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de'Angelis N, Schena CA, Marchegiani F, Reitano E, De Simone B, Wong GYM, Martínez-Pérez A, Abu-Zidan FM, Agnoletti V, Aisoni F, Ammendola M, Ansaloni L, Bala M, Biffl W, Ceccarelli G, Ceresoli M, Chiara O, Chiarugi M, Cimbanassi S, Coccolini F, Coimbra R, Di Saverio S, Diana M, Dioguardi Burgio M, Fraga G, Gavriilidis P, Gurrado A, Inchingolo R, Ingels A, Ivatury R, Kashuk JL, Khan J, Kirkpatrick AW, Kim FJ, Kluger Y, Lakkis Z, Leppäniemi A, Maier RV, Memeo R, Moore EE, Ordoñez CA, Peitzman AB, Pellino G, Picetti E, Pikoulis M, Pisano M, Podda M, Romeo O, Rosa F, Tan E, Ten Broek RP, Testini M, Tian Wei Cheng BA, Weber D, Sacco E, Sartelli M, Tonsi A, Dal Moro F, Catena F. 2023 WSES guidelines for the prevention, detection, and management of iatrogenic urinary tract injuries (IUTIs) during emergency digestive surgery. World J Emerg Surg 2023; 18:45. [PMID: 37689688 PMCID: PMC10492308 DOI: 10.1186/s13017-023-00513-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Iatrogenic urinary tract injury (IUTI) is a severe complication of emergency digestive surgery. It can lead to increased postoperative morbidity and mortality and have a long-term impact on the quality of life. The reported incidence of IUTIs varies greatly among the studies, ranging from 0.3 to 1.5%. Given the high volume of emergency digestive surgery performed worldwide, there is a need for well-defined and effective strategies to prevent and manage IUTIs. Currently, there is a lack of consensus regarding the prevention, detection, and management of IUTIs in the emergency setting. The present guidelines, promoted by the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES), were developed following a systematic review of the literature and an international expert panel discussion. The primary aim of these WSES guidelines is to provide evidence-based recommendations to support clinicians and surgeons in the prevention, detection, and management of IUTIs during emergency digestive surgery. The following key aspects were considered: (1) effectiveness of preventive interventions for IUTIs during emergency digestive surgery; (2) intra-operative detection of IUTIs and appropriate management strategies; (3) postoperative detection of IUTIs and appropriate management strategies and timing; and (4) effectiveness of antibiotic therapy (including type and duration) in case of IUTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola de'Angelis
- Unit of Colorectal and Digestive Surgery, DIGEST Department, Beaujon University Hospital, AP-HP, Clichy, Paris, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Carlo Alberto Schena
- Unit of Colorectal and Digestive Surgery, DIGEST Department, Beaujon University Hospital, AP-HP, Clichy, Paris, France.
| | - Francesco Marchegiani
- Unit of Colorectal and Digestive Surgery, DIGEST Department, Beaujon University Hospital, AP-HP, Clichy, Paris, France
| | - Elisa Reitano
- Department of General Surgery, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, CHRU-Strasbourg, Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer (IRCAD), 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Belinda De Simone
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Guastalla Hospital, AUSL-IRCCS Reggio, Emilia, Italy
| | - Geoffrey Yuet Mun Wong
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Aleix Martínez-Pérez
- Unit of Colorectal Surgery, Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fikri M Abu-Zidan
- The Research Office, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Vanni Agnoletti
- Department of General and Emergency Surgery, Bufalini Hospital-Level 1 Trauma Center, Cesena, Italy
| | - Filippo Aisoni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Università Degli Studi Di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Ammendola
- Science of Health Department, Digestive Surgery Unit, University "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luca Ansaloni
- Department of General Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Miklosh Bala
- Acute Care Surgery and Trauma Unit, Department of General Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Kiriat Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Walter Biffl
- Division of Trauma/Acute Care Surgery, Scripps Clinic Medical Group, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Graziano Ceccarelli
- General Surgery, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, USL Umbria 2, Foligno, Italy
| | - Marco Ceresoli
- General and Emergency Surgery, School of Medicine and Surgery, Milano-Bicocca University, Monza, Italy
| | - Osvaldo Chiara
- General Surgery and Trauma Team, ASST Niguarda Milano, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Chiarugi
- General, Emergency and Trauma Department, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Cimbanassi
- General Surgery and Trauma Team, ASST Niguarda Milano, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Coccolini
- General, Emergency and Trauma Department, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Raul Coimbra
- Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Salomone Di Saverio
- Unit of General Surgery, San Benedetto del Tronto Hospital, av5 Asur Marche, San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - Michele Diana
- Department of General Surgery, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, CHRU-Strasbourg, Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer (IRCAD), 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Gustavo Fraga
- Department of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paschalis Gavriilidis
- Department of HBP Surgery, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Angela Gurrado
