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Galanis I, Simou M. Splenic Injury After Colonoscopy in a 55-Year-Old Female Patient. Cureus 2023; 15:e35239. [PMID: 36968869 PMCID: PMC10038689 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonoscopy is, in general, a relatively safe procedure with a low complication rate. Splenic injury related to this procedure is very rare, ranging from one in 100,000 to one in 6,387 colonoscopies, but a possibly lethal complication. For its diagnosis, a high degree of clinical suspicion is needed as many physicians are not aware of its existence. Clinical symptoms and signs are observed 1-10 days after the procedure. The imaging modality of choice is contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT). However, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) may also be used to detect abdominal fluid and the injured area of the spleen. We present a case of a 55-year-old female with splenic rupture after a colonoscopy, diagnosed with CEUS and CECT. Splenectomy was performed, and the patient's recovery was uneventful.
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González-Andrades E. Splenic rupture secondary of colonoscopy. Med Clin (Barc) 2021; 157:592-593. [PMID: 33771363 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Corcillo A, Aellen S, Zingg T, Bize P, Demartines N, Denys A. Endovascular treatment of active splenic bleeding after colonoscopy: a systematic review of the literature. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2012; 36:1270-9. [PMID: 23262476 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-012-0539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colonoscopy is reported to be a safe procedure that is routinely performed for the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal diseases. Splenic rupture is considered to be a rare complication with high mortality and morbidity that requires immediate diagnosis and management. Nonoperative management (NOM), surgical treatment (ST), and, more recently, proximal splenic artery embolization (PSAE) have been proposed as treatment options. The goal of this study was to assess whether PSAE is safe even in high-grade ruptures. METHODS We report two rare cases of post colonoscopy splenic rupture. A systematic review of the literature from 2002 to 2010 (first reported case of PSAE) was performed and the three types of treatment compared. RESULTS All patients reviewed (77 of 77) presented with intraperitoneal hemorrhage due to isolated splenic trauma. Splenic rupture was high-grade in most patients when grading was possible. Six of 77 patients (7.8 %) were treated with PSAE, including the 2 cases reported herein. Fifty-seven patients (74 %) underwent ST. NOM was attempted first in 25 patients with a high failure rate (11 of 25 [44 %]) and requiring a salvage procedure, such as PSAE or ST. Previous surgery (31 of 59 patients), adhesions (10 of 13), diagnostic colonoscopies (49 of 71), previous biopsies or polypectomies (31 of 57) and female sex (56 of 77) were identified as risk factors. In contrast, splenomegaly (0 of 77 patients), medications that increase the risk of bleeding (13 of 30) and difficult colonoscopies (16 of 51) were not identified as risk factors. PSAE was safe and effective even in elderly patients with comorbidities and those taking medications that increase the risk of bleeding, and the length of the hospital stay was similar to that after ST. CONCLUSION We propose a treatment algorithm based on clinical and radiological criteria. Because of the high failure rate after NOM, PSAE should be the treatment of choice to manage grade I through IV splenic ruptures after colonoscopy in hemodynamically stabilized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Corcillo
- Département de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland,
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Abunnaja S, Panait L, Palesty JA, Macaron S. Laparoscopic splenectomy for traumatic splenic injury after screening colonoscopy. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2012; 6:624-8. [PMID: 23139653 PMCID: PMC3492969 DOI: 10.1159/000343428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonoscopy is a widespread diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. The most common complications include bleeding and perforation. Splenic rupture following colonoscopy is rarely encountered and is most likely secondary to traction on the splenocolic ligament. Exploratory laparotomy and splenectomy is the most commonly employed therapeutic intervention for this injury reported in the literature. We present the case of a patient with this potentially fatal complication who was treated successfully at our institution. To our knowledge it is the first report in the literature of laparoscopic splenectomy as a successful minimally invasive treatment of splenic rupture following colonoscopy. The patient was a 62-year-old female who underwent screening colonoscopy with polypectomies at the cecum, descending colon and rectum. Immediately following the procedure she developed abdominal pain and had a syncopal episode. Clinical, laboratory and imaging findings were suggestive of hemoperitoneum and a ruptured spleen. A diagnostic laparoscopy was emergently performed and revealed a grade IV splenic laceration and hemoperitoneum. Laparoscopic splenectomy was completed safely and effectively. The patient's postoperative recovery was uneventful. We conclude that splenic rupture after colonoscopy is a rare but dangerous complication. A high index of suspicion is required to recognize it early. Awareness of this potential complication can lead to optimal patient outcome. Laparoscopic splenectomy may be a feasible treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Abunnaja
- The Stanley Dudrick Department of Surgery, Saint Mary's Hospital, Waterbury, Conn., USA
