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Ushasree MV, Jia Q, Do SG, Lee EY. New opportunities and perspectives on biosynthesis and bioactivities of secondary metabolites from Aloe vera. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 72:108325. [PMID: 38395206 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Historically, the genus Aloe has been an indispensable part of both traditional and modern medicine. Decades of intensive research have unveiled the major bioactive secondary metabolites of this plant. Recent pandemic outbreaks have revitalized curiosity in aloe metabolites, as they have proven pharmacokinetic profiles and repurposable chemical space. However, the structural complexity of these metabolites has hindered scientific advances in the chemical synthesis of these compounds. Multi-omics research interventions have transformed aloe research by providing insights into the biosynthesis of many of these compounds, for example, aloesone, aloenin, noreugenin, aloin, saponins, and carotenoids. Here, we summarize the biological activities of major aloe secondary metabolites with a focus on their mechanism of action. We also highlight the recent advances in decoding the aloe metabolite biosynthetic pathways and enzymatic machinery linked with these pathways. Proof-of-concept studies on in vitro, whole-cell, and microbial synthesis of aloe compounds have also been briefed. Research initiatives on the structural modification of various aloe metabolites to expand their chemical space and activity are detailed. Further, the technological limitations, patent status, and prospects of aloe secondary metabolites in biomedicine have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrudulakumari Vasudevan Ushasree
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Qi Jia
- Unigen, Inc., 2121 South street suite 400 Tacoma, Washington 98405, USA
| | - Seon Gil Do
- Naturetech, Inc., 29-8, Yongjeong-gil, Chopyeong-myeon, Jincheon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 27858, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
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Sirak B, Bizuneh GK, Imming P, Asres K. In vitro and in vivo antitrypanosomal activity of the fresh leaves of Ranunculus Multifidus Forsk and its major compound anemonin against Trypanosoma congolense field isolate. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:32. [PMID: 38279149 PMCID: PMC10821574 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal trypanosomiasis is a major livestock problem due to its socioeconomic impacts in tropical countries. Currently used trypanocides are toxic, expensive, and the parasites have developed resistance to the existing drugs, which calls for an urgent need of new effective and safe chemotherapeutic agents from alternative sources such as medicinal plants. In Ethiopian traditional medicine fresh leaves of Ranunculus multifidus Forsk, are used for the treatment of animal trypanosomiasis. The present study aimed to evaluate the antitrypanosomal activity of the fresh leaves of R. multifidus and its major compound anemonin against Trypanosoma congolense field isolate. METHODS Fresh leaves of R. multifidus were extracted by maceration with 80% methanol and hydro-distillation to obtain the corresponding extracts. Anemonin was isolated from the hydro-distilled extract by preparative TLC. For the in vitro assay, 0.1, 0.4, 2 and 4 mg/ml of the test substances were incubated with parasites and cessation or drop in motility of the parasites was monitored for a total duration of 1 h. In the in vivo assay, the test substances were administered intraperitoneally daily for 7 days to mice infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Diminazene aceturate and 1% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. RESULTS Both extracts showed antitrypanosomal activity although the hydro-distilled extract demonstrated superior activity compared to the hydroalcoholic extract. At a concentration of 4 mg/ml, the hydro-distilled extract drastically reduced motility of trypanosomes within 20 min. Similarly, anemonin at the same concentration completely immobilized trypanosomes within 5 min of incubation, while diminazene aceturate (28.00 mg/kg/day) immobilized the parasites within 10 min. In the in vivo antitrypanosomal assay, anemonin eliminates parasites at all the tested doses (8.75, 17.00 and 35.00 mg/kg/day) and prevented relapse, while in diminazene aceturate-treated mice the parasites reappeared on days 12 to 14. CONCLUSIONS The current study demonstrated that the fresh leaves of R. multifidus possess genuine antitrypanosomal activity supporting the use of the plant for the treatment of animal trypanosomiasis in traditional medicine. Furthermore, anemonin appears to be responsible for the activity suggesting its potential as a scaffold for the development of safe and cost effective antitrypanosomal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betelhem Sirak
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, P.O. Box 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Gizachew Kassahun Bizuneh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Peter Imming
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kaleab Asres
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Medicinal plants as potential therapeutic agents for trypanosomosis: a systematic review. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-022-00662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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4