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Unit of Academic General Surgery "V. Bonomo", University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Inchingolo
- Unit of Interventional Radiology, F. Miulli Hospital, 70021, Acquaviva Delle Fonti, Italy
| | - Alexandre Ingels
- Department of Urology, Henri Mondor Hospital, University of Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Rao Ivatury
- Professor Emeritus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jeffry L Kashuk
- Department of Surgery, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jim Khan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Queen Alexandra Hospital, University of Portsmouth, Southwick Hill Road, Cosham, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Andrew W Kirkpatrick
- Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, EG23T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Fernando J Kim
- Division of Urology, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Yoram Kluger
- Division of General Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zaher Lakkis
- Department of Digestive Surgical Oncology - Liver Transplantation Unit, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Ari Leppäniemi
- Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ronald V Maier
- Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Riccardo Memeo
- Unit of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, General Regional Hospital "F. Miulli", Acquaviva Delle Fonti, Bari, Italy
| | - Ernest E Moore
- Ernest E. Moore Shock Trauma Center at Denver Health, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Carlos A Ordoñez
- Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Andrew B Peitzman
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC-Presbyterian, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Gianluca Pellino
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edoardo Picetti
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | - Manos Pikoulis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, Attikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Michele Pisano
- 1st General Surgery Unit, Department of Emergency, ASST Papa Giovanni Hospital Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Mauro Podda
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Cagliari University Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Fausto Rosa
- Emergency and Trauma Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Edward Tan
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mario Testini
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Unit of Academic General Surgery "V. Bonomo", University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | | | - Dieter Weber
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Emilio Sacco
- Department of Urology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Di Roma, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alfredo Tonsi
- Digestive Diseases Department, Royal Sussex County Hospital, University Hospitals Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Fabrizio Dal Moro
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Fausto Catena
- Department of General and Emergency Surgery, Bufalini Hospital-Level 1 Trauma Center, Cesena, Italy.
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Ishikawa D, Takehara Y, Takata A, Takamura K, Sato H. Combination of dirty mass volume and APACHE II score predicts mortality in patients with colorectal perforation. World J Emerg Surg 2021; 16:17. [PMID: 33785047 PMCID: PMC8008772 DOI: 10.1186/s13017-021-00359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background “Dirty mass” is a specific computed tomography (CT) finding that is seen frequently in colorectal perforation. The prognostic significance of this finding for mortality is unclear. Methods Fifty-eight consecutive patients with colorectal perforation who underwent emergency surgery were retrospectively reviewed in the study. Dirty mass identified on multi-detector row CT (MDCT) was 3D-reconstructed and its volume was calculated using Ziostation software. Dirty mass volume and other clinical characteristics were compared between survivor (n = 45) and mortality groups (n = 13) to identify predictive factors for mortality. Mann–Whitney U test and Χ2 test were used in univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis was used in multivariate analysis. Results Dirty mass was identified in 36/58 patients (62.1%) and located next to perforated colorectum in all cases. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis identified the highest peak at 96.3 cm3, with sensitivity of 0.643 and specificity of 0.864. Univariate analysis revealed dirty mass volume, acute disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) score, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) score, and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score as prognostic markers for mortality (p<0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed dirty mass volume and APACHE II score as independent prognostic indicators for mortality. Mortality was stratified by dividing patients into four groups according to dirty mass volume and APACHE II score. Conclusions The combination of dirty mass volume and APACHE II score could stratify the postoperative mortality risk in patients with colorectal perforation. According to the risk stratification, surgeons might be able to decide the surgical procedures and intensity of postoperative management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Ishikawa
- Department of Surgery, Yoshinogawa Medical Center, 120 Nishichiejima, Yoshinogawa City, Tokushima, 776-8511, Japan.
