1
|
Konold T, Spiropoulos J, Hills J, Abdul H, Cawthraw S, Phelan L, McKenna A, Read L, Canoyra S, Marín-Moreno A, Torres JM. Experimental transmission of ovine atypical scrapie to cattle. Vet Res 2023; 54:98. [PMID: 37864218 PMCID: PMC10589953 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle was caused by the recycling and feeding of meat and bone meal contaminated with a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agent but its origin remains unknown. This study aimed to determine whether atypical scrapie could cause disease in cattle and to compare it with other known TSEs in cattle. Two groups of calves (five and two) were intracerebrally inoculated with atypical scrapie brain homogenate from two sheep with atypical scrapie. Controls were five calves intracerebrally inoculated with saline solution and one non-inoculated animal. Cattle were clinically monitored until clinical end-stage or at least 96 months post-inoculation (mpi). After euthanasia, tissues were collected for TSE diagnosis and potential transgenic mouse bioassay. One animal was culled with BSE-like clinical signs at 48 mpi. The other cattle either developed intercurrent diseases leading to cull or remained clinical unremarkable at study endpoint, including control cattle. None of the animals tested positive for TSEs by Western immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. Bioassay of brain samples from the clinical suspect in Ov-Tg338 and Bov-Tg110 mice was also negative. By contrast, protein misfolding cyclic amplification detected prions in the examined brains from atypical scrapie-challenged cattle, which had a classical BSE-like phenotype. This study demonstrates for the first time that a TSE agent with BSE-like properties can be amplified in cattle inoculated with atypical scrapie brain homogenate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timm Konold
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal & Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK.
| | - John Spiropoulos
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal & Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Janet Hills
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal & Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Hasina Abdul
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal & Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Saira Cawthraw
- Central Unit for Sequencing and PCR, Animal & Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Laura Phelan
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal & Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Amy McKenna
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal & Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Lauren Read
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal & Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Sara Canoyra
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Marín-Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan María Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Konold T, Dale J, Spiropoulos J, Simmons H, Godinho A. Case of TB in a sheep caused by
Mycobacterium bovis
with transmission to another sheep and a steer in the same building. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timm Konold
- Pathology DepartmentAnimal and Plant Health AgencyAddlestoneSurreyUK
| | - James Dale
- Bacterial Characterisation Group (TB Genotyping)Animal and Plant Health AgencyAddlestoneSurreyUK
| | - John Spiropoulos
- Pathology DepartmentAnimal and Plant Health AgencyAddlestoneSurreyUK
| | - Hugh Simmons
- Pathology DepartmentAnimal and Plant Health AgencyAddlestoneSurreyUK
| | - Ana Godinho
- School of MedicineUniversity of Minho Life and Health Sciences Research InstituteBragaPortugal
- ICVS/3B's‐PT Government Associate LaboratoryUniversidade do Minho Instituto de Investigacao em Ciencias da Vida e SaudeGuimarãesPortugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Konold T, Phelan LJ, Donnachie BR, Chaplin MJ, Cawthraw S, González L. Codon 141 polymorphisms of the ovine prion protein gene affect the phenotype of classical scrapie transmitted from goats to sheep. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:122. [PMID: 28472956 PMCID: PMC5418773 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A study to investigate transmission of classical scrapie via goat milk was carried out in sheep: firstly, lambs were challenged orally with goat scrapie brain homogenate to confirm transmission of scrapie from goats to sheep. In the second study phase, milk from scrapie-infected goats was fed to lambs. Lambs were selected according to their prion protein gene (PRNP) genotype, which was either VRQ/VRQ or ARQ/ARQ, with or without additional polymorphisms at codon 141 (FF141, LF141 or LL141) of the ovine PRNP. This report describes the clinical, pathological and molecular phenotype of goat scrapie in those sheep that progressed to clinical end-stage. Results Ten sheep (six VRQ/VRQ and four ARQ/ARQ, of which three FF141 and one LL141) challenged with one of two scrapie brain homogenates, and six pairs of sheep (ARQ, of which five LL141 and seven LF141) fed milk from six different goats, developed clinical disease, which was characterised by a pruritic (all VRQ/VRQ and LL141 sheep) or a non-pruritic form (all LF141 and FF141 sheep). Immunohistochemical (IHC) examination revealed that the pattern of intra- and extracellular accumulation of disease-associated prion protein in the brain was also dependent on PRNP polymorphisms at codon 141, which was similar in VRQ and LL141 sheep but different from LF141 and FF141 sheep. The influence of codon 141 was also seen in discriminatory Western blot (WB), with LF141 and FF141 sheep showing a bovine spongiform encephalopathy-like profile (diminished reactivity with P4 antibody) on brain tissue. However, discriminatory WB in lymphoid tissues, and IHC pattern and profile both in lymphoid and brain tissue was consistent with classical scrapie in all sheep. Conclusions This study provided further evidence that the clinical presentation and the pathological and molecular phenotypes of scrapie in sheep are influenced by PRNP polymorphisms, particularly at codon 141. Differences in the truncation of disease-associated prion protein between LL141 sheep and those carrying the F141 allele may be responsible for these observations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-017-1036-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timm Konold
- Animal Sciences Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK.