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Yang Y, Wu JJ, Xia J, Wan Y, Xu JF, Zhang L, Liu D, Chen L, Tang F, Ao H, Peng C. Can aloin develop to medicines or healthcare products? Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Ayalew H, Tewelde E, Abebe B, Alebachew Y, Tadesse S. Endemic medicinal plants of Ethiopia: Ethnomedicinal uses, biological activities and chemical constituents. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 293:115307. [PMID: 35452775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Around 80% of Ethiopians rely on traditional medicinal plants to treat a variety of ailments, and the country is home to a number of endemic plants, making it part of East Africa's hotspot of biodiversity. Despite widespread acceptance of endemic medicinal plants among the local community, comprehensive documentation of their therapeutic uses and phytochemistry is lacking. This review thus provides the first comprehensive appraisal of traditional use, pharmacological properties and phytochemistry of Ethiopian endemic medicinal plants. By storing and preserving indigenous and scientific knowledge about the medicinal benefits of the plants, such documentation generates information database for the future. It also aids the conservation of key medicinal plants along with translational research to accelerate the development of pharmaceuticals. AIM OF THE REVIEW The aims of this review are to collect and document current information on the ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry, and biological activities of Ethiopian endemic medicinal plants, identify research gaps, and provide perspectives and suggestions for future research on the plants as potential sources of pharmaceuticals. MATERIALS & METHODS A comprehensive literature review using electronic databases such as Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Wiley Online Library was conducted for collecting relevant information. The World Flora Online (WFO) database and the International Plant Names Index (IPNI) were utilized to authenticate the taxonomic information of the plants. Chemical structures were drawn using ChemBioDraw Ultra 12.1 and verified via PubChem. RESULTS The present review has identified 412 Ethiopian endemic plants. Out of the 412 endemic plants species recorded for Ethiopia 44 are medicinally valuable to mitigate a myriad of diseases, and nine (27.3%) of them are endangered. Our literature survey also found out that a total of 74 compounds were isolated and characterized from the endemic plants, with phenolics accounting for the majority of them (66.2%). The plants exhibited antimalarial, antimicrobial, anticancer, anthelmintic, mosquitocidal, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. CONCLUSION The work has resulted in an up-to-date inventory of Ethiopia's endemic flora, as well as the identification of species with traditional medicinal uses. The pharmacological activity and phytochemistry of numerous endemic plants with various traditional therapeutic claims are yet to be researched scientifically. Scientific validation of the herbal remedies, including evidence-based safety and efficacy studies are, therefore, crucial. The endangered medicinal plants must be conserved in order for local communities to have access to them in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiwot Ayalew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Eyael Tewelde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Besufekad Abebe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Yonatan Alebachew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Solomon Tadesse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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In Vitro Antileishmanial and Antitrypanosomal Activities of Plicataloside Isolated from the Leaf Latex of Aloe rugosifolia Gilbert & Sebsebe (Asphodelaceae). MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041400. [PMID: 35209185 PMCID: PMC8874434 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis are among the major neglected diseases that affect poor people, mainly in developing countries. In Ethiopia, the latex of Aloe rugosifolia Gilbert & Sebsebe is traditionally used for the treatment of protozoal diseases, among others. In this study, the in vitro antitrypanosomal activity of the leaf latex of A. rugosifolia was evaluated against Trypanosoma congolense field isolate using in vitro motility and in vivo infectivity tests. The latex was also tested against the promastigotes of Leishmania aethiopica and L. donovani clinical isolates using alamar blue assay. Preparative thin-layer chromatography of the latex afforded a naphthalene derivative identified as plicataloside (2,8-O,O-di-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2,8-trihydroxy-3-methyl-naphthalene) by means of spectroscopic techniques (HRESI-MS, 1H, 13C-NMR). Results of the study demonstrated that at 4.0 mg/mL concentration plicataloside arrested mobility of trypanosomes within 30 min of incubation period. Furthermore, plicataloside completely eliminated subsequent infectivity in mice for 30 days at concentrations of 4.0 and 2.0 mg/mL. Plicataloside also displayed antileishmanial activity against the promastigotes of L. aethopica and L. donovani with IC50 values 14.22 ± 0.41 µg/mL (27.66 ± 0.80 µM) and 18.86 ± 0.03 µg/mL (36.69 ± 0.06 µM), respectively. Thus, plicataloside may be used as a scaffold for the development of novel drugs effective against trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis.