| | - Yukako Takehara
- Department of Surgery, Yoshinogawa Medical Center, 120 Nishichiejima, Yoshinogawa City, Tokushima, 776-8511, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takata
- Department of Surgery, Yoshinogawa Medical Center, 120 Nishichiejima, Yoshinogawa City, Tokushima, 776-8511, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Takamura
- Department of Surgery, Yoshinogawa Medical Center, 120 Nishichiejima, Yoshinogawa City, Tokushima, 776-8511, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Sato
- Department of Surgery, Yoshinogawa Medical Center, 120 Nishichiejima, Yoshinogawa City, Tokushima, 776-8511, Japan
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Cirocchi R, Popivanov G, Binda GA, Henry BM, Tomaszewski KA, Davies RJ, Di Saverio S. Sigmoid resection for diverticular disease - to ligate or to preserve the inferior mesenteric artery? Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis 2019; 21:623-631. [PMID: 30609274 DOI: 10.1111/codi.14547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM In colorectal cancer, ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) is a standard surgical approach. In contrast, ligation of the IMA is not mandatory during treatment of diverticular disease. The object of this meta-analysis was to assess if preservation of the IMA reduces the risk of anastomotic leakage. METHOD A search was performed up to August 2018 using the following electronic databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge and Scopus. The measures of treatment effect utilized risk ratios for dichotomous variables with calculation of the 95% CI. Data analysis was performed using the meta-analysis software Review Manager 5.3. RESULTS Eight studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis: two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and six non-RCTs with 2190 patients (IMA preservation 1353, ligation 837). The rate of anastomotic leakage was higher in the IMA ligation group (6%) than the IMA preservation group (2.4%), but this difference was not statistically significant [risk ratio (RR) 0.59, 95% CI 0.26-1.33, I2 = 55%]. The conversion to laparotomy was significantly lower in the IMA ligation group (5.1%) than in the IMA preservation group (9%) (RR 1.74, 95% CI 1.14-2.65, I2 = 0%). Regarding the other outcomes (anastomotic bleeding, bowel injury and splenic damage), no significant differences between the two techniques were observed. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis failed to demonstrate a statistically significant difference in the anastomotic leakage rate when comparing IMA preservation with IMA ligation. Thus, to date there is insufficient evidence to recommend the IMA-preserving technique as mandatory in resection for left-sided colonic diverticular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cirocchi
- Department of Surgical Science, University of Perugia, Piazza dell'Università 1, Perugia, Italy
| | - G Popivanov
- Department of Surgery, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - G A Binda
- Department of Surgery, Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - B M Henry
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - K A Tomaszewski
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group, Krakow, Poland
| | - R J Davies
- Cambridge Colorectal Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Di Saverio
- Cambridge Colorectal Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
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Tsuchiya A, Yasunaga H, Tsutsumi Y, Matsui H, Fushimi K. Mortality and Morbidity After Hartmann's Procedure Versus Primary Anastomosis Without a Diverting Stoma for Colorectal Perforation: A Nationwide Observational Study. World J Surg 2018; 42:866-875. [PMID: 28871326 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-017-4193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefit of primary anastomosis (PA) without a diverting stoma over Hartmann's procedure (HP) for colorectal perforation remains controversial. We compared postoperative mortality and morbidity between HP and PA without a diverting stoma for colorectal perforation of various etiologies. METHODS Using the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, we extracted data on patients who underwent emergency open laparotomy for colorectal perforation of various etiologies from July 1, 2010 to March 31, 2014. We compared 30-day mortality, postoperative complication rates, and postoperative critical care interventions between HP and PA groups using propensity score matching, inverse probability of treatment weighting, and instrumental variable analyses to adjust for measured and unmeasured confounding factors. RESULTS We identified 8500 eligible patients (5455 HP and 3045 PA). In the propensity score-matched model, a significant difference between the HP and PA groups was detected in 30-day mortality (7.7% vs. 9.6%; risk difference, 1.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.5-3.4). The inverse probability of treatment weighting showed similar results (8.8% vs. 10.7%; risk difference, 1.9%; 95% CI, 1.0-2.8). In the instrumental variable analysis, the point estimate suggested similar direction to that of the propensity score analyses (risk difference, 4.4%; 95% CI, -3.3 to 12.1). The PA group had significantly higher rates of secondary surgery for complications (4.6% vs. 8.4%; risk difference, 3.8%; 95% CI, 2.5-4.1) and slightly longer duration of postoperative critical care interventions. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed a significant difference in 30-day mortality between HP and PA without a diverting stoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Tsuchiya
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1130033, Japan. .,Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Hospital Organization Mito Medical Center, 280, Sakuranosato, Ibarakimachi, Higahi-Ibarakigun, Ibaraki, 3113193, Japan.
