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Xue C, Segabinazzi L, Hall A, Dzikiti TB, French H, Gilbert R. A retrospective comparison of postoperative outcomes in ovariectomised jennies (Equus asinus) treated with phenylbutazone or flunixin meglumine. Equine Vet J 2024. [PMID: 38500306 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically, flunixin meglumine (FM) and phenylbutazone (PBZ) are preferentially selected for the treatment of visceral and musculoskeletal pain, respectively, in horses. In donkeys, there is no information to support or refute this conventional conjecture. OBJECTIVES To compare postoperative outcomes in a group of jennies treated with intravenous FM or oral PBZ. ANIMALS Fourteen jennies unilaterally ovariectomised by standing left flank laparotomy. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS Data from medical records of ovariectomised jennies (case details, weight, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug [NSAID] protocol, surgery duration, operative sequence, anaesthesia protocol, physical examination findings and outcomes) were collected. From collated data, postoperative adverse events were defined as fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, inappetence, altered mentation, abnormal oral mucous membranes, bruxism, colic, incisional complications (i.e., drainage, oedema, peri-incisional emphysema and pain) and non-survival, then further divided into occurrence during the early (≤24 h) or late (>24 h) postoperative period for data analysis using R software. Chi-squared test was used to compare individual adverse events between groups (PBZ vs. FM) and moments (early vs. late). Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS PBZ treatment (8/14) was associated with (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval) more total (2.93, 1.97-4.36), early (3.01, 1.87-4.84) and late (2.69, 1.28-5.63) adverse events than FM treatment (6/14). Tachycardia (37.83, 2.21-646.66), tachypnoea (0.29, 0.13-0.66), altered mentation (2.78, 1.01-7.67), altered mucous membranes (18.38, 1.04-325.23), incisional oedema (44.33, 2.60-754.5) and incisional pain (47.78, 2.81-811.61) were significantly different between groups. Early adverse events significantly different between groups included tachycardia (50.2, 2.9-877.0), altered mentation (3.33, 1.08-10.29) and incisional pain (21.0, 1.2-374.5), with late adverse events being tachypnea (0.07, 0.01-0.62), incisional oedema (32.92, 1.85-584.28) and incisional pain (28.92, 1.62-515.68). Colic (2/8) and non-survival (1/8) were rare events that only occurred in the PBZ cohort and could not be further evaluated for differences. MAIN LIMITATIONS Small sample size; retrospective study; treatment bias; varied administration routes. CONCLUSIONS Oral PBZ may be inappropriate to use following abdominal surgery in donkeys. CLINICAL RELEVANCE More prospective and case-controlled studies are needed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of these two NSAIDs in donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Xue
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Lorenzo Segabinazzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Alexis Hall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Tarisai Brighton Dzikiti
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Hilari French
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Robert Gilbert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
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Dzikiti TB, Maney JK, Thorogood J, Segabinazzi L, Peterson E, Dzikiti LN, Escobar A. Sedation with dexmedetomidine-butorphanol or xylazine-butorphanol continuous intravenous infusions during unilateral ovariectomy in standing donkeys. Equine Vet J 2024. [PMID: 38173139 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravenous infusions of alpha-2 adrenoceptor sedatives and opioids can potentially facilitate surgery in donkeys while standing. Literature on this subject matter is scant. OBJECTIVES Evaluation of efficacy of sedation from α2 -adrenoceptors (dexmedetomidine or xylazine) and butorphanol during ovariectomy in standing donkeys. STUDY DESIGN Randomised, masked in vivo experiment. METHODS Thirteen female donkeys were sedated with butorphanol (0.05 mg/kg bwt followed by 0.05 mg/kg bwt/h) IV. Concomitantly, 6 of the 13 jennies were sedated with dexmedetomidine 2.5 mcg/kg bwt followed by 2.5 mcg/kg bwt/h (Dex-B group), while seven jennies were sedated with xylazine 0.5 mg/kg bwt followed by 0.5 mg/kg bwt/h (Xyl-B group). A line block of the left flank and an infiltration block around uterine ligament were performed with lidocaine. While the jennies underwent ovariectomies standing, sedation scores and head height above ground were assessed at 2 and 10 min after sedative boluses and every 10 min thereafter. If sedation was too light or too deep, the dose of dexmedetomidine or xylazine was increased or decreased by 25% of the original infusion rate, while butorphanol infusion rate was constant. Physiological parameters were measured. Normally distributed data were compared using the two-sample t test while repeatedly measured data were tested for differences between and within groups using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) by ranks followed by a Wilcoxon test with Tukey Honest Significant Difference for multiple testing. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS Both Dex-B and Xyl-B caused moderate to marked sedation adequate for ovariectomy in donkeys. Evident sedation was absent by 60 min of termination of infusions. No adverse physiological effects were observed. MAIN LIMITATIONS Study on ovariectomy cases only, no pharmacokinetic profiling. CONCLUSIONS Dexmedetomidine or xylazine and butorphanol sedation is feasible for ovariectomy in standing donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarisai B Dzikiti
- Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Jill K Maney
- Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Jemma Thorogood
- Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Lorenzo Segabinazzi
- Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Erik Peterson
- Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Loveness N Dzikiti
- Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - André Escobar
- Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Gillen A, Catherine Archer D. Epidemiology of Colic: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023:S0749-0739(23)00017-2. [PMID: 37268523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies are essential for the generation of evidence-based, preventive health care strategies. This includes ways to minimize colic risk and assist informed decision making concerning diagnosis, treatment, and likely outcomes. It is important to consider that colic is not a simple "disease" but is a syndrome of abdominal pain that encompasses multiple different disease processes, and which is multifactorial in nature. This review focuses on prevention and diagnosis of colic, including specific forms of colic, communications with owners/carers concerning colic risk and management, and areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gillen