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Acute oral toxicity test from leaf exudates of 17 Aloe species from East and South of the Great Rift Valley in Ethiopia. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-020-00497-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Antimicrobial Evaluation of Latex and TLC Fractions from the Leaves of Aloe adigratana Reynolds. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8312471. [PMID: 32308717 PMCID: PMC7139876 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8312471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background The highest prevalence and emergence of microbial infections coupled with the threat of antimicrobial resistance constitute a global concern, which entails searching for novel antimicrobial agents. Medicinal plants are among the major sources of medicines for novel drug discovery. Aloe adigratana is one of the endemic Aloe species in Ethiopia where the leaf latex of the plant is traditionally used for the treatment of various pathogenic conditions such as wound, dandruff, malaria, and diabetes. In spite of such claims, there was no scientific study done so far. The aim of the current study was, therefore, to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of leaf latex of A. adigratana and its thin layer chromatography (TLC) fractions. Methods Thin layer chromatography (TLC) separation was employed for isolation of bioactive compounds. Agar well diffusion and microdilution assay method were used to evaluate the antimicrobial actions of the leaf latex and TLC fractions against six bacterial strains and four Candida species of reference and clinical isolate microbial strains. Results Three major fractions, AA01, AA02, and AA03, were identified by TLC. Among the tested microbial strains, the reference strain of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (MIC = 0.06 mg/mL) and clinical Candida krusei 242/18 (MIC = 0.14 mg/mL) exhibited higher susceptibility towards AA02, while reference strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603 (MIC = 0.19 mg/mL) revealed the highest susceptibility towards AA01. The leaf latex displayed the highest activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and clinical Candida krusei 242/18 with a MIC value of 0.19 mg/mL. Conclusion The leaf latex and TLC fractions were found to be active against the tested bacterial and Candida species. Therefore, this finding supports the traditional claim of Aloe adigratana and the need for characterization of the TLC fractions to provide as lead compounds for further comprehensive antibacterial and antifungal activities.
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Sass G, Tsamo AT, Chounda GAM, Nangmo PK, Sayed N, Bozzi A, Wu JC, Nkengfack AE, Stevens DA. Vismione B Interferes with Trypanosoma cruzi Infection of Vero Cells and Human Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:1359-1368. [PMID: 31571568 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional African medicine is a source of new molecules that might be useful in modern therapeutics. We tested ten limonoids, six quinones, one xanthone, one alkaloid, and one cycloartane, isolated from four Cameroonian medicinal plants, and one plant-associated endophytic fungus, against Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease (CD). Vero cells, or human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) were infected with T. cruzi trypomastigotes (discrete typing unit types I or II). Infection took place in the presence of drugs, or 24 hours before drug treatment. Forty-eight hours after infection, infection rates and parasite multiplication were evaluated by Giemsa stain. Cell metabolism was measured to determine functional integrity. In Vero cells, several individual molecules significantly affected T. cruzi infection and multiplication with no, or minor, effects on cell viability. Reduced infection rates and multiplication by the quinone vismione B was superior to the commonly used therapeutic benznidazole (BNZ). The vismione B concentration inhibiting 50% of T. cruzi infection (IC50) was 1.3 µM. When drug was applied after infection, anti-Trypanosoma effects of vismione B [10 µM) were significantly stronger than effects of BNZ (23 µM). Furthermore, in hiPSC-CM cultures, infection and multiplication rates in the presence of vismione B (10 µM) were significantly lower than in BNZ (11.5 µM), without showing signs of cytotoxicity. Our data indicate that vismione B is more potent against T. cruzi infection and multiplication than BNZ, with stronger effects on established infection. Vismione B, therefore, might become a promising lead molecule for treatment development for CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sass
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California
| | - Armelle T Tsamo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Gwladys A M Chounda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Pamela K Nangmo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nazish Sayed
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Adriana Bozzi
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Institute of Research René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Augustin E Nkengfack
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - David A Stevens
- Institute of Research René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California