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Seifman MA, Freeman LA, Tryfonopoulos J. Delayed splenectomy following colonoscopy-associated splenic injury. ANZ J Surg 2012; 82:96-7. [PMID: 22507520 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2011.05948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Zandonà C, Turrina S, Pasin N, De Leo D. Medico-legal considerations in a case of splenic injury that occurred during colonoscopy. J Forensic Leg Med 2012; 19:229-33. [PMID: 22520377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2011.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colonoscopy has became the gold standard diagnostic and therapeutic treatment for rectum and colon diseases. The splenic injury is a rare complication of colonoscopy and relatively few cases (less than 70) have been reported in the literature so far. Here we present a case of splenic rupture identified in an 80 year-old man few hours after an apparently uneventful colonoscopy. Acknowledging a causal relationship between the lesion and the diagnostic procedures, we discuss the possible medico-legal implications with regard to professional liability considering the exceptional nature of such an event and the stance recently taken by the Italian law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zandonà
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, P.le L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
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Bertoglio C, Roscio F, De Luca A, Colico C, Scandroglio I. Delayed presentation of splenic injury following diagnostic colonoscopy. Updates Surg 2011; 64:77-9. [PMID: 21660616 DOI: 10.1007/s13304-011-0086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Splenic injury (SI) is a rare complication after colonoscopy, but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain following this procedure. We report a case of delayed rupture and review pertinent literature. A 70-year-old patient on oral warfarin intake underwent colonoscopy that diagnosed obstructive rectal cancer and elongated colon conditioning the endoscope's passage. After 48 h, patient experienced sharp abdominal pain with mild peritoneal signs. Contrast-enhanced CT scan evidenced large amount of abdominal-free blood collection from grade II SI. Hypovolemic shock occurred following brief clinical observation. Urgent laparotomic splenectomy and contextual Hartmann's procedure were then carried out. Postoperative course was uneventful and definitive histology confirmed splenic subcapsular haematoma and locally advanced adenocarcinoma. Perforation and bleeding more likely occurred after colonoscopy, while few cases of SI are reported in literature since 1974. Traction on the splenocolic ligament and direct trauma has been advocated as possible causes. Peritoneal adhesions and splenic diseases usually are predisposing factors although not confirmed in our patient. Anticoagulant therapy favoured delayed filling up of subcapsular haematoma while bowel obstruction added further surgical challenge. Rapid onset of hemorrhagic shock required urgent splenectomy that remains the procedure of choice among the literature reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camillo Bertoglio
- Busto Arsizio General Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Tradate, Italy.
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Splenic rupture after screening colonoscopy: case report and literature review. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2011; 20:e31-3. [PMID: 20173607 DOI: 10.1097/sle.0b013e3181cc4f62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Splenic rupture is a rare complication after colonoscopy, and to date there are only 46 reported cases in the English-language literature. Presented is a case report of splenic rupture after screening colonoscopy that resulted in laparotomy and splenectomy within 24 hours of the original procedure. The article covers the hypothesized mechanisms of injury, various precautions to take during colonoscopy, suggested diagnostic algorithm, determining factors in treatment, and vaccine regimen. The article concludes by stating that as the number of colonoscopies increase, so will the prevalence of associated complications, and that physicians are encouraged to understand this paradigm shift.
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Casanova Martínez L, Martín Arranz E, Vázquez López P, Jaquotot Herranz M, Mora Sanz P, Segura Cabral JM. [Splenic rupture after colonoscopy. An unusual complication]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2011; 34:588-9. [PMID: 21592621 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
Splenic rupture is a life-threatening condition characterized by internal hemorrhage, often difficult to diagnose. Colonoscopy is a gold standard routine diagnostic test to investigate patients with gastrointestinal symptoms as well as to those on the screening program for colorectal cancer. Splenic injury is seldomly discussed during consent for colonoscopy, as opposed to colonic perforation, as its prevalence accounts for less than 0.1%. A 66-year-old Caucasian woman with no history of collagen disorder was electively admitted for routine colonoscopy for surveillance of adenoma. She was admitted following the procedure for re-dosing of warfarin, which was stopped prior to the colonoscopy. The patient was found collapsed on the ward the following day with clinical shock and anemia. Computed tomography demonstrated grade 4 splenic rupture. Immediate blood transfusion and splenectomy was required. Splenic rupture following routine colonoscopy is extremely rare. Awareness of it on this occasion saved the patient's life. Despite it being a rare association, the seriousness warrants inclusion in all information leaflets concerning colonoscopy and during its consent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabraze Rasul
- Department of Surgery, Russells Hall Hospital, Dudley, West Midlands, Warwick, UK