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Debra Catherine Archer
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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4
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Khanamir RA, Issa NA, Abdulrahman RF. First study on molecular epidemiology of caseous lymphadenitis in slaughtered sheep and goats in Duhok Province, Iraq. Open Vet J 2023; 13:588-598. [PMID: 37304616 PMCID: PMC10257446 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i5.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a chronic suppurative bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C. pseudotuberculosis) affecting superficial and internal lymph nodes and internal organs of small ruminants. Aims Through the use of molecular methods, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of CLA and its contributing factors as well as the degree of genetic diversity and epidemiological relationships among C. pseudotuberculosis isolates from slaughtered sheep and goats in various districts of Duhok Province, Iraq. Methods A total of 18,836 carcasses (15,775 sheep and 3,061 goats) were inspected by veterinarians at slaughterhouses [Duhok-Sumel (2,453 sheep + 627 goats), Zakho (6,000 sheep), Bardarash (1,117 sheep + 379 goats), Amedi (413 sheep + 178 goats) and Akre (5,792 sheep + 1,877 goats)] in Duhok Province for detection the prevalence rate of CLA using molecular techniques. Results The prevalence of the disease was 0.94% and 1.93% in sheep and goats, respectively. Sheep in Duhok-Sumel and goats in Amedi were at a higher risk of infection than the animals in another location, with a prevalence rate of 4.31% and 6.18%, respectively. Sheep and goats of older age were more susceptible. Females were more susceptible than males in all districts except Duhok-Sumel where the reverse was true. ERIC-PCR analysis grouped the bacterial isolates into 11 different genotypes. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of partial sequences of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of C. pseudotuberculosis revealed no divergent sequences discovered in this study. Conclusion A strict control program needs to be applied to reduce the entrance of pathogen from neighboring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadhan Ado Khanamir
- Surgery and Internal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
| | - Nawzat Abozaid Issa
- Surgery and Internal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
| | - Rezheen Fatah Abdulrahman
- Surgery and Internal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
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Fernández EB, de Blas Giral I, Lilly G, Rodrigues JB, Vázquez Bringas FJ. Dental health and management practices of donkeys in the UK: What should we be considering? EQUINE VET EDUC 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignacio de Blas Giral
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2) Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza Spain
| | - Gemma Lilly
- Research and Operational Support Department The Donkey Sanctuary Sidmouth UK
| | - Joao B. Rodrigues
- Research and Operational Support Department The Donkey Sanctuary Sidmouth UK
| | - Francisco José Vázquez Bringas
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2) Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza Spain
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Archer DC, Sullivan RJE, Rickards K. Emergency Management for Donkeys and Mules. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:495-513. [PMID: 34243882 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of initial assessment and management of common emergency presentations in donkeys and mules. The principles are similar to those in horses (and ponies), but clinicians must be aware of differences in recognition of signs of pain/disease, approach to handling, pharmacology of some drugs, and subtle differences in the physiology and local anatomy in donkeys and mules. The epidemiology of common disease presentations will vary between pet/companion or working/farmed donkeys and mules. Regular dental checks, deworming, vaccination, and monitoring of behavior and quality of life are important aspects of preventive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra C Archer
- Department of Equine Clinical Studies, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Rebekah J E Sullivan
- Veterinary Department, The Donkey Sanctuary, Brookfield Farm, Offwell, Honiton, Devon EX14 9SU, UK
| | - Karen Rickards
- Veterinary Department, The Donkey Sanctuary, Brookfield Farm, Offwell, Honiton, Devon EX14 9SU, UK
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Wild I, Freeman S, Robles D, Matamoros D, Ortiz M, Rodriguez J, Burford J. Owners' Knowledge and Approaches to Colic in Working Equids in Honduras. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2087. [PMID: 34359215 PMCID: PMC8300094 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In Honduras, many families are reliant on working equids in their daily life. The aim of this study was to evaluate knowledge about, and approaches to colic used by owners of working equids in Choluteca, Honduras using a phenomenological approach. Semi-structured, verbal questionnaires were conducted with ninety-three owners from eleven different communities in the Choluteca region on equid horse owners' knowledge of colic and treatments. Additional context was gained through observations and verbal questionnaires with three veterinary practitioners and eight agricultural pharmacy (agrovet) store owners. Working equids were commonly used for firewood collection 31% (40/126), transportation 24% (30/126), and carrying crops 13% (17/126). Thirty-eight percent of owners (35/92) said they did not know what colic was, 27% (24/89) could not name any clinical signs, and 46% (42/92) could not name any causes. Most owners with previous experience of colic had treated it themselves 79% (53/67), typically using herbal remedies. Colic was a major concern for owners of working equids who had prior experience or knowledge of the condition. Knowledge and understanding of colic varied, and access to evidence-based treatments was very limited. The findings will be used to inform the development of educational resources on colic in working equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Wild
- World Horse Welfare, Anne Colvin House, Snetterton, Norwich NR16 2LR, UK
| | - Sarah Freeman
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; (S.F.); (J.B.)
