measure alone can provide useful insight into musicians' fitness. The findings show moderate levels of general health-related fitness, and we discuss whether moderate fitness is enough for people undertaking physically and mentally demanding music making. We argue that musicians could benefit from strengthening their supportive musculature and enhancing their awareness of strength imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana S Araújo
- Centre for Performance Science, Royal College of Music, London, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Wasley
- Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Redding
- Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Atkins
- Centre for Performance Science, Royal College of Music, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Perkins
- Centre for Performance Science, Royal College of Music, London, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Ginsborg
- Royal Northern College of Music, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Williamon
- Centre for Performance Science, Royal College of Music, London, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Vaag J, Saksvik-Lehouillier I, Bjørngaard JH, Bjerkeset O. Sleep Difficulties and Insomnia Symptoms in Norwegian Musicians Compared to the General Population and Workforce. Behav Sleep Med 2016; 14:325-42. [PMID: 26337077 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2015.1007991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sleep problems are reported as common among performing artists and musicians. However, epidemiological research comparing musicians to different groups of the general population is lacking. For this study, 4,168 members of the Norwegian Musician's Union were invited to an online survey regarding work and health. Of the 2,121 (51%) respondents, 1,607 were active performing musicians. We measured prevalence of insomnia symptoms using the Bergen Insomnia Scale (BIS), and compared this sample to a representative sample of the general Norwegian population (n = 2,645). Overall, musicians had higher prevalence of insomnia symptoms compared to the general population (Prevalence Difference 6.9, 95% Confidence Interval 3.9-10.0). Item response analysis showed that this difference was mainly explained by nonrestorative sleep and dissatisfaction with sleep among musicians. An additional analysis, comparing musicians to the general Norwegian workforce (n = 8,518) on sleep difficulties, confirmed this tendency (Prevalence Difference 6.2, 95% Confidence Interval 4.3-8.1). Musicians performing classical, contemporary, rock, and country music reported the highest prevalence of insomnia, and these genres might be of special interest when developing preventative measures, treatment strategies, and further research on sleep difficulties among musicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Vaag
- a Department of Psychiatry , Nord-Trøndelag Health Trust , Norway.,b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Norway
| | - Ingvild Saksvik-Lehouillier
- c Faculty of Social Sciences and Technology Management, Department of Psychology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Norway
| | - Johan Håkon Bjørngaard
- d Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and General Practice , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Norway.,e Forensic Department and Research Centre Brøset , St. Olav's University Hospital Trondheim , Norway
| | - Ottar Bjerkeset
- b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Norway.,f Faculty of Health Sciences , Nord-Trøndelag University College , Norway
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9
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MCCRARY JMATT, HALAKI MARK, SORKIN EVGENY, ACKERMANN BRONWENJ. Acute Warm-up Effects in Submaximal Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:307-15. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Vas József P. A Theory Upon Origin of Implicit Musical Language. Health Psychol Res 2015; 3:1932. [PMID: 26973966 PMCID: PMC4768528 DOI: 10.4081/hpr.2015.1932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The author suggests that the origin of musicality is implied in an implicit musical language every human being possesses in uterus due to a resonance and attunement with prenatal environment, mainly the mother. It is emphasized that ego-development and evolving implicit musical language can be regarded as parallel processes. To support this idea a lot of examples of musical representations are demonstrated by the author. Music is viewed as a tone of ego-functioning involving the musical representations of bodily and visceral senses, cross-modal perception, unity of sense of self, individual fate of ego, and tripolar and bipolar musical coping codes. Finally, a special form of music therapy is shown to illustrate how can implicit musical language be transformed into explicit language by virtue of participants' spontaneity, creativity, and playfulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Vas József
- Psychotherapy Department, Borsod University Hospital, Miskolc, Hungary
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11
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Kunikullaya KU, Goturu J, Muradi V, Hukkeri PA, Kunnavil R, Doreswamy V, Prakash VS, Murthy NS. Music versus lifestyle on the autonomic nervous system of prehypertensives and hypertensives--a randomized control trial. Complement Ther Med 2015; 23:733-40. [PMID: 26365454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ragas of Indian music are said to be beneficial in normalizing blood pressure (BP). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of passive listening to relaxing raga on the autonomic functions of hypertensives and prehypertensives and provide scientific evidence. METHODS Ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional review board. A prospective, randomized controlled trial was done on hundred prehypertensives/stage I hypertensives, randomly divided into two groups (n=50 in each). Group 1 received music intervention along with lifestyle modifications while Group 2 received only lifestyle modifications (according to Joint national committee VII guidelines). Group 1 listened to raga bhimpalas played on flute for 15min daily for at least 5 days/week for 3 months. The main outcome measures were heart rate variability (HRV) (Power lab 15T, AD Instruments), BP and stress levels (State Trait anxiety inventory score). All HRV variables were log transformed for analysis. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 18.0 with P<0.05 being considered statistically significant. RESULTS Group 1 exhibited significant reduction in stress levels, diastolic BP and systolic BP decreased in Group 2 after intervention. Insignificant rise in parasympathetic parameters of HRV (SDNN, RMSSD, HF ms(2), HF nu) was seen after intervention in both the groups. We found significantly increased parasympathetic and lower sympathetic parameters (LF ms(2), LF nu, LF/HF) in Group 1 and 2 males and females of Group 2. The results suggest that females of Group 1 were least compliant with the given intervention. CONCLUSIONS Passive listening to Indian music along with conventional lifestyle modifications has a role in normalizing BP through autonomic function modification and thus can be used as a complementary therapy along with other lifestyle modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirthana Ubrangala Kunikullaya
