Spontaneous perforation of jejunal gastrintestinal stromal tumour (gist). Case report and review of literature

Ruptured gastro-intestinal stromal tumor as a surgical emergency: A case report and literature review

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. GISTs of the small bowel are rare, and often present with an abdominal mass and/or bleeding. Chemotherapy and surgery are the mainstay of therapy. Here, we discuss an unusual case of a ruptured jejunal GIST with hemoperitoneum and recurrence despite surgical excision followed by Imatinib treatment. Forty-five cases of ruptured small intestinal GISTs were identified in the literature. Most cases were in males and were found to be at the site of the jejunum.

An unusual and life-threatening presentation of a large GIST

Introduction

Case presentation

Clinical discussion

Conclusion

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Although an acute presentation of GIST is rare, it must be recognised early to prevent further morbidity and mortality.

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The overlap between the symptoms of GIST and other GI disorders could lead to an uncertain diagnosis and thus unfavourable outcome.

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Imaging modalities along with immunohistochemical studies have eased the diagnosis of GIST

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The characteristics of the tumor largely influence the treatment pathway.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a comprehensive radiological review

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) originating from the interstitial cells of Cajal in the muscularis propria are the most common mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. Multiple modalities, including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, ultrasonography, digital subtraction angiography, and endoscopy, have been performed to evaluate GISTs. CT is most frequently used for diagnosis, staging, surveillance, and response monitoring during molecularly targeted therapy in clinical practice. The diagnosis of GISTs is sometimes challenging because of the diverse imaging findings, such as anatomical location (esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small bowel, colorectum, appendix, and peritoneum), growth pattern, and enhancement pattern as well as the presence of necrosis, calcification, ulceration, early venous return, and metastasis. Imaging findings of GISTs treated with antineoplastic agents are quite different from those of other neoplasms (e.g. adenocarcinomas) because only subtle changes in size are seen even in responsive lesions. Furthermore, the recurrence pattern of GISTs is different from that of other neoplasms. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each imaging modality, describes imaging findings obtained before and after treatment, presents a few cases of complicated GISTs, and discusses recent investigations performed using CT and MRI to predict histological risk grade, gene mutations, and patient outcomes.

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges in the Management of Acute Massive Overt Bleeding of Jejunal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours: Case Series

INTRODUCTION

Jejunal gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are rare mesenchymal tumours. Acute massive overt bleeding from jejunal GIST is very rare and poses both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in emergent conditions.

METHODS

A case series with retrospective analysis of prospectively maintained database of patients presenting with acute massive overt bleeding secondary to histologically proven jejunal GIST was done. Clinical characteristics, endoscopic and imaging diagnostic features, histological findings, surgical procedures and outcomes in these patients were studied.

RESULTS

Three patients were included in this case series. Mean age of presentation was 49.0 years with two male and one female patient. All three patients presented with melena and hemodynamic instability, resuscitated with adequate blood transfusions. Routine endoscopic assessment were inconclusive. Multiphasic Computed Tomographic Angiography (CTA) revealed hypodense hypervascular mass in jejunum in all three patients. One patient was unresponsive to blood transfusion and underwent emergency exploratory laparotomy. One patient underwent laparoscopic resection and reconstruction. Mean length of hospital stay was 5.3 days. Histopathological examination confirmed jejunal GIST in all three patients with microscopically negative resection margins. Two patients were disease free till 18-month follow-up and the one patient lost to follow-up after 1 year.

CONCLUSION

Multiphasic CTA is a single-step diagnostic tool for localisation of bleed and assessment of tumour characteristics in emergent conditions. Surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment for both control of bleed and to provide oncologically clear resection margins.