| | - Daniela Robles
- Equinos de Honduras, Barrio Tamarindo, 500 Metros al Oeste de Antiguo Local del Colegio Adventista, Choluteca 51101, Honduras; (D.R.); (D.M.); (M.O.); (J.R.)
| | - Dennis Matamoros
- Equinos de Honduras, Barrio Tamarindo, 500 Metros al Oeste de Antiguo Local del Colegio Adventista, Choluteca 51101, Honduras; (D.R.); (D.M.); (M.O.); (J.R.)
| | - Maverick Ortiz
- Equinos de Honduras, Barrio Tamarindo, 500 Metros al Oeste de Antiguo Local del Colegio Adventista, Choluteca 51101, Honduras; (D.R.); (D.M.); (M.O.); (J.R.)
| | - Jonathan Rodriguez
- Equinos de Honduras, Barrio Tamarindo, 500 Metros al Oeste de Antiguo Local del Colegio Adventista, Choluteca 51101, Honduras; (D.R.); (D.M.); (M.O.); (J.R.)
| | - John Burford
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; (S.F.); (J.B.)
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Deng L, Shi S, Li J, Tang C, Han Y, Xie P. A Survey of Smallholder Farms Regarding Demographics, Health Care, and Management Factors of Donkeys in Northeastern China. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:626622. [PMID: 33937368 PMCID: PMC8079733 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.626622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential information on the population dynamics and the health and welfare of Chinese donkeys is scarce. The objectives of this study were to describe the demographic characteristics, management and health care of a sample of donkeys under smallholder farm conditions of northeastern China. A cross-sectional survey of 731 randomly selected donkey owners on smallholder farms (1,658 donkeys) in 40 villages of northeastern China was conducted. Data on the composition and management of the donkeys and their routine health care were analyzed. The surveyed donkey population consisted of mostly (83.8%) jenny/filly donkeys with a mean age of 6.2 ± 5.0 years. Most (91.2%) of the farms kept 1–4 donkeys. The majority of donkeys were used for breeding and labor. Most (93.8%) of the farms did not have bedding, and their mean stable size was 17.7 ± 10.1 m2. All of the animals were turned out for at least part of the year. The mean size of the turnout areas on the farms was 17.8 m2. The condition of 12.5% of the donkeys was evaluated as “poor” with a body condition score of 1 on a scale of 5. More than one third (37.9%) of the donkeys had never been dewormed. Also, none of them were ever vaccinated or received dental care from a veterinarian. Their hoofs were trimmed once (45.9%) or twice (27.6%) a year. Forty percent of the donkeys were reported to suffer from at least one medical problem in the preceding year. The most common medical problems were colic, respiratory disorders and skin conditions. Owners seemed to underestimate some of the most prevalent diseases in donkeys, suggesting that their knowledge of the management of donkeys, including routine healthcare practices should be improved to ensure the health and welfare of donkeys in northeastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Deng
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shicheng Shi
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chi Tang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuwei Han
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Abstract
A review of common gastrointestinal disorders of donkeys and mules is presented. Clinically relevant aspects of donkey behavior, anatomy, and physiology are highlighted. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract from stomach to rectum, including liver and pancreas, are discussed.