| | - Hideo Yasunaga
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1130033, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsutsumi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Hospital Organization Mito Medical Center, 280, Sakuranosato, Ibarakimachi, Higahi-Ibarakigun, Ibaraki, 3113193, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsui
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1130033, Japan
| | - Kiyohide Fushimi
- Department of Health Policy and Informatics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138510, Japan
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Boermeester MA, Humes DJ, Velmahos GC, Søreide K. Contemporary Review of Risk-Stratified Management in Acute Uncomplicated and Complicated Diverticulitis. World J Surg 2017; 40:2537-45. [PMID: 27206400 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-016-3560-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute colonic diverticulitis is a common clinical condition. Severity of the disease is based on clinical, laboratory, and radiological investigations and dictates the need for medical or surgical intervention. Recent clinical trials have improved the understanding of the natural history of the disease resulting in new approaches to and better evidence for the management of acute diverticulitis. METHODS We searched the Cochrane Library (years 2004-2015), MEDLINE (years 2004-2015), and EMBASE (years 2004-2015) databases. We used the search terms "diverticulitis, colonic" or "acute diverticulitis" or "divertic*" in combination with the terms "management," "antibiotics," "non-operative," or "surgery." Registers for clinical trials (such as the WHO registry and the https://clinicaltrials.gov/ ) were searched for ongoing, recruiting, or closed trials not yet published. RESULTS Antibiotic treatment can be avoided in simple, non-complicated diverticulitis and outpatient management is safe. The management of complicated disease, ranging from a localized abscess to perforation with diffuse peritonitis, has changed towards either percutaneous or minimally invasive approaches in selected cases. The role of laparoscopic lavage without resection in perforated non-fecal diverticulitis is still debated; however, recent evidence from two randomised controlled trials has found a higher re-intervention in this group of patients. CONCLUSIONS A shift in management has occurred towards conservative management in acute uncomplicated disease. Those with uncomplicated acute diverticulitis may be treated without antibiotics. For complicated diverticulitis with purulent peritonitis, the use of peritoneal lavage appears to be non-superior to resection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J Humes
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Community Health Sciences, City Hospital, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building 2, Nottingham, UK. .,Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - George C Velmahos
- Division of Trauma Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kjetil Søreide
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, P. O. Box 8100, 4068, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Reznitsky PA, Yartsev PA, Shavrina NV. [Treatment of inflammatory complications of colic diverticular disease at the emergency surgical care hospital]. Khirurgiia (Mosk) 2017:51-57. [PMID: 28805779 DOI: 10.17116/hirurgia2017851-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess an effectiveness of minimally invasive and laparoscopic technologies in treatment of inflammatory complications of colic diverticular disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 150 patients who were divided into control and main groups. Survey included ultrasound, X-ray examination and abdominal computerized tomography. In the main group standardized treatment algorithm including minimally invasive and laparoscopic technologies was used. RESULTS In the main group 79 patients underwent conservative treatment, minimally invasive (ultrasound-assisted percutaneous drainage of abscesses) and laparoscopic surgery that was successful in 78 (98.7%) patients. CONCLUSION Standardized algorithm reduces time of treatment, incidence of postoperative complications, mortality and the risk of recurrent inflammatory complications of colic diverticular disease. Also postoperative quality of life was improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Reznitsky
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Postgraduate Education, Health Ministry of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - P A Yartsev
- Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Care, Health Care Department of Moscow, Moscow, Russia; Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Postgraduate Education, Health Ministry of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - N V Shavrina
- Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Care, Health Care Department of Moscow, Moscow, Russia