Co-Incidence of Paraesophageal Hernia and Perforated Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: A Case Report on Rare Presentation of GIST

Introduction: The most common connective tissue neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract is gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Its presentations are usually abdominal pain and gastrointestinal bleeding. Case Presentation: We report a 31-year-old man with abdominal pain presented to our hospital with 10 days history of abdominal pain. After radiologic investigations, total distended stomach paraesophageal hernia and antral deformity were seen in the CT scan. Subsequently, the patient underwent surgery and after releasing the stomach, a large sealed perforated mass was seen in the antrum near the diaphragmatic hiatus and small localized abscess that subtotal gastrectomy and hernia repair was done. Pathologic examination revealed that the perforated mass is a GIST. Conclusions: We report a rare complication of gist that is perforation and the first report of simultaneous paraesophageal hernia and perforated gist.

Football Size Jejunal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are considered the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the alimentary tract, yet they account for only 0.2% of all gastrointestinal neoplasms.

We are presenting a case of a 68-year-old gentleman who was diagnosed with a 250 mm jejunal GIST only when he presented with abdominal pain and fullness in the upper abdomen. We believe that detailed medical history, followed by prompt investigations, will help in early diagnosis of small GISTs with less malignant potential, which in turn will lead to better outcomes.

Spontaneous perforation of jejunal gastrointestinal stromal tumor: A case report

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GIST is rare and its presentation as spontaneous rupture is extremely rare.

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GIST preoperative diagnosis remains difficult.

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Local excision of the GIST associated with the use of imatinib is effective.

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GIST is a rare pathological condition.

Introduction

The incidence of small bowel tumors is comparatively rare when compared to colonic tumors. They comprise less than 10% of all gastrointestinal neoplasms. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract; however it accounts for less than 1% of all gastrointestinal tumors.

Aim

To report a rare case of jejunal gastrointestinal stromal tumor presenting as a life-threatening emergency in a young adult male who was treated in the General Surgery department in the Jordanian Royal Medical Services (JRMS), Amman, Jordan. PRESENTED CASE: We report a 59-year-old male who presented to our emergency department with severe generalized abdominal pain. The patient was in a hypovolemic shock. Abdominal examination revealed a massively distended, tender abdomen. Abdomenal CT scan with IV contrast showed significant fat stranding around the jejunum associated with pneumoperitoneum and free fluid. Exploratory laparotomy was emergently performed, revealing diffuse peritonitis secondary to perforated small bowel tumor. En bloc resection was performed. Histopathologic examination confirmed the presence of malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the jejunum with R0 clearance.

Discussion

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are relatively rare and the jejunum is the least affected among other parts of the GI tract. The majority of ruptured GISTs occur spontaneously, and are located in the stomach and small bowel. Most ruptured GISTs are associated with dismal prognosis.

Conclusion

A jejunal gastrointestinal stromal tumor can rarely present with spontaneous perforation. However, it is important to highlight this condition, as early emergency intervention constitutes the key to a good outcome.

Primary Jejunal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: Diagnosis Delay of 3 Years but Successful Management in Early Stage (II) by Surgery and Adjuvant Therapy

In the digestive system, mesenchymal origin of tumors is quite rare; in general, they are recognized as gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). The incidence of GISTs is very low (2 in 100,000), while jejunal GISTs are extremely rare, accounting for 0.1-3% of all gastrointestinal (GI) tumors. Small intestinal GISTs are the second most common (25%) site in the GI tract, usually occurring in the duodenum. We present the case of a 62-year-old Bangladeshi female with a history of GI bleeding 3 years earlier; the cause of the bleeding had not been found despite extensive investigations. In the meantime, the patient had developed occasional abdominal pain and lumpy feelings in the right side of the abdomen without any GI bleeding. Exploratory laparotomy was carried out in view of a small intestinal mesenteric mass in a computed tomography scan. On midline incision there was a 6 × 6 cm mass in the antimesenteric border of the jejunum approximately 30 cm from the duodenojejunal flexure, which was resected followed by anastomosis. The presentation of GISTs ranges from asymptomatic to mild abdominal pain and mass (5-50%) and mechanical obstruction (5%) as well as hemorrhage - perforation having rarely been reported (0.8%) - making the diagnosis difficult. Exophytic growth of these tumors has been noted in 18-30% of cases. In view of intermediate risk of malignancy, the patient was started with adjuvant imatinib 400 mg once daily due to probability of disease recurrence (24%).