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A Review of the Appropriate Nutrition Welfare Criteria of Dairy Donkeys: Nutritional Requirements, Farm Management Requirements and Animal-Based Indicators. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9060315. [PMID: 31159459 PMCID: PMC6616590 DOI: 10.3390/ani9060315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The increase in dairy donkey farms in Europe, as a consequence of the increasing scientific interest in donkey milk for paediatric nutrition, has led to the need for a better understanding of the welfare of dairy donkeys. Taking into account the Animal Welfare Indicator’s (AWIN) welfare assessment protocol for donkeys, the aim of this review has been to obtain insight into good feeding welfare principles, in order to identify and discuss the nutritional requirements, the farm management requirements and the animal-based indicators that may be used to achieve an overall assessment of the appropriate nutrition welfare criteria of dairy donkeys. Abstract Data are available in the scientific literature concerning the quality and usefulness of donkey milk for human consumption. However, there is a lack of studies related to the understanding of the welfare of dairy donkeys. The only attempt, at a European Union level, to assess the welfare of donkeys is that of the Animal Welfare Indicator’s (AWIN) welfare assessment protocol for donkeys, where the appropriate nutrition welfare criteria have been assessed, but only through the evaluation of the body condition score. However, several other indicators that take into account the importance of good feeding welfare principles should be considered for the correct management of dairy donkeys. Therefore, it is hoped that this review of the available scientific literature will be useful to help establish a set of appropriate welfare requirements and indicators for the management of dairy donkeys. The review is aimed at identifying and discussing other requirements and indicators, such as nutritional requirements, farm management requirements and animal-based indicators, which may be important for the correct assessment of the appropriate nutrition welfare criteria and to establish best practices for the feeding of dairy donkeys.
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Mendoza FJ, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. Donkey Internal Medicine—Part I: Metabolic, Endocrine, and Alimentary Tract Disturbances. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [PMCID: PMC7111315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic and endocrine disturbances are common in donkeys. This species has an inherent ability to thrive with limited and poor-quality roughage. Donkeys are extremely efficient in energy storage and mobilization, which predisposes to hyperlipemia, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of dyslipidemias is higher in donkeys than other equids, which is more evident under stressful conditions. Diagnosis of endocrine and metabolic disorders in donkeys should be based on species-specific information considering that differences in a multitude of variables compared with horses have been demonstrated. Protocols to assess endocrine disorders (e.g., pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, and thyroid illness) are unavailable, and extrapolation from horse data can be misleading. Treatment guidelines for these conditions in donkeys are currently not reported. On the other hand, the typical stoic and hardy behavior of donkeys can hinder prompt diagnosis of gastrointestinal problems, specifically colic, which is commonly caused by dental issues in this species. Moreover, subclinical gastric ulcer syndrome appears to be a common pathology in this species, especially in working donkeys. Donkeys are different to horses. Numerous physiological and clinic-pathologic idiosyncrasies are reported in horses. Data published for horses should not be extrapolated for donkeys. Specific reference ranges, doses, and protocols have to be used for donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Mendoza
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
- Corresponding author at: Dr Francisco J. Mendoza, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Ramiro E. Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Alejandro Perez-Ecija
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
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Freeman DE. Fifty years of colic surgery. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:423-435. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. E. Freeman
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida USA
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Paiva Neto A, Leite C, Duarte C, Dias D, Döwich G, Queiroz Neto A, Lacerda Neto J. Biomechanical analysis of the masticatory movement before and after adjusting dental occlusion in equine. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate through three-dimensional kinematic analysis the influence of occlusal adjustment by tooth wear in masticatory biomechanics of horses. Seven clinically healthy thoroughbred Arabian horses with strong occlusal irregularities were used, of which seven castrated males and one female of between seven and nineteen years of age. Three digital video cameras and seven spherical reflective markers placed on the horses’ face were employed. The animals were filmed twice in succession: while chewing hay before and after the occlusal adjustment by tooth wear. Following that, kinematic analysis was made of the movements obtained by means of the images which were synchronized, segmented and reconstructed three-dimensionally with the help of Dvideow program. Mathematical functions were applied in Matlab environment for obtaining the values of the amplitudes of movements. The results of the biomechanical analysis showed that the occlusal adjustment increases the range of mandibular movements in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.O. Paiva Neto
- Universidade Estadual de São Paulo Júlio Mesquita Filho, Brazil
| | - C.T. Leite
- Universidade Estadual de São Paulo Júlio Mesquita Filho, Brazil
| | | | - D.P.M. Dias
- Universidade Estadual de São Paulo Júlio Mesquita Filho, Brazil
| | - G. Döwich
- Universidade Federal do Pampa, Brazil
| | - A. Queiroz Neto
- Universidade Estadual de São Paulo Júlio Mesquita Filho, Brazil
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Effects of management practices on the welfare of dairy donkeys and risk factors associated with signs of hoof neglect. J DAIRY RES 2017; 85:30-38. [PMID: 29125086 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029917000723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This Research Paper aimed to investigate donkey welfare in dairy husbandry systems and to identify the potential factors affecting it at animal level. In 2015, twelve dairy donkey farms (19–170 donkeys per farm, mean = 55 ± 48), distributed throughout Italy, were visited. On each farm, the Animal Welfare Indicators (AWIN) welfare assessment protocol for donkeys was used by two trained assessors to evaluate the welfare of animals for a total of 257 donkeys assessed. The protocol includes animal-based indicators that were entered in a digitalised system. Prevalence of different scores at individual, farm and category level were calculated. Farmers were asked to fill out a questionnaire including information regarding the management of donkeys and their final destination. Answers to the questionnaire were then considered as effects in the risk factor analysis whereas the scores of the animal-based indicators were considered as response variables. Most of the donkeys (80·2%) enjoyed a good nutritional status (BCS = 3). 18·7% of donkeys showed signs of hoof neglect such as overgrowth and/or incorrect trimming (Min = 0% Max = 54·5%). Belonging to a given farm or production group influenced many of the welfare indicators. The absence of pasture affected the likelihood of having skin lesions, alopecia, low BCS scores and a less positive emotional state. Lack of routine veterinary visits (P< 0·001) and having neglected hooves (P< 0·001) affected the likelihood of being thin (BCS < 3). Belonging to specific production groups, lack of access to pasture and showing an avoidance reaction to an approaching human (AD) resulted in risk factors associated with a higher prevalence of signs of hoof neglect. Our results support the idea that lack of knowledge of proper donkey care among owners was behind many welfare issues found.
