The calcar screw in angular stable plate fixation of proximal humeral fractures--a case study

Risk factors for osteonecrosis of the humeral head after internal fixation of proximal humeral fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Osteonecrosis of the humeral head (ONHH) is a severe complication after the internal fixation of proximal humeral fractures (IFPHF). The risk factors remain controversial though many studies have reported. In this research, meta-analysis was used to evaluate which surgeon-level factors can be modified to lower the risk and we hope to provide evidence-based support for preventing ONHH.

METHODS

Literature was retrieved from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus for eligible studies published up to January 2023. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to evaluate. STATA 15.1 software was applied for data synthesis, sensitivity synthesis, and publication bias.

RESULTS

45 articles were published between 2000 and 2022, and 2482 patients were finally included. All articles were observational research, with 7 case-control studies and 38 cohort studies, and the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) score ranged from 7 to 9. The pooled results suggested that age (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.14-0.74, P = 0.01), reduction quality (OR 0.08, 95% CI 0.01-0.44, P = 0.00), fracture type (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.25-0.78, P = 0.01), surgical approach (OR: 4.06, 95% CI 1.21-13.61, P = 0.02) and fixation implant (OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.34-1.33, P = 0.02) were risk factors for ONHH after IFPHF. According to sensitivity analysis, Begg (P = 0.42) and Egger (P = 0.68) tests, the results were stable and exhibited no publication bias.

CONCLUSIONS

The study showed that age, reduction quality, fracture type, surgical approach and fixation implant were risk factors for ONHH after IFPHF, while gender, varus or valgus, timely operation, injured side, and the existence of medial support have little influence on ONHH, as they could not be considered risk factors and still need further investigations.

Correct positioning of the calcar screw leads to superior results in proximal humerus fractures treated with carbon-fibre-reinforced polyetheretherketone plate osteosynthesis with polyaxial locking screws

BACKGROUND

Plate osteosynthesis with implants made of carbon-fibre-reinforced polyetheretherketone (CFR-PEEK) has recently been introduced for the treatment of fractures of the proximal humerus (PHFs). The advantages of the CFR-PEEK plate are considered to be its radiolucency, its favourable modulus of elasticity, and the polyaxial placement of the screws with high variability of the angle. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the influence of calcar screw positioning on the complication and revision rates after CFR-PEEK plating of PHFs. The secondary aim is to assess its influence on functional outcome.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Patients were identified retrospectively. Minimum follow-up was 12 months. The cohort was divided into two groups depending on the distance of the calcar screw to the calcar (group I: < 12 mm, group II: ≥ 12 mm). The range of motion (ROM), Subjective Shoulder Value Score (SSV) and Constant-Murley Score (CS) were analysed at follow-up examination. Subjective complaints, complications (e.g. humeral head necrosis, varus dislocation) and the revision rate were evaluated.

RESULTS

51 patients (33 female, 18 male) with an average age of 68.6 years were included after a period of 26.6 months (group I: 32 patients, group II: 19 patients). Apart from the gender distribution, no significant differences were seen in the patient characteristics. The outcome scores showed significantly better clinical results in group I: SSV 83.4 vs 71.2, p = 0.007; CS 79.1 vs 67.8, p = 0.013. Complications were seen less frequently in group I (18.8 % vs 47.4 %, p = 0.030).

CONCLUSION

This study shows that the positioning of the calcar screw is relevant for CFR-PEEK plate osteosynthesis in PHFs with a good reduction of the fracture. Optimal positioning of the calcar screw close to the calcar (< 12 mm) is associated with a lower rate of complications, resulting in significantly superior functional outcomes.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

III, retrospective cohort study.

Dual-Plate Fixation for Proximal Humerus Fractures With Unstable Medial Column in Patients With Osteoporosis

OBJECTIVES

To compare radiological and clinical outcomes between lateral locking plate (LLP) and dual-plate fixation (LLP and additional medial buttress plate) for proximal humerus fractures with medial column comminution and varus deformity in patients with osteoporosis.

DESIGN

Retrospective.

SETTING

Academic medical center.

PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS

Overall, 52 patients were enrolled. Of these, 26 patients underwent dual-plate fixation. The control group (LLP) was matched to the dual-plate group for age, sex, injured side, and fracture type.