A Rare Case of a Ruptured Metastatic Hepatic Lesion from a Jejunal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) Treated by Arterial Embolization

Patient: Male, 68

Final Diagnosis: Ruptured metastatic hepatic lesion from a jejunal GIST

Symptoms: Abdominal discomfort • hypotension

Medication: —

Clinical Procedure: —

Specialty: Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Clinicopathological and Prognostic Analysis of Primary Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Presenting with Gastrointestinal Bleeding: a 10-Year Retrospective Study

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this paper were to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors of GI-bleeding GIST patients and explore whether GI bleeding is a risk factor for GIST relapse.

METHODS

Primary GIST patients with initial symptoms of GI bleeding or no GI bleeding were retrospectively studied.

RESULTS

Up to 178 GI-bleeding GIST patients including 108 (60.7%) males and 70 (39.3%) females were evaluated for the clinicopathological characteristics. The stomach, small bowel, and colorectum were the tumor sites in 82 (46.1%), 85 (47.8%), and 11 (6.2%) patients. Of the 178 patients, 163 GI-bleeding patients had follow-up while another 363 patients from the total population presented without GI bleeding were followed up. Up to 526 patients who received postoperative follow-up were included in the survival analysis. Compared with the 363 non-GI-bleeding patients, GI-bleeding patients developed smaller tumors (P = 0.015) and had a longer relapse-free survival (RFS; P = 0.014). For the 163 GI-bleeding patients, a Cox regression analysis showed that the mitotic count and the platelet-lymphocyte ratio before surgery were independent prognostic predictors for poor outcome regarding RFS. For all 526 patients, a Cox regression analysis indicated that tumor location, mitotic index, platelet-lymphocyte ratio, and GI bleeding were independent prognosis predictors.

CONCLUSION

Compared to non-GI-bleeding GIST patients, patients with GI bleeding were more likely to be male and to have more small intestine GISTs, smaller tumors, and a longer RFS. For GI-bleeding patients, mitotic count and platelet-lymphocyte ratio were independent prognostic indicators. GI bleeding served as a surrogate for smaller GIST and was a protective factor for GIST recurrence.

Perforated Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of the Meckel's Diverticulum: a Case Report and Review of Literature

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the GI tract, they have a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, and a small proportion of them present as an acute abdomen due to obstruction, perforation, or hemoperitoneum. We present a case of a perforated GIST of the Meckel's diverticulum and review the current literature on perforated GISTs. We ran a search on Pubmed and Google Scholar with the following terms "perforated GIST," "perforated Meckel's diverticulum," "GIST with peritonitis," and "GIST in Meckel's diverticulum." After selecting the relevant articles, we tabulated our results and analyzed the data. Out of the 45 cases, 32 (71.1 %) were male and 13 (28.8 %) were female. Out of the 45 reported cases, 41 (91.1 %) were from the small intestine, 2 (4.44 %) cases from the stomach, and 2 (4.44 %) from the small bowel. In 15 (33.33 %) cases, the site of perforation was the Meckel's diverticulum (MD). Forty-year-old male, presented with features of peritonitis localized to the right iliac fossa, was diagnosed as acute appendicitis and subjected to a diagnostic laparoscopy. Intraoperatively, a perforated Meckel's diverticulum was found, which on histopathological examination contained a low-grade GIST. Our literature search revealed that in reported cases of perforated GISTs, there is a slight male preponderance. Small bowel appears to be the most common site for a perforated GIST, and a significant proportion (30.23 %) arise from the Meckel's diverticulum. And most importantly, the commonest tumor to cause perforation of a Meckel's diverticulum is a GIST.

