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Yu Z, Zhao Z, Chen L, Yan H, Cui Q, Ju X, Yong Y, Liu X, Ma X, Zhang G. Development of a droplet digital PCR assay to detect bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 in bovine semen. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:125. [PMID: 35366879 PMCID: PMC8976375 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03235-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) caused by bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is one of the most important contagious diseases in bovine. This is one of the most common infectious disease of cattle. This has led to high economic losses in the cattle farming industry. BoHV-1 can potentially be transmitted via semen during natural or artificial insemination (AI). Therefore, testing methods for the early diagnosis of BoHV-1 infection are urgently needed for international trade of ruminant semen. In this study, we developed a novel droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay for the detection of BoHV-1 DNA in semen samples.
Results
The ddPCR results showed that the detection limit was 4.45 copies per reaction with high reproducibility. The established method was highly specific for BoHV-1 and did not show cross-reactivity with specify the organisms (BTV, BVDV, Brucella, M . bovis). The results of clinical sample testing showed that the positivity rate of ddPCR (87.8%) was higher than that of qPCR (84.1%).
Conclusions
The ddPCR assay showed good accuracy for mixed samples and could be a new added diagnostic tool for detecting BoHV-1.
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Kornuta CA, Cheuquepán F, Bidart JE, Soria I, Gammella M, Quattrocchi V, Hecker YP, Moore DP, Romera SA, Marin MS, Zamorano PI, Langellotti CA. TLR activation, immune response and viral protection elicited in cattle by a commercial vaccine against Bovine Herpesvirus-1. Virology 2021; 566:98-105. [PMID: 34896902 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The innate and acquired immune response induced by a commercial inactivated vaccine against Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) and protection conferred against the virus were analyzed in cattle. Vaccination induced high levels of BoHV-1 antibodies at 30, 60, and 90 days post-vaccination (dpv). IgG1 and IgG2 isotypes were detected at 90 dpv, as well as virus-neutralizing antibodies. An increase of anti-BoHV-1 IgG1 in nasal swabs was detected 6 days post-challenge in vaccinated animals. After viral challenge, lower virus excretion and lower clinical score were observed in vaccinated as compared to unvaccinated animals, as well as BoHV-1-specific proliferation of lymphocytes and production of IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-4. Downregulation of the expression of endosome Toll-like receptors 8-9 was detected after booster vaccination. This is the first thorough study of the immunity generated by a commercial vaccine against BoHV-1 in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Alejandra Kornuta
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Felipe Cheuquepán
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Innovación para La Producción Agropecuaria y El Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Esteban Bidart
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ivana Soria
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Gammella
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Quattrocchi
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yanina Paola Hecker
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Innovación para La Producción Agropecuaria y El Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dadin Prando Moore
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Innovación para La Producción Agropecuaria y El Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sonia Alejandra Romera
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maia Solange Marin
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Innovación para La Producción Agropecuaria y El Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Inés Zamorano
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Ana Langellotti
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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de Blas I, Muniesa A, Vallejo A, Ruiz-Zarzuela I. Assessment of Sample Size Calculations Used in Aquaculture by Simulation Techniques. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:253. [PMID: 32509804 PMCID: PMC7248330 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An adequate sampling methodology is the key to knowing the health status of aquatic populations. Usually, the aims of epidemiological surveys in aquaculture are to detect an infection and estimate the disease prevalence, and different formulas are used to calculate the sample size. The main objective of this study was to assess if the sample sizes calculated using classical epidemiological formulas are valid considering the sampling methodology, the population size, and the spatial distribution of diseased animals in the population (non-clustered or clustered). However, the use of sample sizes of 30, 60, and 150 fish is widely accepted in aquaculture, due to the requirements of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) for epidemiological surveillance. We have developed a specific software using ASP (Active Server Pages) language and MySQL database in order to generate aquatic populations from 100 to 10 000 brown trouts infected by Aeromonas salmonicida with different levels of prevalence: 2, 5, 10, and 50%. Then we implemented several Monte Carlo simulations to estimate empirically the sample sizes corresponding to the different scenarios. Furthermore, we compared these results with the values calculated by classical formulas. We determined that simple random sampling was more accurate in detecting an infection, because it is independent of the distribution of infected animals in the population. However, if diseased animals are non-clustered it is more efficient to use systematic methods, even in the case of small populations. Finally, the formula to calculate sample size to estimate disease prevalence is not valid when the expected prevalence is far from 50%, and it is necessary to increase the sample size to reach the desired precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio de Blas
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, Department of Animal Pathology, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Muniesa
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, Department of Animal Pathology, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Adriana Vallejo
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Colombia
| | - Imanol Ruiz-Zarzuela
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, Department of Animal Pathology, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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An economic model to evaluate the mitigation programme for bovine viral diarrhoea in Switzerland. Prev Vet Med 2012; 106:162-73. [PMID: 22402180 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Economic analyses are indispensable as sources of information to help policy makers make decisions about mitigation resource use. The aim of this study was to conduct an economic evaluation of the Swiss national mitigation programme for bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), which was implemented in 2008 and concludes in 2017. The eradication phase of the mitigation programme comprised testing and slaughtering of all persistently infected (PI) animals found. First, the whole population was antigen tested and all PI cattle removed. Since October 2008, all newborn calves have been subject to antigen testing to identify and slaughter PI calves. All mothers of PI calves were retested and slaughtered if the test was positive. Antigen testing in calves and elimination of virus-carriers was envisaged to be conducted until the end of 2011. Subsequently, a surveillance programme will document disease freedom or detect disease if it recurs. Four alternative surveillance strategies based on antibody testing in blood from newborn calves and/or milk from primiparous cows were proposed by Federal Veterinary Office servants in charge of the BVDV mitigation programme. A simple economic spreadsheet model was developed to estimate and compare the costs and benefits of the BVDV mitigation programme. In an independent project, the impact of the mitigation programme on the disease dynamics in the population was simulated using a stochastic compartment model. Mitigation costs accrued from materials, labour, and processes such as handling and testing samples, and recording results. Benefits were disease costs avoided by having the mitigation programme in place compared to a baseline of endemic disease equilibrium. Cumulative eradication costs and benefits were estimated to determine the break-even point for the eradication component of the programme. The margin over eradication cost therefore equalled the maximum expenditure potentially available for surveillance without the net benefit from the mitigation programme overall becoming zero. Costs of the four surveillance strategies and the net benefit of the mitigation programme were estimated. Simulations were run for the years 2008-2017 with 20,000 iterations in @Risk for Excel. The mean baseline disease costs were estimated to be 16.04 m CHF (1 Swiss Franc, CHF=0.73 € at the time of analysis) (90% central range, CR: 14.71-17.39 m CHF) in 2008 and 14.89 m CHF (90% CR: 13.72-16.08 m CHF) in 2009. The break-even point was estimated to be reached in 2012 and the margin over eradication cost 63.15m CHF (90% CR: 53.72-72.82 m CHF). The discounted cost for each surveillance strategy was found to be smaller than the margin, so the mitigation programme overall is expected to have a positive net economic benefit irrespective of the strategy adopted. For economic efficiency, the least cost surveillance alternative must be selected.