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Huang CT, Hung CY, Hseih YC, Chang CS, Velu AB, He YC, Huang YL, Chen TA, Chen TC, Lin CY, Lin YC, Shih SR, Dutta A. Effect of aloin on viral neuraminidase and hemagglutinin-specific T cell immunity in acute influenza. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 64:152904. [PMID: 31454654 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Millions of people are infected by the influenza virus worldwide every year. Current selections of anti-influenza agents are limited and their effectiveness and drug resistance are still of concern. PURPOSE Investigation on in vitro and in vivo effect of aloin from Aloe vera leaves against influenza virus infection. METHODS In vitro antiviral property of aloin was measured by plaque reduction assay in which MDCK cells were infected with oseltamivir-sensitive A(H1N1)pdm09, oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1)pdm09, H1N1 or H3N2 influenza A or with influenza B viruses in the presence of aloin. In vivo activity was tested in H1N1 influenza virus infected mice. Aloin-mediated inhibition of influenza neuraminidase activity was tested by MUNANA assay. Aloin treatment-mediated modulation of anti-influenza immunity was tested by the study of hemagglutinin-specific T cells in vivo. RESULTS Aloin significantly reduced in vitro infection by all the tested strains of influenza viruses, including oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza viruses, with an average IC50 value 91.83 ± 18.97 μM. In H1N1 influenza virus infected mice, aloin treatment (intraperitoneal, once daily for 5 days) reduced virus load in the lungs and attenuated body weight loss and mortality. Adjuvant aloin treatment also improved the outcome with delayed oseltamivir treatment. Aloin inhibited viral neuraminidase and impeded neuraminidase-mediated TGF-β activation. Viral neuraminidase mediated immune suppression with TGF-β was constrained and influenza hemagglutinin-specific T cell immunity was increased. There was more infiltration of hemagglutinin-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the lungs and their production of effector cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α was boosted. CONCLUSION Aloin from Aloe vera leaves is a potent anti-influenza compound that inhibits viral neuraminidase activity, even of the oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus. With suppression of this virus machinery, aloin boosts host immunity with augmented hemagglutinin-specific T cell response to the infection. In addition, in the context of compromised benefit with delayed oseltamivir treatment, adjuvant aloin treatment ameliorates the disease and improves survival. Taken together, aloin has the potential to be further evaluated for clinical applications in human influenza.
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MESH Headings
- Aloe/chemistry
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Drug Resistance, Viral
- Emodin/analogs & derivatives
- Emodin/pharmacology
- Hemagglutinins/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/enzymology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/enzymology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza B virus/drug effects
- Influenza B virus/enzymology
- Influenza B virus/immunology
- Influenza, Human/drug therapy
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neuraminidase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Oseltamivir/pharmacology
- Plant Leaves/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Viral Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Tai Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan- 33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan-33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yiu Hung
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan-33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Hseih
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan- 33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Shiang Chang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan- 33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Arul Balaji Velu
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections and Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan- 33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Chia He
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan- 33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan- 33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Ting-An Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan- 33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Ching Chen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan-33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan-33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Lin
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan-33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan- 33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chang Lin
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan-33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan- 33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections and Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan- 33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Avijit Dutta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan- 33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