Case Report: Jejunal gastrointestinal stromal tumour, a rare tumour, with a challenging diagnosis and a successful treatment

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are rare. GISTs comprise 0.2% of gastrointestinal tumours and only 0.04% of small intestinal tumours. Jejunal GISTs are the rarest subtype. Only 10–30% progress to malignancy [Choi (Response evaluation of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Oncologist 2008;13:4–7)]. We present a 70-year-old male, with multiple co-morbidities, who had extensive investigations over 5 years for vague abdominal pain. All investigations were normal. He presented with symptoms and signs of small bowel obstruction (SBO), confirmed on a computed tomography scan and demonstrated to be secondary to lesion-induced intussusception. The patient had emergency small bowel resection, was discharged after 4 days and remains well. This case report highlights the rarity of jejunal GISTs and, as extensive initial investigation yielded all false-negative results, indicates the difficulty in diagnosing jejunal GISTs. Adhesions are the commonest cause of SBO in patients with previous abdominal surgery, followed by newly diagnosed malignancies [Beardsley et al. (Small bowel obstruction in the virgin abdomen: the need for a mandatory laparotomy explored. Am J Surg 2014;208:243–8)]. Consequently, in patients with a virgin abdomen, underlying tumours should be considered.

A Large Cystic Variant of Gastro-intestinal Stromal Tumour arising from the Jejunum: A Case Report

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) represent a mesenchymal neoplasm arising from the interstitial cells of cajal occurring mainly in the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we present a case of a large GIST arising from the jejunum with cystic presentation unlike the usual presentation as a solid mass. A 50-year-old male patient came with complaint of a painless mobile lump in abdomen of approximately 25 cm in size which had gradually increased over two years. Clinically mesenteric cyst was suspected. Intra-operatively the mass was a 30x25 cm cyst with approximately 2500 ml serous fluid present inside it arising from the anti-mesenteric border of the jejunum, adherent to the jejunum, appendix and the dome of the bladder. The fluid was aspirated and the mass excised along with resection of the involved jejunal segment and appendectomy was done. Diagnosis was confirmed on immunohistochemistry study. Imatinib Mesylate 400 mg OD was started as adjuvant therapy in view of the high risk of metastasis.

Peritonitis secondary to spontaneous perforation of a primary gastrointestinal stromal tumour of the small intestine: A case report and a literature review

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Emergency presentation of a GIST is not uncommon and one of its manifestations is acute abdome.

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The cases described in the literature are the tip of the iceberg and spontaneous rupture or perforation of GISTs are a far more frequent first presentation of this rare tumour.

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The jejunum was the more common location of perforation compared to the ileum.

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Emergency surgery is mandatory and should achieve radical resection.

Introduction

A few cases of acute abdomen caused by perforation of small-intestinal gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) have been reported in the literature.

Presentation of case

Together with a review of the published cases, here we report a case of an elderly patient with peritonitis due to spontaneous perforation of a GIST of the jejunum. An 82-year-old man was admitted to the emergency unit of our hospital with fever and severe abdominal pain. An abdominal enhanced computed tomography scan detected a 6 cm solid mass in the left upper quadrant adherent to a jejunal loop and surrounded by free fluid and free air. Due to the radiological features of the mass, the diagnosis of a perforation of a GIST arising from the jejunum wall was suspected. The patient underwent emergency laparotomy. Intraoperative findings confirmed diffuse peritonitis secondary to jejunal tumour perforation. A segmental resection of the jejunum containing the mass was performed followed by a mechanical end-to-side anastomosis. The histopathologic examination of the mass confirmed the diagnosis of a perforated GIST of the small intestine (high-risk category). The post-operative course was uneventful and the patient was treated with adjuvant imatinib therapy.

Discussion

Twenty-one other cases of spontaneous perforation of small intestine GISTs are reported in the literature and are summarized in the present review.

Conclusion

The described case is the tip of the iceberg and spontaneous rupture or perforation of GISTs are a far more frequent first presentation of this rare tumour.

Multifocal small bowel stromal tumours presenting with peritonitis in an HIV positive patient

INTRODUCTION

The most common mesenchymal tumour of the gastrointestinal tract is stromal tumours (GISTs). Symptomatic GISTs can present with complications such as haemorrhage, obstruction and perforation. Complete surgical resection with negative margins is the mainstay of treatment but may be imprudent on emergent occasion. Tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been revolutionary in the treatment of GISTs and have resulted in improved outcomes.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

A 41 year old HIV positive male presented with an acute history of abdominal pain and obstructive symptoms. Clinical examination revealed sepsis and peritonitis. One of the several small bowel tumours discovered at exploratory laparotomy was necrotic and perforated. The perforated tumour alone was resected and a small bowel internal hernia reduced. The patient made an uneventful recovery and will be considered for TKI therapy with a view to later re-operation.