INTERVENTION

Patients in the dual-plate group were treated with LLP and medial buttress plate, whereas patients in the LLP group were treated with only an LLP.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS

Demographic factors, operative time, and level of hemoglobin of the 2 groups obtained from medical records. Changes in the neck-shaft angle and the development of postoperative complications were recorded. Clinical outcomes were measured based on the visual analog scale; American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons; Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand; and Constant-Murley scores.

RESULTS

The operation time and hemoglobin loss did not differ significantly between the groups. Radiographic evaluation showed a significantly lower change in neck-shaft angle in the dual-=plate group than in the LLP group. The dual-plate group also showed better Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand; American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons; and Constant-Murley scores than the LLP group.

CONCLUSION

Fixation using additional medial buttress plate with LLP may be considered for treating proximal humerus fractures in patients with an unstable medial column, varus deformity, and osteoporosis.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Plate Fixation of Proximal Humerus Fractures: How to Get It Right and Future Directions for Improvement

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Open reduction and internal fixation with locking plates (ORIF-LP) has been used for decades for the surgical management of proximal humerus fractures. Despite good outcomes have been widely published in the literature, unacceptably high rates of complications (up to 40%), many of them yielding poor outcomes and requiring reoperation (up to 25%), have also been reported, especially in elderly patients. Most common complications are related to implant failure, with intra-articular screw penetration as the most frequent and devastating.

RECENT FINDINGS

Advances in patient selection and surgical technique, and implementation of bone or cement augmentation, have been developed to hopefully decrease complication rates. Mayo-FJD Classification offers prognostic information that can aid in the decision-making process for proximal humeral fractures. Displaced valgus impacted fractures seem to be associated with well over a 10% rate of avascular necrosis after ORIF-LP. A principle-based and stepwise surgical technique combining anatomic reduction and a short screw configuration can provide good outcome in most patients, even the elderly, decreasing implant failures to less than 10%. Acrylic cement augmentation has the potential to further decrease implant failure rate to 1%. Reoperation rates are higher partly due to the need to remove hardware for painful subacromial conflict. However, no studies to date definitively demonstrated the superiority of ORIF-LP compared to non-operative treatment, intramedullary nailing, or reverse shoulder arthroplasty. ORIF-LP can provide good results for the surgical management of displaced proximal humerus fractures even in elderly patients provided adequate patient selection and a principle based and stepwise surgical technique, supplemented with bone graft or acrylic cement when needed. Poor outcomes and high complication and reoperation rates should be expected when these recommendations are not followed.

Comparison of the ALPS and PHILOS plating systems in proximal humeral fracture fixation - a retrospective study

BACKGROUND

Open reduction and plate osteosynthesis are considered as a successful technique for the treatment of proximal humerus fracture (PHF) despite high complication rates. The objective of our study was to review the clinical outcome and complications of the Anatomic Locking Plate System (ALPS) and compare it to the Proximal Humeral Internal Locking System (PHILOS). Our hypothesis was that ranges of motion (ROM) were superior and complication rates were lower with ALPS.

METHODS

Twenty patients treated with ALPS for PHF were retrospectively compared to 27 patients treated with PHILOS. Union, ROM and complications were clinically and radiologically assessed at 6 weeks, 3, 6, 12 and 18-24 months post-operatively.

RESULTS

Mean age was 52 ± 14 in the ALPS group and 58 ± 13 in the PHILOS group. Last follow-ups were conducted at a mean of 20.6 ± 4.8 months. Mean shoulder abduction was superior with ALPS by 14° (p-value = 0.036), 15° (p-value = 0.049), and 15° (p-value = 0.049) at 3, 6, and 12 months respectively. Mean shoulder external rotation was superior with ALPS by 11° (p-value = 0.032), 15° (p-value = 0.010) and 12° (p-value = 0.016) at 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months respectively. At the end of the follow-up, ROM remained better with ALPS, but not significantly. Complication rates over 21 months reached 20% with ALPS and 48% with PHILOS (p-value = 0.045). Implant removal rates reached 10% with ALPS and 37% with PHILOS (p-value = 0.036). Avascular necrosis was the only cause for hardware removal in the ALPS group.