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Broersen LHA, Horváth-Puhó E, Pereira AM, Erichsen R, Dekkers OM, Sørensen HT. Corticosteroid use and mortality risk in patients with perforated colonic diverticular disease: a population-based cohort study. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2017; 4:e000136. [PMID: 28461904 PMCID: PMC5387955 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2017-000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Corticosteroids are a potential risk factor for mortality in patients with perforated diverticular disease, due to blinding of disease severity, hampered wound healing or adrenal insufficiency. We examined mortality in corticosteroid users and non-users among patients with perforated diverticular disease. Methods A cohort study based on medical databases including all patients ≥18 years in Denmark (source population 5 289 261 inhabitants) admitted to a hospital with incident perforated diverticular disease between 2005 and 2013. 7-day, 1-month, 3-month and 1-year mortality risks in corticosteroid users and non-users were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and compared with Cox proportional hazard regression adjusted for age, sex and comorbidities. Results The study included 4640 patients with perforated diverticular disease. Of these, 3743 (80.7%) had not used corticosteroids in the year before admission and 725 (15.6%) had been exposed to systemic corticosteroid treatment. The remaining 172 patients had been exposed to either inhaled or intestinal acting corticosteroid therapy. Mortality risk in non-users was 4.4% after 7 days and 15.6% after 1 year. This risk was doubled for corticosteroid users who filled their last prescription during the 90 days before admission, with mortality risks ranging from 14.2% after 7 days to 47.6% after 1 year. 1-year mortality risk was even higher for corticosteroid users with a first filled prescription ≤90 days before admission: 52.5%. Conclusions Corticosteroid use was associated with clearly increased mortality risk after perforated diverticular disease. Thus, use of corticosteroids should be regarded as an important clinical prognostic factor for mortality in patients with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H A Broersen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E Horváth-Puhó
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - A M Pereira
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R Erichsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - O M Dekkers
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H T Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Laparoscopic Approach in Colonic Diverticulitis: Dispelling Myths and Misperceptions. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2017; 27:73-82. [DOI: 10.1097/sle.0000000000000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Shaikh S. National complicated acute diverticulitis (CADS) study: a protocol for a prospective observational scoping study for acute diverticulitis. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2016; 3:e000117. [PMID: 27957337 PMCID: PMC5146641 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2016-000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diverticular disease is a widely prevalent disease in western society, and acute diverticulitis is a common acute surgical presentation. However, there is a lack of level 1 evidence addressing the multifaceted presentations associated with acute diverticulitis. There is also a lack of robust epidemiological data that could be used to meaningfully inform randomised controlled trials. The National CADS project aims to generate baseline data for a cohort of patients managed for clinically suspected acute diverticulitis and evaluate the impact of variability in the management approach on patient outcomes in the short (3 months) and long (2 years) term. Method A Unit policy questionnaire will be completed by the principal investigator from all participating centres prior to study initiation. All patients aged above 18 years admitted with clinical suspicion of acute diverticulitis will be included from UK hospitals providing acute surgical care. Demographic, clinical, inpatient stay and outpatient follow-up data will be collected for index admissions between July and September 2014, 3 months follow-up and finally a 2-year follow-up. Results The study attracted participation from 108 centres nationally and has so far generated data on 2500 patients admitted between 1 July 2014 and 30 September 2014. Short-term follow-up data have been obtained for this cohort. Conclusions The National CADS study is currently ongoing with the long-term outcomes data anticipated to be submitted in autumn of 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafaque Shaikh
- Section of Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
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Daher R, Barouki E, Chouillard E. Laparoscopic treatment of complicated colonic diverticular disease: A review. World J Gastrointest Surg 2016; 8:134-142. [PMID: 26981187 PMCID: PMC4770167 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v8.i2.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Up to 10% of acute colonic diverticulitis may necessitate a surgical intervention. Although associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, Hartmann’s procedure (HP) has been considered for many years to be the gold standard for the treatment of generalized peritonitis. To reduce the burden of surgery in these situations and as driven by the accumulated experience in colorectal and minimally-invasive surgery, laparoscopy has been increasingly adopted in the management of abdominal emergencies. Multiple case series and retrospective comparative studies confirmed that with experienced hands, the laparoscopic approach provided better outcomes than the open surgery. This technique applies to all interventions related to complicated diverticular disease, such as HP, sigmoid resection with primary anastomosis (RPA) and reversal of HP. The laparoscopic approach also provided new therapeutic possibilities with the emergence of the laparoscopic lavage drainage (LLD), particularly interesting in the context of purulent peritonitis of diverticular origin. At this stage, however, most of our knowledge in these fields relies on studies of low-level evidence. More than ever, well-built large randomized controlled trials are necessary to answer present interrogations such as the exact place of LLD or the most appropriate sigmoid resection procedure (laparoscopic HP or RPA), as well as to confirm the advantages of laparoscopy in chronic complications of diverticulitis or HP reversal.