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Johnson C, Williams J, Phillips C. Effect of Routine Dentistry on Fecal Fiber Length in Donkeys. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Hummel J, Scheurich F, Ortmann S, Crompton LA, Gerken M, Clauss M. Comparative selective retention of particle size classes in the gastrointestinal tract of ponies and goats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:429-439. [PMID: 28696048 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a discrepancy in the literature on potential digesta separation mechanisms in horses, with both a selective retention of fine and of large particles postulated in different publications. To assess the net effect of such mechanisms, we fed ponies on a hay-only diet a pulse dose of whole (unchopped) marked hay together with a solute marker, collected faeces on a regular basis, measured marker concentrations in whole faeces and in their large (2.0-16 mm), medium (0.5-1.0 mm) and small (0.063-0.25 mm) particle fraction, and calculated the corresponding mean retention times (MRTs). For comparison, the same experiment was performed in goats. In goats, as expected, MRTsolute (35 hr) was significantly shorter than MRTparticle (51 hr); only a very small fraction of particle marker was excreted as large particles (2%); and the MRT of these large particles was significantly shorter than that of small particles (with a relevant difference of 8.6 hr), indicating that those few large particles that escape the rumen do so mostly soon after ingestion. In ponies, MRTsolute (24 hr) did not differ from MRTparticle (24 hr); a higher fraction of particle marker was excreted as large particles (5%); and the MRT of these large particles was longer than that of small particles (but with a non-relevant difference of less than 1 hr). These results indicate that no relevant net separation of digesta phases occurs in horses and that selective particle retention mechanisms in the large intestine are unlikely to represent important characteristics of the horse's digestive physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hummel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - F Scheurich
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Ortmann
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin, Germany
| | - L A Crompton
- Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Research Division, Centre for Dairy Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - M Gerken
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Worku Y, Wondimagegn W, Aklilu N, Assefa Z, Gizachew A. Equine colic: clinical epidemiology and associated risk factors in and around Debre Zeit. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:959-965. [PMID: 28401328 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A prospective study was conducted to describe clinical epidemiology of equine colic in the Society for Protection of Animal Abroad and Donkey Sanctuary Project Clinic, at Debre Zeit, Ethiopia, from November 2014 to April 2015. The objectives were to describe clinical epidemiology of equine colic, to characterize the main types of equine colic, and to determine the major risk factors associated with equine colic. The method which was used in the study was attending clinical case of equine and assessing physiological parameters, fecal egg count, abdominal sounds, and rectal examination as well as questioner interviewing of the owners. The data were collected and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science. The incidence of colic was 10.3% in the study period. Colicky were typed as unknown, flatulent, impaction, spasmodic, and enterolithiasis. The proportion of case incidence were 63.1 (41/65), 33.8 (22/65), and 3.1% (2/65), in donkey, horse, and mule, respectively. The total mean (±SD) of temperature 37.80 ± 1.003, heart rate 57.54 ± 10.098, fecal egg count 236.922 ± 67.990, respiratory rate 30.92 ± 7.315, and packed cell volume 41.40 ± 10.221 were recorded. The case fatality rate of equine colic was 15.38% (10/65). There were statistically highly significant (p < 0.01) differences in impaction colic in relation to species. Interview with 183 equine owners revealed incidence of equine colic as the sixth major disease condition affecting equine. A long-term epidemiological study of the true representative population should be carried out to determine the incidence rate and associated risk factors of equine colic in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Worku
- Livestock and Fishers Office of Oromia Region, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Workneh Wondimagegn
- Department of Animal Production and Technology, College Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Nigatu Aklilu
- Colleges of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Zerihun Assefa
- Colleges of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Ayele Gizachew
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Valle E, Raspa F, Giribaldi M, Barbero R, Bergagna S, Antoniazzi S, Mc Lean AK, Minero M, Cavallarin L. A functional approach to the body condition assessment of lactating donkeys as a tool for welfare evaluation. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3001. [PMID: 28367363 PMCID: PMC5372837 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The breeding of lactating donkeys is increasing in Western Europe; with it the evaluation of body condition is growing in importance since it is considered a key principle for their welfare. However, assessment of body condition is a complex task, since several factors are involved. The aim of the present study is to investigate which animal-based indicators are the most reliable to describe the body condition of lactating donkeys. For this purpose, new animal-based indicators, which are easy to measure in field conditions (including body measurements, fatty neck score (FNS), dental score), are recorded and their relationship with BCS (a proxy measure for overall adiposity) was assessed. The ones that reveal an association with the BCS are included in an integrated principal component analysis to understand which are the most related to BCS. METHODS Fifty-three healthy lactating donkeys of various breeds, including 7 Martina Franca, 10 Ragusano, 2 Romagnolo and 34 crossbreeds, were evaluated. The