CONCLUSION

The ALPS group showed better clinical outcomes with faster recovery in abduction and external rotation, although no difference in ROM remained after 21 months. Additionally, the complications rate was lower at last follow up. In our experience, the ALPS plating system is an effective management option in some PHF.

Functional results of deltoid split minimally invasive osteosynthesis for neer type 3 proximal humerus fractures

We aimed to evaluate the short-term functional and radiological outcomes of the minimally invasive fixation of three-part proximal humerus fractures without using calcar screws. Twenty patients were treated with the minimally invasive approach using locking plate-screws. The relationship between the cephalo-diaphyseal angles and the functional outcomes were evaluated. The mean follow-up time were 22.7 months. The mean Constant-Murley score of the patients was 83.7. The modified Constant-Murley score was excellent in 16 and good in four patients. A statistically significant difference was detected between cephalo-diaphyseal angles. Osteosynthesis with minimally invasive plate-screw and deltoid splitting application is encouraging with its satisfactory results in three-part fractures of the humerus; however, the total complication rate of 35% should not be ignored. In addition, in order to prevent a significant varus collapse and angular loss, the fracture subgroups should be studied in detail and additional measures should be taken based on the fracture type.

Does plate-screw density affect the functional outcomes in the treatment of proximal humerus fractures?

BACKGROUND

The aim of the study is to evaluate the relationship between plate-screw density (PSD), functional results, and complication rates in the treatment of proximal humerus fractures (PHFs) with proximal humerus locking anatomical plate (PHLAP).

METHODS

Consecutive 43 patients (22 females and 21 males) who underwent PHLAP for the treatment of PHF between 2010 and 2016 were evaluated. AO classifications were used for the classification of fractures. Based on the biomechanical stability the-ory of Erhardt et al., the patients were divided into two groups as <60% and >60% according to the number of screws fixed to the humeral head for the determination of PSD. The patients were divided into two groups as PSD <60% (n=21) and PSD>60% (n=22) according to the number of screws fixed to the humeral head for the determination of PSD. Functional results were evaluated using the Constant-Murley shoulder score (CMS). Radiological evaluation was performed with collodiaphyseal angle (CDA), varus-valgus angulation, avascular necrosis (AVN), and arthrosis. The groups were compared in terms of demographic characteristics, functional results, radiological scores, and complications.

RESULTS

The mean age was 54.47±17.43 years and the mean follow-up time was 19.51±5.27 months. Although the CMS scores of patients with a PSD of over 60% were higher than those below 60%, the CMS score did not differ statistically. In groups, the mean CDA of the operated shoulder was significantly lower than that of the non-injured side (p=0.002). Eight patients had varus angulation, whereas two patients had humerus head AVN. No significant relationship was observed between PDS and functional scores, radiolog-ical results, and complications.

CONCLUSION

Functional results of PSD >60% are higher than PSD <60% group but there is no statistical difference between groups according to functional, radiological results, and complications.

Outcomes of open reduction and internal fixation of proximal humerus fracture dislocations

INTRODUCTION

Proximal humeral fracture with associated glenohumeral dislocation (PHFD) is a challenging clinical problem. Outcomes of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of these injuries have not been widely reported. The purpose of this analysis is to report our experience with ORIF of PHFD.

METHODS

A retrospective review of our 2 institutions' shoulder surgery databases was conducted to identify all PHFDs that were treated with ORIF from 2008 through 2017. Radiographs were reviewed for fracture healing by 12 weeks postoperatively. All reoperations were recorded. Patient-reported outcomes using Simple Shoulder Test (SST) and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form (ASES) scores at a minimum 2-year follow-up were recorded.

RESULTS

There were 20 PHFDs identified: they were 50% male, 55.8 ± 10.3 years old (range 31.3-66.3), and had a body mass index of 29.3 ± 8.2 (15.2-47.8). Seven (35%) patients experienced varus collapse, nonunion, or avascular necrosis and 6 (30%) patients underwent reoperation. Of the 17 patients who did not go on to revision or arthroplasty, 14 (82.3%) had patient-reported outcomes at a mean follow-up of 4.9 ± 2.2 years (2.3-8.8). These patients had an average SST 8.0±4.0 yes responses (0-12) and ASES scores of 71.6 ± 20.4 (20.2-94.9).