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Sessa B, Galluzzo M, Ianniello S, Pinto A, Trinci M, Miele V. Acute Perforated Diverticulitis: Assessment With Multidetector Computed Tomography. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2016; 37:37-48. [DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hartmann’s procedure and laparoscopic reversal versus primary anastomosis and ileostomy closure for left colonic perforation. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2015; 400:609-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00423-015-1319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Staging of acute diverticulitis based on clinical, radiologic, and physiologic parameters. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015; 78:543-51. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Left Colon Diverticulitis Presenting as Perforated Lumbar Abscess: A Case Report and Review of the Current Literature. Case Rep Gastrointest Med 2015; 2015:414905. [PMID: 26881151 PMCID: PMC4736197 DOI: 10.1155/2015/414905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverticular perforation is a common complication of diverticulitis and can lead to the creation of abscesses. The presence of such abscesses on the abdominal wall is rare and can lead to misdiagnosis. We present the case of a patient with abdominal pain and the formation of a large left lumbar abscess due to perforation of a diverticulum of the left colon and our surgical treatment of choice with favorable results.
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Sartelli M, Moore FA, Ansaloni L, Di Saverio S, Coccolini F, Griffiths EA, Coimbra R, Agresta F, Sakakushev B, Ordoñez CA, Abu-Zidan FM, Karamarkovic A, Augustin G, Costa Navarro D, Ulrych J, Demetrashvili Z, Melo RB, Marwah S, Zachariah SK, Wani I, Shelat VG, Kim JI, McFarlane M, Pintar T, Rems M, Bala M, Ben-Ishay O, Gomes CA, Faro MP, Pereira GA, Catani M, Baiocchi G, Bini R, Anania G, Negoi I, Kecbaja Z, Omari AH, Cui Y, Kenig J, Sato N, Vereczkei A, Skrovina M, Das K, Bellanova G, Di Carlo I, Segovia Lohse HA, Kong V, Kok KY, Massalou D, Smirnov D, Gachabayov M, Gkiokas G, Marinis A, Spyropoulos C, Nikolopoulos I, Bouliaris K, Tepp J, Lohsiriwat V, Çolak E, Isik A, Rios-Cruz D, Soto R, Abbas A, Tranà C, Caproli E, Soldatenkova D, Corcione F, Piazza D, Catena F. A proposal for a CT driven classification of left colon acute diverticulitis. World J Emerg Surg 2015; 10:3. [PMID: 25972914 PMCID: PMC4429354 DOI: 10.1186/1749-7922-10-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) imaging is the most appropriate diagnostic tool to confirm suspected left colonic diverticulitis. However, the utility of CT imaging goes beyond accurate diagnosis of diverticulitis; the grade of severity on CT imaging may drive treatment planning of patients presenting with acute diverticulitis. The appropriate management of left colon acute diverticulitis remains still debated because of the vast spectrum of clinical presentations and different approaches to treatment proposed. The authors present a new simple classification system based on both CT scan results driving decisions making management of acute diverticulitis that may be universally accepted for day to day practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luca Ansaloni
- General Surgery I, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Raul Coimbra
- Department of Surgery, UC San Diego Health System, San Diego, USA
| | - Ferdinando Agresta
- Department of Surgery, Ospedale Civile, ULSS19 del Veneto, Adria, (RO) Italy
| | - Boris Sakakushev
- First Clinic of General Surgery, University Hospital St George, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Carlos A Ordoñez
- Department of Surgery, Fundación Valle del Lili, Hospital Universitario del Valle, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Fikri M Abu-Zidan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Goran Augustin
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - David Costa Navarro
- General and Digestive Tract Surgery, Alicante University General Hospital, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jan Ulrych
- 1st Surgical Department of First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital, Prague Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zaza Demetrashvili
- Department of General Surgery, Kipshidze Central University Hospital, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Renato B Melo
- Department of General Surgery, Centro Hospitalar São João, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sanjay Marwah
- Department of Surgery, Pt BDS Post-graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, India
| | | | - Imtiaz Wani
- Department of Surgery, Sheri-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Vishal G Shelat
- Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Tan Tock Seng, Singapore
| | - Jae Il Kim
- Department of Surgery, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael McFarlane
- Department of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthetics and Intensive Care University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Tadaja Pintar