animal-based indicators that were recorded were: length (OP, olecranon tuber-pinbone and SH, shoulder-hip), heart girth (HG), abdominal circumference (AC), neck length (NL), neck height (NH) and neck thickness (NT) at 0.50 and neck circumference (NC) at 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75, body condition score (BCS) and fatty neck score (FNS). The owners' evaluation of the BCS was also considered. A dental assessment was performed and the month of lactation and age of each animal was recorded. RESULTS No correlation was found between BCS and the other morphometric body measurements. On the contrary the FNS was correlated with the morphometric measurements of the neck (positive correlation to 0.50 NH and 0.50 NT, 0.50 NC, 0.75 mean NC, and negative correlation to the mean NC:NH and mean NC:NT, 0.50 NC:NT and 0.50 NC:NH ratios). A significant inverse relationship was identified between BCS and dental score. A Principal Component analysis (PCA) separated the BCS classes on the first principal component (PC1). PC1 revealed a meaningful positive correlation between the BCS and the neck measurements (NT, NH and FNS), with high positive loadings, while a negative correlation was found for dental abnormalities. The owners' evaluation of BCS was different from the expert evaluator' assessment, since they tended to give higher score that was slightly but significantly correlated to AC. DISCUSSION A new scoring system, called Fatty Neck Score (FNS), has been proposed for the judgement of the adiposity status of donkey neck. The results suggest that caregivers might use the proposed animal based indicators (BCS, FNS and dental scores) together as a tool for the evaluation of the body condition of lactating donkeys. Our findings highlight that caregivers need to be trained in order to be able to properly record these indicators. Ultimately use of these indicators may help to improve the welfare of lactating donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Valle
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin , Grugliasco (Torino) , Italy
| | - Federica Raspa
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin , Grugliasco (Torino) , Italy
| | - Marzia Giribaldi
- ISPA-CNR, Institute of Sciences of Food Production , Grugliasco , Italy
| | - Raffaella Barbero
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta , Torino , Italy
| | - Stefania Bergagna
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta , Torino , Italy
| | - Sara Antoniazzi
- ISPA-CNR, Institute of Sciences of Food Production , Grugliasco , Italy
| | - Amy K Mc Lean
- North Carolina State University, Animal Science , Raleigh , NC , USA
| | - Michela Minero
- Department Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Laura Cavallarin
- ISPA-CNR, Institute of Sciences of Food Production , Grugliasco , Italy
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Diseases of the Alimentary Tract. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7167529 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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20
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Salem SE, Scantlebury CE, Ezzat E, Abdelaal AM, Archer DC. Colic in a working horse population in Egypt: Prevalence and risk factors. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:201-206. [PMID: 27004591 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Colic is an important health problem in managed horse populations. Currently, there is limited information about colic prevalence and risk factors for colic in working horse populations. OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of, and risk factors for, colic in a working horse population in Egypt and to describe management practices in this working horse population. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. METHODS Owners of 350 working horses were interviewed. Data about their horses, management and colic episodes in the preceding 12 months were collected. Dental examination was conducted on 342 horses and blood samples (n = 100) were collected for immunodiagnosis of tapeworm (Anoplocephala perfoliata) infection. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for a history of colic in the preceding 12 months. RESULTS The 12-month prevalence of colic was 54.6%. Severe and moderate tapeworm infection intensity was identified in 3% and 26% of horses tested, respectively. Horses that had severe dental disease (odds ratio [OR] 6.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9-24.3, P<0.001), that displayed stereotypic behaviour (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.15-3.5, P = 0.013), were fed ground corn during the 'dry season' (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.03-2.6, P = 0.035) or that had received an anthelmintic in the previous 6 months (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3-3.3, P = 0.003) were more likely to have a history of colic in the preceding 12 months. Horses fed on rice bran during the 'green season' (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.26-0.9, P = 0.015) and that displayed geophagia/coprophagia (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.05-0.73, P = 0.001) were less likely to have a history of colic. CONCLUSIONS Colic is common in this working horse population and this study has identified factors associated with altered likelihood of colic. The study provides important information that may be used to inform future prospective studies investigating colic in working horse populations and to assist development of preventive healthcare strategies. The Summary is available in Chinese - see Supporting information.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Salem
- Institute of Infection and Global Health/School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Wirral, UK.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zakazik, Egypt
| | - C E Scantlebury
- Institute of Infection and Global Health/School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Wirral, UK
| | - E Ezzat
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zakazik, Egypt
| | - A M Abdelaal
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zakazik, Egypt
| | - D C Archer
- Institute of Infection and Global Health/School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Wirral, UK