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Antileishmanial Evaluation of the Leaf Latex of Aloe macrocarpa, Aloin A/B, and Its Semisynthetic Derivatives against Two Leishmania Species. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:4736181. [PMID: 30915146 PMCID: PMC6409032 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4736181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The currently available antileishmanial drugs are either toxic or too expensive for routine use in developing countries where the disease is most common. Local people in the Somalia region of Ethiopia use the leaves of Aloe macrocarpa Todaro for the treatment of malaria, jaundice, and skin diseases. In our ongoing search for new, efficient, and safe antileishmanial drugs, we investigated the leaf latex of Aloe macrocarpa and its acid-hydrolyzed product aloin A/B (1), as well as the semisynthesized derivatives of aloin A/B, namely, aloe-emodin (2) and rhein (3) against promastigotes and axenically cultured amastigotes of Leishmania aethiopica and L. donovani clinical isolates. Activity study was carried out based on the fluorescence characteristic of resazurin added to drug-treated cultures. Oxidative hydrolysis of aloin A/B by ferric chloride and concentrated hydrochloric acid afforded aloe-emodin (2), which was further oxidized using sodium nitrite and concentrated sulfuric acid to furnish rhein (3). Cytotoxicity study of test substances was performed against human monocytic cell line THP-1 using Alamar Blue and cell viability was measured fluorometrically. The test compounds showed lower activity (IC50 = 6.7 to 12.1 μM for promastigotes and IC50 = 3.6 to 10.2 μM for axenic amastigotes) than the reference drug amphotericin B (IC50 = 1.3 to 2.7 μM). However, amphotericin B (LC50 = 11.1 μM) was much more toxic than the test compounds (LC50 = 369.2 – 611.6 μM) towards human monocytic cell line (THP-1) despite its efficiency. As demonstrated in the current study, high selectivity indices (SIs) of the test compounds represent a remarkable advantage over the reference drug and highlight their potential use as templates for further development of safe leishmanicidal drugs.
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Kioko J, Baker J, Shannon A, Kiffner C. Ethnoecological knowledge of ticks and treatment of tick-borne diseases among Maasai people in Northern Tanzania. Vet World 2015; 8:755-62. [PMID: 27065643 PMCID: PMC4825278 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.755-762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to understand traditional knowledge of tick ecology and remedies for tick-borne diseases (TBDs) among the Maasai people in northern Tanzania. MATERIALS AND METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted among specific groups likely to be knowledgeable about tick ecology and TBDs in livestock among the Maasai people. RESULTS A total of 25 plant species belonging to 18 families were used to treat 8 different TBDs of livestock. Most of the plant species used were of Fabaceae and Burseraceae families. Aloe volkensii, Cissus grandifolia, and Terminalia brownii were the most commonly used plant species. The major plant growth form used was trees, while stems and bark were the main plant parts used. Most treatments were taken orally. CONCLUSION Maasai people have substantial knowledge on tick ecology exemplified by their ability to differentiate between different tick species and the range of remedies for each of the TBDs. Because traditional ethnoveterinary remedies are frequently utilized, their effectiveness should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kioko
- Center For Wildlife Management Studies, School for Field Studies, P.O. Box 304, Karatu, Tanzania
| | - Julia Baker
- Biochemistry Program of Biochemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA
| | - Avery Shannon
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Christian Kiffner
- Center For Wildlife Management Studies, School for Field Studies, P.O. Box 304, Karatu, Tanzania
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Abeje F, Bisrat D, Hailu A, Asres K. Phytochemistry and antileishmanial activity of the leaf latex of Aloe calidophila Reynolds. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1801-5. [PMID: 25066209 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a major protozoal disease threatening the lives of 350 million people throughout the world. However, the therapeutic options for the disease are limited. In the present study, the antiprotozoal activity of the latex obtained from the Ethiopian plant Aloe calidophila Reynolds was evaluated by in vitro testing against Leishmania aethiopica and Leishmania major. It was found that the latex possesses moderate activity against both parasites with IC50 values of 64.05 and 82.29 µg/mL, respectively. Phytochemical investigation resulted in the isolation of three anthrones identified as aloinoside, aloin, and microdontin on the basis of IR, MS, (1) H NMR, and (13) C NMR spectral data. The isolated compounds showed strong antileishmanial activity with IC50 values ranging from 1.76 to 6.32 µg/mL against L. aethiopica and from 2.09 to 8.85 µg/mL against L. major. Although these values were higher than those of amphotericin B (IC50 = 0.109 and 0.067 µg/mL), the selectivity indices (813.35 and 694.90, respectively, against L. aethiopica and L. major) of aloinoside were much better than those of the standard drug (423.49 and 688.96). The results indicate that the isolated compounds have the potential to be used as a scaffold for the development of safe and cost-effective antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fetene Abeje
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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