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Umc Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miran Rems
- Surgical Department, General Hospital Jesenice, Jesenice, Slovenia
| | - Miklosh Bala
- Department of General Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Offir Ben-Ishay
- Department of General Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Carlos Augusto Gomes
- Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF) AND Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde de Juiz de Fora (SUPREMA), Juiz de Fora, MG Brazil
| | - Mario Paulo Faro
- Department of General Surgery, Trauma and Emergency Surgery Division, ABC Medical School, Santo André, SP Brazil
| | - Gerson Alves Pereira
- Emergency Surgery and trauma Unit, Department of Surgery, Ribeirão, Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Gianluca Baiocchi
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Brescia Ospedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Bini
- General and Emergency Surgery SG Bosco Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Gabriele Anania
- Department of Surgery, Arcispedale S. Anna, Medical University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ionut Negoi
- Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Zurabs Kecbaja
- General and Emergency Surgery Department, Riga East University Hospital “Gailezers”, Riga, Latvia
| | - Abdelkarim H Omari
- Department of General Surgery, King Abdalla University Hospital, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Yunfeng Cui
- Department of Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Nankai Clinical School of Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jakub Kenig
- 3rd Department of Generał Surgery, Narutowicz Hospital, Krakow, Połand
| | - Norio Sato
- Department of Primary Care & Emergency Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Andras Vereczkei
- Department of Surgery, Medical School University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Matej Skrovina
- Department of Surgery Hospital and Oncological Centre Novy Jicin, Novy Jicin, Czech Republic
| | - Koray Das
- Department of General Surgery, Numune Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Victor Kong
- Department of Surgery, Edendale Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Kenneth Y Kok
- Department of Surgery, Ripas Hospital, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
| | - Damien Massalou
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Nice, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Dmitry Smirnov
- Department of Surgical Diseases, South Ural State Medical University, Chelyabinsk City, Russian Federation
| | - Mahir Gachabayov
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Hospital of Emergency Medicine, Vladimir City, Russian Federation
| | - Georgios Gkiokas
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Aretaieio University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | - Jaan Tepp
- Department of General Surgery, North Estonia Medical Center, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Varut Lohsiriwat
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Elif Çolak
- Department of Surgery, Samsun Education and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Arda Isik
- Department of Surgery, Mengucek Gazi Training Research Hospital, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Daniel Rios-Cruz
- Department of Surgery, Hospital de Alta Especialidad de Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Soto
- Department of Emergency Surgery and Critical Care, Centro Medico Imbanaco, Cali, Colombia
| | - Ashraf Abbas
- Emergency Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Cristian Tranà
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Macerata Hospital, Macerata, Italy
| | | | - Darija Soldatenkova
- General and Emergency Surgery Department, Riga East University Hospital “Gailezers”, Riga, Latvia
| | - Francesco Corcione
- Department of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery, Colli-Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Piazza
- Division of Surgery, Vittorio Emanuele Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Fausto Catena
- Emergency Department, Maggiore University Hospital, Parma, Italy
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Complications after laparotomy for trauma: a retrospective analysis in a level I trauma centre. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2014; 400:83-90. [PMID: 25534708 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-014-1260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Laparotomy is a potential life-saving procedure after traumatic abdominal injury. There is limited literature about morbidity and mortality rates after trauma laparotomy. The primary aim of this study is to describe the complications which may occur due to laparotomy for trauma. METHODS Retrospective evaluated single-centre study with data registry up to 1 year after initial laparotomy for trauma was performed in a level 1 trauma centre in The Netherlands. Between January 2000 and January 2011, a total of 2390 severely injured trauma patients (ISS ≥ 16) were transported to the VUMC. Patient demographics; mechanism of injury; injury patterns defined by Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), Injury Severity Score (ISS) and Revised Trauma Score (RTS); surgical interventions and findings; and morbidity and mortality were documented. RESULTS A total of 92 trauma patients who underwent a trauma laparotomy met the inclusion criteria. Of these patients, 71 % were male. Median age was 37 years. Median ISS was 27. Mechanisms of injury comprised of car accidents (20 %), fall from height (17 %), motorcycle accidents (12 %), pedestrian/cyclist hit by a vehicle (9 %) and other in three patients (5 %). Penetrating injuries accounted for 37 % of the injuries, consisting of stab wounds (21 %) and gunshot wounds (16 %). Complications classified by the Clavien-Dindo Classification of Surgical Complications showed grade I complications in 21 patients (23 %), grade II in 36 patients (39 %), grade III in 21 patients (23 %), grade IV in 2 patients (2 %) and grade V in 16 patients (17 %). CONCLUSION Laparotomy for trauma has a high complication rate resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Most events occur in the early postoperative period. Further prospective research needs to be conducted in order to identify possibilities to improve care in the future.
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Cirocchi R, Arezzo A, Vettoretto N, Cavaliere D, Farinella E, Renzi C, Cannata G, Desiderio J, Farinacci F, Barberini F, Trastulli S, Parisi A, Fingerhut A. Role of damage control surgery in the treatment of Hinchey III and IV sigmoid diverticulitis: a tailored strategy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93:e184. [PMID: 25437034 PMCID: PMC4616377 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the treatment strategies for sigmoid diverticulitis are actually focusing on nonoperative and minimally invasive approaches. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the actual role of damage control surgery (DCS) in the treatment of generalized peritonitis caused by perforated sigmoid diverticulitis.A literature search was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar for articles published from 1960 to July 2013. Comparative and noncomparative studies that included patients who underwent DCS for complicated diverticulitis were considered.Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score, duration of open abdomen, intensive care unit length of stay, reoperation, bowel resection performed at first operation, fecal diversion, method, and timing of closure of abdominal wall were the main outcomes of interest.According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses algorithm for the literature search and review, 10 studies were included in this systematic review. DCS was exclusively performed in diverticulitis patients with septic shock or requiring vasopressors intraoperatively. Two surgical different approaches were highlighted: limited resection of the diseased colonic segment with or without stoma or reconstruction in situ, and laparoscopic washing and drainage without colonic resection.Despite the heterogeneity of patient groups, clinical settings, and interventions included in this review, DCS appears to be a promising strategy for the treatment of Hinchey III and IV diverticulitis, complicated by septic shock. A tailored approach to each patient seems to be appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cirocchi
- From the Department of Digestive Surgery (RC, JD, ST, AP), St. Maria Hospital, University of Perugia, Terni; Department of Surgical Sciences (AA), University of Turin, Turin; Laparoscopic Surgical Unit (NV), M. Mellini Hospital, Chiari; Department of Surgical Oncology (DC), Forlì; Department of HPB and Digestive Surgery (EF), Ospedale Mauriziano Umberto I, Turin; Department of General and Oncologic Surgery (CR, GC, FB), University of Perugia, Perugia; Department of Mininvasive and Robotic Surgery (FF), St. Maria Hospital, University of Perugia, Terni, Italy; Athens First Department of Surgery (Prof Leandros) (AF), Hippokration University Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; and Section for Surgical Research (Prof Uranues) (AF), Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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The best choice of treatment for acute colonic diverticulitis with purulent peritonitis is uncertain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:380607. [PMID: 24995290 PMCID: PMC4065711 DOI: 10.1155/2014/380607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Severe stages of acute, colonic diverticulitis can progress into intestinal perforations with peritonitis. In such cases, urgent treatment is needed, and Hartmann's procedure is the standard treatment for cases with fecal peritonitis. Peritoneal lavage may be an alternative to resection for acute diverticulitis with purulent peritonitis, but ongoing randomized trials are awaited to clarify this.
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