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21
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House AM, Warren LK. Nutritional management of recurrent colic and colonic impactions. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. House
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine; Gainesville USA
| | - L. K. Warren
- Department of Animal Sciences; University of Florida; Gainesville USA
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Gunnarsdottir H, Van der Stede Y, De Vlamynck C, Muurling F, De Clercq D, van Loon G, Vlaminck L. Hospital-based study of dental pathology and faecal particle size distribution in horses with large colon impaction. Vet J 2014; 202:153-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Expression of PGP 9.5 by Enteric Neurons in Horses and Donkeys with and without Intestinal Disease. J Comp Pathol 2014; 150:225-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.11.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rodrigues JB, Ferreira LM, Bastos E, San Roman F, Viegas C, Santos A. Influence of dental correction on nociceptive test responses, fecal appearance, body condition score, and apparent digestibility coefficient for dry matter of Zamorano-leonés donkeys (Equus asinus)1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:4765-71. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. B. Rodrigues
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal 5001-801
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (IBB/CGB-UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal 5001-801
- Department of Surgery and Animal Medicine, Avd.Puerta de Hierro s/n, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain 28040
| | - L. M. Ferreira
- CECAV- Department of Animal Science, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal 5001-801
| | - E. Bastos
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (IBB/CGB-UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal 5001-801
| | - F. San Roman
- Department of Surgery and Animal Medicine, Avd.Puerta de Hierro s/n, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain 28040
| | - C. Viegas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal 5001-801
- Department of Polymer Engineering, ICVS/3B's Research Group–Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal 4806-909
| | - A.S. Santos
- CECAV- Department of Animal Science, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal 5001-801
- University School Vasco da Gama, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Castelo Viegas, Portugal 3040-714
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Suthers JM, Pinchbeck GL, Proudman CJ, Archer DC. Risk factors for large colon volvulus in the UK. Equine Vet J 2013; 45:558-63. [PMID: 23414461 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Risk factors for large colon volvulus (LCV) in the horse have not been previously reported. Knowledge of these risk factors may allow the introduction of measures that could be taken to minimise the incidence of LCV. OBJECTIVES To investigate risk factors for LCV in the horse. METHODS A prospective, multicentre, unmatched case-control study was conducted over a 24 month period in the UK. Data on 69 cases and 204 control horses, from 4 veterinary hospitals, were obtained via telephone questionnaires. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify associations between horse and management-level variables and the likelihood of LCV. RESULTS Increasing height, multiple colic episodes in the previous 12 months and mares, with a greater odds ratio in mares that had previously foaled, were associated with increased risk of LCV. Receiving medication (excluding anthelmintic treatment) in the previous 7 days and quidding behaviour were also associated with increased risk. Management-level variables associated with greater risk of LCV were an increase in the hours of stabling in the previous 14 days, an increasing number of horses on the premises, and 3 or more people involved in the horse's care. Variables related to nutrition associated with increased risk of LCV were being fed hay, being fed sugar-beet, a change in pasture in the previous 28 days, and an alteration in the amount of forage fed in the last 7 days. CONCLUSIONS This study has identified factors that may assist in the recognition of horses with increased risk of LCV and factors that might be altered to minimise the incidence of LCV. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Clinicians can use this information to identify horses at risk of LCV and to provide evidence-based advice to owners of these horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Suthers
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, UK
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Costa Casagrande TA, de Oliveira Barros LM, Fukumasu H, Cogliati B, Chaible LM, Dagli MLZ, Matera JM. The value of molecular expression of KIT and KIT ligand analysed using real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry as a prognostic indicator for canine cutaneous mast cell tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2013; 13:1-10. [PMID: 23294979 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the correlation between KIT gene expression determined by immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the rate of tumour recurrence and tumour-related deaths in dogs affected with mast cell tumour (MCT). Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed to compare tumour recurrence and tumour-related death between patients. The log-rank test was used to check for significant differences between curves. KIT-I, KIT-II and KIT-III staining patterns were observed in 9 (11.11%), 50 (61.73%) and 22 (27.16%) tumours, respectively. Tumour recurrence rates and tumour-related deaths were not associated with KIT staining patterns (P = 0278, P > 0.05), KIT (P = 0.289, P > 0.05) or KIT ligand (P = 0.106, P > 0.05) gene expression. Despite the lack of association between KIT staining pattern and patient survival time, the results suggest a correlation between aberrant KIT localization and increased proliferative activity of MCTs. RT-PCR seems to be a sensible method for quantitative detection of KIT gene expression in canine MCT, although expressions levels are not correlated with prognosis.