CONCLUSION

ORIF of PHFD carries a high rate of reoperation. In patients who achieve healing, functional scores are satisfactory. This information is important for proper patient counseling prior to surgery.

A nomogram for predicting reduction loss risk after locking plate fixation for proximal humeral fractures

PURPOSE

The purpose of our study was to determine the risk factors for reduction loss in patients with proximal humeral fractures after locking plate fixation and establish a nomogram prediction model.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of proximal humeral fractures patients who had been surgically treated for locking plate in our institution from January 2016 to December 2018. Perioperative information was obtained through the electronic medial record system, univariate and multivariate analyzes were performed to determine the risk factors of reduction loss, and a nomogram model was constructed to predict the risk of reduction loss. The predictive performance and consistency of the model were evaluated by the consistency coefficient (C-index) and the calibration curve, respectively.

RESULTS

115 patients were finally enrolled in our study. Multivariate analysis results showed that age, fracture classification, medial comminution, and calcar screw status were independent risk factors for reduction loss. The accuracy of the contour map for predicting transfusion risk was 0.944.

CONCLUSION

We found a correlation between reduction loss and age, fracture classification, medial comminution, and calcar screw status after locking plate fixation for proximal humeral fractures patients. Our nomogram is helpful for clinicians to identify high-risk patients, early intervention and reduce the incidence of reduction loss.

Double plating - surgical technique and good clinical results in complex and highly unstable proximal humeral fractures

INTRODUCTION

A stable fixation of highly unstable proximal humerus fractures remains challenging and complication rates, especially secondary varus dislocation, remains high. Different techniques of double plate osteosynthesis have been suggested for the treatment of complex proximal humeral fractures as they are well established for other fractures. The aim of this study was to evaluate an operative technique using an angular stable lateral plate supported by a one-third tubular plate positioned anteriorly at the lesser tuberosity for unstable proximal humeral fractures.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Retrospectively, patients treated with a double plate osteosynthesis were included between January 2014 and December 2017. Out of 31, 25 patients (80.6%) with an average age of 53.1 years ± 12.5 were available for follow-up. 60% of the patients were male. The clinical evaluation consisted of a physical examination and standardised questionnaire including subjective and objective shoulder scores like the Constant-Murley Shoulder Score, Simple Shoulder Score, and Subjective Shoulder Value.

RESULTS

After a mean follow-up of 30.9 months (range, 12-76 months) eighteen patients (72%) had either excellent or good results regarding the Constant-Murley Shoulder Score with a mean value of 77 points ± 17. Average Simple Shoulder Score was 76% ± 0.2 and Subjective Shoulder Value 72% ± 0.2%. Mean NSA at time of follow-up 135° ± 13°. Nine patients had an implant-removal, five in combination with arthrolysis after a mean of 7.2 months. Three patients underwent surgery for secondary arthroplasty. The study shows a complication rate of 16%. No revision-surgery because of secondary varus dislocation was reported.

DISCUSSION

Arthroplasty is the less favourable treatment for a younger, active cohort of patients with highly unstable proximal humeral fractures as results are not as good and options for revision are limited. Double plate osteosynthesis can be used in addition to calcar screws, bone graft augmentation, cement augmentation and additional free screws for more multidirectional stability and shows good clinical results despite a higher rate of avascular necrosis and high primary stability with comparable complication-rates to single plate osteosynthesis. It seems to be a valid alternative to primary fracture arthroplasty and can prevent secondary varus displacement.

Stable osteosynthesis of cage in cage technique for surgical treatment of proximal humeral fractures

Background

The treatment of a displaced proximal humeral fracture is still a matter of controversy. The purpose of this study was to report outcomes at a long-term follow-up after fixation augmentation using peek (polyether-ether-ketone) cage and locking compression plate (LCP).

Methods

A total of 27 patients (average age 53.8 years, range 19–86 years) were treated with peek cage and LCP. All of them had a minimum radiographic and clinical follow-up of 1 years. Outcomes were assessed using the Constant-Murley score (CMS), disability of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score. Complications were also recorded during follow-up.