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Murariu D, Takekawa S, Furumoto N. Splenic rupture: a case of massive hemoperitoneum following therapeutic colonoscopy. HAWAII MEDICAL JOURNAL 2010; 69:140-141. [PMID: 20535686 PMCID: PMC3118014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Colonoscopies are usually regarded as safe procedures with low complication rates and are recommended for anyone over the age of fifty for colon cancer screening. Splenic rupture is a rare complication of colonoscopy with few reported cases in the English literature. We present the only reported case of such a complication in the state of Hawai'i and the 44th reported case in the English literature. Physicians need to be more aware of the possibility of splenic rupture following colonoscopy to avoid delay of diagnosis and treatment of this life-threatening complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Murariu
- Department of Surgery, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
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Stauch P, Dietrich P, Bernhard M, Jaspersen D, Gries A, Hellinger A. Milzruptur nach Vorsorgekoloskopie. Chirurg 2010; 81:746-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00104-010-1893-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kamath AS, Iqbal CW, Sarr MG, Cullinane DC, Zietlow SP, Farley DR, Sawyer MD. Colonoscopic splenic injuries: incidence and management. J Gastrointest Surg 2009; 13:2136-40. [PMID: 19830501 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-009-1064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Splenic injuries that occur during colonoscopies are rare. There is no available incidence of this serious complication, and the literature is limited to case reports. Our study looks at single institution experience of splenic injuries during colonoscopy to define the incidence and management of this serious complication. METHODS All patients from 1980 through June 2008 sustaining a splenic injury during colonoscopy were reviewed. RESULTS Four patients (of 296,248 colonoscopies) sustained a splenic injury directly from colonoscopy performed at our institution (incidence 0.001%). Three additional patients were treated at our tertiary referral center after splenic injury from colonoscopy performed elsewhere. The mean age at the time of colonoscopy was 54 years (range 40-70 years). The most common presenting symptom was abdominal pain (n = 4) with a mean decrease in hemoglobin of 6.5 g/dl (range 4.5-8.5 g/dl). Splenic injury was diagnosed by computed tomography in five patients. Six patients received a mean of 5.5 U of packed red blood cells (range 2-14 U). All patients were managed with splenectomy, six patients within 24 h of the index colonoscopy, and one patient presented more than 24 h after initial colonoscopy. There was no evidence of preexisting splenic disease in any of the patients by surgical pathology, and there were no postoperative complications or deaths. The mean duration of stay was 10 days (range 7-15 days). All patients are alive at a median follow up of 22 months (range 1-164 months). CONCLUSION Splenic injury occurring during colonoscopy is a rare but serious complication. Patients presented with abdominal pain and a precipitous decrease in hemoglobin and have all required emergent splenectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin S Kamath
- Department of GI and General Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Skipworth JRA, Raptis DA, Rawal JS, Olde Damink S, Shankar A, Malago M, Imber C. Splenic injury following colonoscopy--an underdiagnosed, but soon to increase, phenomenon? Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2009; 91:W6-11. [PMID: 19416579 DOI: 10.1308/147870809x400994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We present a case of splenic rupture in a 71-year-old woman admitted 6 days following a diagnostic colonoscopy. She underwent an open splenectomy and made a delayed, but complete, recovery. We proceeded to perform a retrospective review of all relevant literature to assess the frequency of similar post-colonoscopy complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using relevant keywords, we identified 63 further PubMed reports of splenic injury associated with colonoscopy that were reported in English. FINDINGS We have described only the fourth report of splenic injury secondary to colonoscopy from a UK centre. Literature review reveals a mean age of 63 years and a female preponderance for this complication. Most patients present on the day of their colonoscopy with abdominal pain, anaemia, elevated white cell count and Kehr's sign. CT is the investigation of choice and splenectomy the definitive management of choice. Most patients make a routine recovery, with mortality rates of approximately 8%. There is likely to be an under-reporting of this complication from UK-based centres, with the majority of reports originating from Europe and US. This points to a possible under-diagnosis or under-recognition of this potentially fatal complication. The incidence of such post-colonoscopic complications may increase with the forthcoming introduction of the National Bowel Cancer Screening Programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R A Skipworth
- Department of Hepatopancreaticobiliary Surgery, University College Hospital, London, UK.
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Abstract
Splenic perforation represents a rare complication of colonoscopy. In our report we have reviewed the experience reported in the world literature, including proposed mechanisms, risk factors for splenic perforation and available management options. We have also discussed our concerns for under reporting. We had a total of 4 cases of splenic perforation following colonoscopies at our centre. One patient had a small splenic laceration repaired; two were observed closely and discharged without intervention. The patient mentioned below required a splenectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Pasumarthy
- Department of Medicine, York Hospital, 1001 S. George St, York, PA 17405, USA
| | - James Srour
- Department of Gastroenterology, York Hospital, 1001 S. George St, York, PA 17405, USA
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