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Mackowiak II, Gentile LB, Chaible LM, Nagamine MK, Guerra JM, Mota EFF, Matera JM, Mennecier G, Sanches DS, Dagli MLZ. E-cadherin in canine mast cell tumors: decreased expression and altered subcellular localization in Grade 3 tumors. Vet J 2012; 194:405-11. [PMID: 22766308 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are the most frequent round cell tumors in dogs and comprise approximately 21% of all canine cutaneous tumors. MCTs are highly invasive and metastatic corresponding to the histological grade. E-cadherin is an adhesion molecule expressed in epithelial cells and although it is an epithelial cellular marker, studies have shown expression of E-cadherin in canine round cell tumors. To better characterize the expression pattern of E-cadherin in several different histological grades of MCTs in dogs, the expression and localization of the adhesion molecule was investigated using immunohistochemistry. For this purpose, 18 cutaneous MCTs were classified into three histological grades, 1, 2 or 3. Clinical history and follow-up data were available for all of the dogs. Cytoplasmic and nuclear expressions of E-cadherin in all three types of tumors were verified by immunostaining using two different antibodies. There was decreased E-cadherin expression in the more aggressive MCTs (Grade 3), suggesting an association between E-cadherin and tumor aggressiveness. Additionally, the loss of E-cadherin expression in either the cytoplasm or nucleus in more aggressive and undifferentiated tumor types confirmed the importance of cellular adhesion in tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Mackowiak
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Burden F, Du Toit N, Hazell-Smith E, Trawford A. Hyperlipemia in a Population of Aged Donkeys: Description, Prevalence, and Potential Risk Factors. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:1420-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F.A. Burden
- Donkey Sanctuary; Sidmouth, Devon; EX10 0NU; UK
| | - N. Du Toit
- Donkey Sanctuary; Sidmouth, Devon; EX10 0NU; UK
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30
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Factors associated with mortality of geriatric horses in the United Kingdom. Prev Vet Med 2011; 101:204-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Turner T, Cartmell E, Lester JN, Casse F, Comber SDW, Scrimshaw MD. The pharmaceutical use of permethrin: sources and behavior during municipal sewage treatment. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 61:193-201. [PMID: 21069313 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-010-9615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Permethrin entered use in the 1970s as an insecticide in a wide range of applications, including agriculture, horticultural, and forestry, and has since been restricted. In the 21st century, the presence of permethrin in the aquatic environment has been attributed to its use as a human and veterinary pharmaceutical, in particular as a pedeculicide, in addition to other uses, such as a moth-proofing agent. However, as a consequence of its toxicity to fish, sources of permethrin and its fate and behavior during wastewater treatment are topics of concern. This study has established that high overall removal of permethrin (approximately 90%) was achieved during wastewater treatment and that this was strongly dependent on the extent of biological degradation in secondary treatment, with more limited subsequent removal in tertiary treatment processes. Sources of permethrin in the catchment matched well with measured values in crude sewage and indicated that domestic use accounted for more than half of the load to the treatment works. However, removal may not be consistent enough to achieve the environmental quality standards now being derived in many countries even where tertiary treatment processes are applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Turner
- Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Middlesex, UK
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32
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Retrospective Analysis of Post-Mortem Findings in 1,444 Aged Donkeys. J Comp Pathol 2011; 144:145-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cox R, Burden F, Proudman CJ, Trawford AF, Pinchbeck GL. Demographics, management and health of donkeys in the UK. Vet Rec 2010; 166:552-6. [PMID: 20435979 DOI: 10.1136/vr.b4800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the management and health problems of donkeys on loan to independent carers from The Donkey Sanctuary are characterised, and the demographics of the UK's donkey population are described using data from a variety of sources. All carers that fostered a donkey from The Donkey Sanctuary between September 2004 and August 2005 (1432 donkeys) were surveyed using a postal questionnaire requesting information about the donkey, its premises, daily care, health and preventive medicine. The response rate was 77.8 percent. The mean (sd) age of the donkeys was 20.8 (7.4) years. The majority (92 percent) of the donkeys were kept as pets. Approximately one-third (33.6 percent) of the donkeys were overweight. The most common medical problems were hoof, dermal and oral problems. A total of 86 percent of the donkeys had a dental examination at least every 12 months, and at least 45 percent had at least one dental problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cox
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE.
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A Study of the Interstitial Cells of Cajal in Aged Donkeys with and without Intestinal Disease. J Comp Pathol 2010; 142:242-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.08.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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