Results

The average follow-up was 28 months (range 12–48 months). The mean functional outcomes were as follows: CMS, 73.3 (range 61–86); DASH, 45.9 (range 27–68). A total of 4 patients had complications: osteonecrosis developed in one patient, loss of reduction was observed in 1 patient and stiffness was occurred in two patients.

Conclusion

The use of peek cage and LCP has been a valuable option in the treatment of proximal humeral fractures. The complication rate was acceptable. Suitable void filler in the proximal humerus for reconstructing the medial column integrity attains mechanical stability in reducing the incidence of the complications.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12893-021-01235-x.

Overdrilling increases the risk of screw perforation in locked plating of complex proximal humeral fractures - A biomechanical cadaveric study

Locked plating of proximal humerus fractures (PHF) is associated with high failure rates (15-37%). Secondary screw perforation is a prominent mode of failure for PHF and typically requires reoperation. The anatomical fracture reduction is an essential factor to prevent fixation failure. However, recent studies indicate that the risk of secondary screw perforation may increase if the articular surface is perforated during predrilling of the screw boreholes (overdrilling). This study aimed to determine whether overdrilling increases the risk of secondary screw perforation in unstable PHF. Nine pairs of human cadaveric proximal humeri were osteotomized to simulate a malreduced and highly unstable 3-part fracture (AO/OTA 11 B1.1), followed by their assignment to two study groups for overdrilling or accurate predrilling in paired design, and fixation with a locking plate. Overdrilling was defined by drilling the calcar screw's boreholes through the articular surface. All humeri were cyclically loaded to screw perforation failure. Number of cycles to initial screw loosening and final perforation failure were analysed. The accurately predrilled group revealed a significantly higher number of cycles to both initial screw loosening (p < 0.01) and final screw perforation failure (p = 0.02), compared to the overdrilled one. This is the first study reporting that drilling to the correct depth significantly increases endurance until screw perforation failure during cyclic loading after locked plating in a highly unstable PHF model. Prevention of overdrilling the boreholes could help reduce failure rates of locked plating. Future work should investigate the prevalence and consequences of overdrilling in clinics.

A novel surgical approach and technique and short-term clinical efficacy for the treatment of proximal humerus fractures with the combined use of medial anatomical locking plate fixation and minimally invasive lateral locking plate fixation

BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS

The typical anterolateral approach is widely used to treat proximal humerus fractures with lateral locking fixation. However, lateral fixation cannot completely avoid medial reduction loss and varus deformity especially in the cases of an unstable medial column. We present a novel medial surgical approach and technique together with a minimally invasive lateral locking plate to fix proximal humerus fractures with an unstable medial column.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We performed an anatomical study and reported 8 cases of proximal humerus fractures with unstable medial columns treated with plate fixation through a minimally invasive anterolateral approach and medial approach. All surgeries were performed by the same single surgeon. Patients were followed clinically and radiographically at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively.

RESULTS

There was a safe region located at the medial part of the proximal humerus just beneath the articular surface. An anatomical medial locking proximal humerus plate could be placed in the medial column and did not affect the axillary nerve, blood supply of the humeral head, or stability of the shoulder joint. Successful fracture healing was achieved in all 8 cases. The function and range of motion of the shoulder joint were satisfactory 24 months postoperatively, with an average Constant score (CS) of 82.8. No reduction loss (≥ 10° in any direction), screw cutout, nonunion, or deep infection occurred.

CONCLUSIONS

The combined application of medial anatomical locking plate fixation and minimally invasive lateral locking plate fixation is effective in maintaining operative reduction and preventing varus collapse and implant failure in proximal humerus fractures with an unstable medial column.

Comparison of optimal screw configurations in two locking plate systems for proximal humerus fixation - a finite element analysis study

BACKGROUND

Management of proximal humerus fractures is challenging, especially in elderly. Locking plating is a common surgical treatment option. The Proximal Humerus Internal Locking System (plate-A) has shown to lower complication rates compared to conventional plates, but is associated with impingement risk, which could be avoided using Peri-articular Proximal Humerus Plate (plate-B). Nevertheless, biomechanical performance and optimal screw configuration of plate-B is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate different screw configurations of plate-B and compare with plate-A using finite element analyses.