| | - Laura J Phelan
- Animal Sciences Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Ben R Donnachie
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Melanie J Chaplin
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Saira Cawthraw
- Central Sequencing Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Lorenzo González
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency Lasswade, Penicuik, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Diseases of the Nervous System. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7322266 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
5
|
Nicholas NS, Pipili A, Lesjak MS, Ameer SM, Geh JLC, Healy C, Ross ADM, Parsons M, Nestle FO, Lacy KE, Wells CM. PAK4 suppresses PDZ-RhoGEF activity to drive invadopodia maturation in melanoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:70881-70897. [PMID: 27765920 PMCID: PMC5342596 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are thought to use actin rich invadopodia to facilitate matrix degradation. Formation and maturation of invadopodia requires the co-ordained activity of Rho-GTPases, however the molecular mechanisms that underlie the invadopodia lifecycle are not fully elucidated. Previous work has suggested a formation and disassembly role for Rho family effector p-21 activated kinase 1 (PAK1) however, related family member PAK4 has not been explored. Systematic analysis of isoform specific depletion using in vitro and in vivo invasion assays revealed there are differential invadopodia-associated functions. We consolidated a role for PAK1 in the invadopodia formation phase and identified PAK4 as a novel invadopodia protein that is required for successful maturation. Furthermore, we find that PAK4 (but not PAK1) mediates invadopodia maturation likely via inhibition of PDZ-RhoGEF. Our work points to an essential role for both PAKs during melanoma invasion but provides a significant advance in our understanding of differential PAK function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Nicholas
- Division of Cancer Studies, New Hunts House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas's Hospital and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Aikaterini Pipili
- Division of Cancer Studies, New Hunts House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas's Hospital and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michaela S. Lesjak
- Division of Cancer Studies, New Hunts House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Simon M. Ameer
- Division of Cancer Studies, New Hunts House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jenny L. C. Geh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ciaran Healy
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Division, New Hunts House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Frank O. Nestle
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas's Hospital and King's College London, London, UK
- St Johns Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Katie E. Lacy
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas's Hospital and King's College London, London, UK
- St Johns Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Claire M. Wells
- Division of Cancer Studies, New Hunts House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Konold T, Nonno R, Spiropoulos J, Chaplin MJ, Stack MJ, Hawkins SAC, Cawthraw S, Wilesmith JW, Wells GAH, Agrimi U, Di Bari MA, Andréoletti O, Espinosa JC, Aguilar-Calvo P, Torres JM. Further characterisation of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy phenotypes after inoculation of cattle with two temporally separated sources of sheep scrapie from Great Britain. BMC Res Notes 2015. [PMID: 26205536 PMCID: PMC4618938 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The infectious agent responsible for the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic in Great Britain is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) strain with uniform properties but the origin of this strain remains unknown. Based on the hypothesis that classical BSE may have been caused by a TSE strain present in sheep, cattle were inoculated intracerebrally with two different pools of brains from scrapie-affected sheep sourced prior to and during the BSE epidemic to investigate resulting disease phenotypes and characterise their causal agents by transmission to rodents. Results As reported in 2006, intracerebral inoculation of cattle with pre-1975 and post-1990 scrapie brain pools produced two distinct disease phenotypes, which were unlike classical BSE. Subsequent to that report none of the remaining cattle, culled at 10 years post inoculation, developed a TSE. Retrospective Western immunoblot examination of the brains from TSE cases inoculated with the pre-1975 scrapie pool revealed a molecular profile similar to L-type BSE. The inoculation of transgenic mice expressing the bovine, ovine, porcine, murine or human prion protein gene and bank voles with brains from scrapie-affected cattle did not detect classical or atypical BSE strains but identified two previously characterised scrapie strains of sheep. Conclusions Characterisation of the causal agents of disease resulting from exposure of cattle to naturally occurring scrapie agents sourced in Great Britain did not reveal evidence of classical or atypical BSE, but did identify two distinct previously recognised strains of scrapie. Although scrapie was still recognizable upon cattle passage there were irreconcilable discrepancies between the results of biological strain typing approaches and molecular profiling methods, suggesting that the latter may not be appropriate for the identification and differentiation of atypical, particularly L-type, BSE agents from cattle experimentally infected with a potential mixture of classical scrapie strains from sheep sources. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1260-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timm Konold
- Specialist Scientific Support Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Romolo Nonno