DISCUSSION

GISTs very rarely perforate. The pathophysiology of stromal tumour necrosis is poorly understood. Multifocality and small bowel location are poor prognosticators and may occur in the setting of familial GISTs, specific syndromes and sporadic cases. There is no established association between HIV and GISTs.

CONCLUSION

Perforation occurs infrequently in ≤8% of symptomatic cases and poses increased risk of local recurrence. The surgical management of perforation takes precedence in an emergency. The surgeon must however take cognisance of the adherence to ideal oncologic principles where feasible. TKI therapy is invaluable if a re-exploration is to be later considered.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) related emergencies

BACKGROUND

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, accounting for 1-3% of all gastrointestinal malignancies. Throughout the whole length of the gastrointestinal tract, GIST arises most commonly from the stomach followed by small bowel. The clinical presentations of GIST are highly variable according to their site and size. The most frequent symptoms are anemia, weight loss, gastrointestinal bleeding, abdominal pain and massrelated symptoms. Patients may present with acute abdomen, obstruction, perforation or rupture and peritonitis. Surgical resection is the "gold standard" for therapy of GIST. Recently, targeted therapy with inhibitors of tyrosine kinase receptors (imatinib) has been introduced for the management of advanced and metastatic tumors.

PURPOSE

The aim of this work is to present the experience of the Gastrointestinal Surgery Unit, Alexandria Faculty of Medicine in the management of patients with GIST related emergencies.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This study was carried out on all patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors who presented to the Gastrointestinal Surgery Unit, Main Alexandria University Hospital in an emergency situation during the period from January 2005 till December 2012. All patients' data, clinical presentations, radiological and endoscopic data, surgical procedures, complications, and survival data were collected, reviewed and analyzed. After approval of local ethics committee, all patients included in the study were informed well about the procedure and an informed written consent was obtained from every patient before carrying the procedure.

RESULTS

Between January 2005 and December 2012; 92 patients (54 males and 38 females) were admitted with different emergency presentations of clinically and radiologically suspected GISTs. The tumors were located in the stomach in 49 patients, in the duodenum in 6 patients, in the small intestine in 27 patients, in the small intestinal mesentery in 4 patients, in the colon in 3 patients and in the rectum in 3 patients. The most frequent presenting symptom was gastrointestinal bleeding in 45 patients. Twenty-six patients presented with intestinal obstruction, 14 patients with intraperitoneal hemorrhage and 7 patients with rupture and peritonitis. Ninety patients were operated upon. Two patients presented with extensive GIST, and were not candidate for surgical treatment. All operated patients underwent surgical resection. Complete macroscopic resection was achieved in 86 patients (95.6%), while 4 patients (4.4%) had incomplete resection. All over 11 patients developed metastases, or recurrence. The 3 and 5-years overall survival rates for all patients, using the Kaplan-Meier actuarial curve, were 92.1% and 81.4% respectively. The 3 and 5-years disease-free survival rates for all patients were 73.2% and 64.5% respectively.

CONCLUSION

Although GISTs are uncommon, their incidence is probably increasing especially their emergency presentations. The emergency surgeon must be acquainted with the disease, its emergency presentation and principles of surgery in the presence of GIST tumors. Early diagnosis and treatment would save life of many patients who presented with GIST related emergencies. Surgery is still the gold standard treatment in localized GIST, although the percentage of relapse is not low even after radical surgery. The prognosis is strictly related to size and completeness of surgical resection. We strongly advocate that all patients with a GIST be carefully and regularly followed-up for an indefinite period. The large number of patients in this series is an alarming signal for further studies to elucidate the pathogenesis of this disease.