- Department of Physiology, M.S. Ramaiah Medical College and teaching hospitals, MSR Nagar, MSRIT Post, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Jaisri Goturu
- Department of Physiology, M.S. Ramaiah Medical College and teaching hospitals, MSR Nagar, MSRIT Post, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijayadas Muradi
- Department of Physiology, M.S. Ramaiah Medical College and teaching hospitals, MSR Nagar, MSRIT Post, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Preethi Avinash Hukkeri
- Department of Physiology, M.S. Ramaiah Medical College and teaching hospitals, MSR Nagar, MSRIT Post, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Radhika Kunnavil
- Department of Community Medicine, M.S. Ramaiah Medical College and teaching hospitals, MSR Nagar, MSRIT Post, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Venkatesh Doreswamy
- Department of Physiology, M.S. Ramaiah Medical College and teaching hospitals, MSR Nagar, MSRIT Post, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vadagenahalli S Prakash
- Department of Cardiology, M.S. Ramaiah Medical College and teaching hospitals, MSR Nagar, MSRIT Post, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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12
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Heart rate of a professional bullfighter in training and real bullfight. ARCHIVOS DE CARDIOLOGIA DE MEXICO 2015; 85:84-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acmx.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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13
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Vaag J, Giæver F, Bjerkeset O. Specific demands and resources in the career of the Norwegian freelance musician. Arts Health 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/17533015.2013.863789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Williamon A, Aufegger L, Wasley D, Looney D, Mandic DP. Complexity of physiological responses decreases in high-stress musical performance. J R Soc Interface 2013; 10:20130719. [PMID: 24068177 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For musicians, performing in front of an audience can cause considerable apprehension; indeed, performance anxiety is felt throughout the profession, with wide ranging symptoms arising irrespective of age, skill level and amount of practice. A key indicator of stress is frequency-specific fluctuations in the dynamics of heart rate known as heart rate variability (HRV). Recent developments in sensor technology have made possible the measurement of physiological parameters reflecting HRV non-invasively and outside of the laboratory, opening research avenues for real-time performer feedback to help improve stress management. However, the study of stress using standard algorithms has led to conflicting and inconsistent results. Here, we present an innovative and rigorous approach which combines: (i) a controlled and repeatable experiment in which the physiological response of an expert musician was evaluated in a low-stress performance and a high-stress recital for an audience of 400 people, (ii) a piece of music with varying physical and cognitive demands, and (iii) dynamic stress level assessment with standard and state-of-the-art HRV analysis algorithms such as those within the domain of complexity science which account for higher order stress signatures. We show that this offers new scope for interpreting the autonomic nervous system response to stress in real-world scenarios, with the evolution of stress levels being consistent with the difficulty of the music being played, superimposed on the stress caused by performing in front of an audience. For an emerging class of algorithms that can analyse HRV independent of absolute data scaling, it is shown that complexity science performs a more accurate assessment of average stress levels, thus providing greater insight into the degree of physiological change experienced by musicians when performing in public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Williamon
- Centre for Performance Science, Royal College of Music, , Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BS, UK
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15
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Rietveld ABM, Macfarlane JD, de Haas GJF. Some thoughts on the prevention of complaints in musicians and dancers. Clin Rheumatol 2013; 32:449-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-013-2195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Burggraaf JLI, Elffers TW, Segeth FM, Austie FMC, Plug MB, Gademan MGJ, Maan AC, Man S, de Muynck M, Soekkha T, Simonsz A, van der Wall EE, Schalij MJ, Swenne CA. Neurocardiological differences between musicians and control subjects. Neth Heart J 2013; 21:183-8. [PMID: 23283752 DOI: 10.1007/s12471-012-0372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise training is beneficial in health and disease. Part of the training effect materialises in the brainstem due to the exercise-associated somatosensory nerve traffic. Because active music making also involves somatosensory nerve traffic, we hypothesised that this will have training effects resembling those of physical exercise. METHODS We compared two groups of healthy, young subjects between 18 and 30 years: 25 music students (13/12 male/female, group M) and 28 controls (12/16 male/female, group C), peers, who were non-musicians. Measurement sessions to determine resting heart rate, resting blood pressure and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) were held during morning hours. RESULTS Groups M and C did not differ significantly in age (21.4 ± 3.0 vs 21.2 ± 3.1 years), height (1.79 ± 0.11 vs 1.77 ± 0.10 m), weight (68.0 ± 9.1 vs 66.8 ± 10.4 kg), body mass index (21.2 ± 2.5 vs 21.3 ± 2.4 kg∙m(-2)) and physical exercise volume (39.3 ± 38.8 vs 36.6 ± 23.6 metabolic equivalent hours/week). Group M practised music daily for 1.8 ± 0.7 h. In group M heart rate (65.1 ± 10.6 vs 68.8 ± 8.3 beats/min, trend P =0.08), systolic blood pressure (114.2 ± 8.7 vs 120.3 ± 10.0 mmHg, P = 0.01), diastolic blood pressure (65.0 ± 6.1 vs 71.0 ± 6.2 mmHg, P < 0.01) and mean blood pressure (83.7 ± 6.4 vs 89.4 ± 7.1, P < 0.01) were lower than in group C. BRS in groups M and C was 12.9 ± 6.7 and 11.3 ± 5.8 ms/mmHg, respectively (P = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study suggest that active music making has training effects resembling those of physical exercise training. Our study opens a new perspective, in which active music making, additionally to being an artistic activity, renders concrete health benefits for the musician.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L I Burggraaf
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
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