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - John Spiropoulos
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Melanie J Chaplin
- Prion Unit, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Michael J Stack
- Prion Unit, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Steve A C Hawkins
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Saira Cawthraw
- Specialist Scientific Support Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - John W Wilesmith
- Formerly Epidemiology Department, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Gerald A H Wells
- Formerly Neuropathology, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Umberto Agrimi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Michele A Di Bari
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- UMR INRA-ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
| | - Juan C Espinosa
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Juan M Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Konold T, Bone GE, Clifford D, Chaplin MJ, Cawthraw S, Stack MJ, Simmons MM. Experimental H-type and L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle: observation of two clinical syndromes and diagnostic challenges. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:22. [PMID: 22401036 PMCID: PMC3378435 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) cases so far identified worldwide have been detected by active surveillance. Consequently the volume and quality of material available for detailed characterisation is very limiting. Here we report on a small transmission study of both atypical forms, H- and L-type BSE, in cattle to provide tissue for test evaluation and research, and to generate clinical, molecular and pathological data in a standardised way to enable more robust comparison of the two variants with particular reference to those aspects most relevant to case ascertainment and confirmatory diagnosis within existing regulated surveillance programmes. RESULTS Two groups of four cattle, intracerebrally inoculated with L-type or H-type BSE, all presented with a nervous disease form with some similarities to classical BSE, which progressed to a more dull form in one animal from each group. Difficulty rising was a consistent feature of both disease forms and not seen in two BSE-free, non-inoculated cattle that served as controls. The pathology and molecular characteristics were distinct from classical BSE, and broadly consistent with published data, but with some variation in the pathological characteristics. Both atypical BSE types were readily detectable as BSE by current confirmatory methods using the medulla brain region at the obex, but making a clear diagnostic distinction between the forms was not consistently straightforward in this brain region. Cerebellum proved a more reliable sample for discrimination when using immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS The prominent feature of difficulty rising in atypical BSE cases may explain the detection of naturally occurring cases in emergency slaughter cattle and fallen stock. Current confirmatory diagnostic methods are effective for the detection of such atypical cases, but consistently and correctly identifying the variant forms may require modifications to the sampling regimes and methods that are currently in use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timm Konold
- TSE Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Konold T, Bone GE, Simmons MM. Time and frequency domain analysis of heart rate variability in cattle affected by bovine spongiform encephalopathy. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:259. [PMID: 21787422 PMCID: PMC3169472 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is a method to assess the function of the autonomic nervous system. Brainstem nuclei that influence HRV are affected by vacuolar changes and accumulation of disease-associated prion protein (PrPd) in bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) resulting in clinical signs suggestive of an increased parasympathetic tone. It was hypothesised that BSE in cattle causes changes in the autonomic nervous system; this was tested by comparing HRV indices derived from 1048 electrocardiograms, which were recorded from 51 naturally or experimentally infected cattle with BSE confirmed by postmortem tests, 321 clinical suspect cases or cattle inoculated with potentially infectious tissue without disease confirmation and 78 BSE-free control cattle. Findings Statistically significant differences were found for low or high frequency power, their normalised values and ratio when the last recording prior to cull or repeated recordings were compared but only between male and female cattle of the three groups and not between groups of the same gender, even though BSE cases of each gender appeared to be more nervous during the recording. The same findings were made for heart rate, deviation from the mean RR interval and vasovagal tonus index when repeated recordings were compared. BSE cases with severe vacuolar changes in the parasympathetic nucleus of the vagus nerve had a significantly lower low:high frequency power ratio but not a lower heart rate than BSE cases with mild vacuolation, whereas severity of vacuolar changes in the solitary tract nucleus or intensity of PrPd accumulation in both nuclei did not appear to have any affect on either index. Abnormalities in the electrocardiogram were detected in 3% of the recordings irrespective of the BSE status; sinus arrhythmia was present in 93% of the remaining recordings. Conclusions HRV analysis was not useful to distinguish BSE-positive from BSE-negative cattle grouped by gender, and HRV indices appeared to be mainly influenced by gender. There is agreement with earlier studies that vacuolar changes in the brainstem may be associated with an increased parasympathetic tone in BSE and that abnormalities in an electrocardiogram can be detected in cattle without evidence of heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timm Konold
- Pathology & Host Susceptibility, Neuropathology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|