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Reist M, Jemmi T, Stärk KDC. Policy-driven development of cost-effective, risk-based surveillance strategies. Prev Vet Med 2012; 105:176-84. [PMID: 22265642 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Animal health and residue surveillance verifies the good health status of the animal population, thereby supporting international free trade of animals and animal products. However, active surveillance is costly and time-consuming. The development of cost-effective tools for animal health and food hazard surveillance is therefore a priority for decision-makers in the field of veterinary public health. The assumption of this paper is that outcome-based formulation of standards, legislation leaving room for risk-based approaches and close collaboration and a mutual understanding and exchange between scientists and policy makers are essential for cost-effective surveillance. We illustrate this using the following examples: (i) a risk-based sample size calculation for surveys to substantiate freedom from diseases/infection, (ii) a cost-effective national surveillance system for Bluetongue using scenario tree modelling and (iii) a framework for risk-based residue monitoring. Surveys to substantiate freedom from infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and enzootic bovine leucosis between 2002 and 2009 saved over 6 million € by applying a risk-based sample size calculation approach, and by taking into account prior information from repeated surveys. An open, progressive policy making process stimulates research and science to develop risk-based and cost-efficient survey methodologies. Early involvement of policy makers in scientific developments facilitates implementation of new findings and full exploitation of benefits for producers and consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reist
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, CH-3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland.
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Häsler B, Howe KS, Stärk KDC. Conceptualising the technical relationship of animal disease surveillance to intervention and mitigation as a basis for economic analysis. BMC Health Serv Res 2011; 11:225. [PMID: 21929812 PMCID: PMC3189394 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-11-225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surveillance and intervention are resource-using activities of strategies to mitigate the unwanted effects of disease. Resources are scarce, and allocating them to disease mitigation instead of other uses necessarily involves the loss of alternative sources of benefit to people. For society to obtain the maximum benefits from using resources, the gains from disease mitigation must be compared to the resource costs, guiding decisions made with the objective of achieving the optimal net outcome. DISCUSSION Economics provides criteria to guide decisions aimed at optimising the net benefits from the use of scarce resources. Assessing the benefits of disease mitigation is no exception. However, the technical complexity of mitigation means that economic evaluation is not straightforward because of the technical relationship of surveillance to intervention. We argue that analysis of the magnitudes and distribution of benefits and costs for any given strategy, and hence the outcome in net terms, requires that mitigation is considered in three conceptually distinct stages. In Stage I, 'sustainment', the mitigation objective is to sustain a free or acceptable status by preventing an increase of a pathogen or eliminating it when it occurs. The role of surveillance is to document that the pathogen remains below a defined threshold, giving early warning of an increase in incidence or other significant changes in risk, and enabling early response. If a pathogen is not contained, the situation needs to be assessed as Stage II, 'investigation'. Here, surveillance obtains critical epidemiological information to decide on the appropriate intervention strategy to reduce or eradicate a disease in Stage III, 'implementation'. Stage III surveillance informs the choice, timing, and scale of interventions and documents the progress of interventions directed at prevalence reduction in the population. SUMMARY This article originates from a research project to develop a conceptual framework and practical tool for the economic evaluation of surveillance. Exploring the technical relationship between mitigation as a source of economic value and surveillance and intervention as sources of economic cost is crucial. A framework linking the key technical relationships is proposed. Three conceptually distinct stages of mitigation are identified. Avian influenza, salmonella, and foot and mouth disease are presented to illustrate the framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Häsler
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Keith S Howe
- Centre for Rural Policy Research, College of Social Sciences and International Studies, University of Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Katharina DC Stärk
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
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Christensen J, Stryhn H, Vallières A, Allaki FE. A scenario tree model for the Canadian Notifiable Avian Influenza Surveillance System and its application to estimation of probability of freedom and sample size determination. Prev Vet Med 2011; 99:161-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Schwermer H, Reding I, Hadorn DC. Risk-based sample size calculation for consecutive surveys to document freedom from animal diseases. Prev Vet Med 2009; 92:366-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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