METHODS

Twenty-six proximal humerus models were osteotomised to create unstable three-part fractures, fixed with either of the two plates, and tested under three anatomical loading conditions using a previous established and validated finite element simulation framework. Various clinically relevant screw configurations were investigated for both plates and compared based on the predicted peri-implant bone strain, being a validated surrogate of cyclic cut-out failure.

FINDINGS

Besides increasing the number of screws, the placement of the posterior screws in combination with the calcar screw in the plate-B significantly decreased the predicted failure risk. Generally, plate-A had a lower predicted failure risk than plate-B.

INTERPRETATION

The posterior and calcar screws may be prioritized in plate-B. Compared to plate-A, the more distal positioning, less purchase in the posterior aspect and a smaller screw spread due to not fitting of the most distal calcar screw in most investigated subjects led to a significantly higher predicted failure risk for most plate-B configurations. The findings of the simulations study require clinical corroboration.

Comparison between minimally invasive deltoid-split and extended deltoid-split approach for proximal humeral fractures: a case-control study

BACKGROUND

With the rapid aging of the population, the incidence of proximal humeral fracture (PHF) has increased. However, the optimal method for open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) remains controversial.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with PHF who underwent locking plate internal fixation at our institution from January 2016 to December 2018. Patients were divided into two groups based on the surgical approach used: an expanded deltoid-split approach group (ORIF group) and minimally invasive deltoid-split approach group (minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis, [MIPPO] group). The groups were compared in terms of demographic and perioperative characteristics, and clinical outcomes.

RESULTS

A total of 115 cases of PHF were included in our study, of which 64 cases were treated using the minimally invasive deltoid-split approach and 51 using the extended deltoid-split approach. Fluoroscopy was performed significantly less frequently in the ORIF group and the surgical duration was shorter. However, the postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score and duration of postoperative hospital stay were significantly higher compared to the MIPPO group. Moreover, secondary loss was significantly less extensive in the ORIF group compared to the MIPPO group, while there was no significant group difference in fracture healing time, Constant shoulder score, or complications at the last follow-up visit.

CONCLUSIONS

The clinical outcomes associated with both the minimally invasive and extended deltoid-split approaches were satisfactory. The data presented here suggest that the extended deltoid-split approach was superior to the minimally invasive deltoid-split approach in terms of operational time, fluoroscopy, and secondary loss of reduction, while the minimally invasive approach was superior in terms of postoperative pain and hospital stay. Accordingly, neither procedure can be considered definitively superior; the optimal surgical procedure for PHF can only be determined after full consideration of the situation and requirements of the individual patient.

Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty for Failed Proximal Humerus Osteosynthesis With Intramedullary Allograft: A Case Series

Introduction

The presence of retained intramedullary fibular allograft presents many challenges during reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA), which have been discussed in limited fashion. This case series presents a single-surgeon experience with 6 patients treated with RSA following failed osteosynthesis of proximal humerus fractures using intramedullary allografts.

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted of RSA patients with a minimum of 2-year follow-up (exception of 1 deceased patient) for failed plate fixation of proximal humerus fractures. Two cohorts were created based on the presence of an intramedullary allograft during the procedure. Patient-reported outcome measures, active range of motion, time to revision, surgical time, complications, and case descriptions were obtained from chart review and radiographic analysis.

Results

When treating patients with a retained allograft, the surgeon used a guide pin from a cannulated screw set to advance through the graft, and a cannulated drill was used to ream and bypass the allograft, contributing to a 22% increase in surgical time (151 vs 124 min). Intraoperative complications were observed only in the allograft cohort (50%; 3 of 6), including cortical perforation with cement extrusion, humeral loosening, and proximal humerus bone loss. Patients treated with a retained allograft experienced pain relief ( P  =  .001) but did not gain significant functional improvements.

Conclusion

RSA for failed proximal humerus fixation with healed intramedullary allograft is associated with increased operative time and intraoperative complications, and patients can mostly expect pain relief. Techniques for humeral canal preparation and stem placement to bypass the allograft are helpful in managing these revisions.

Failure to restore the calcar and locking screw cross-threading predicts varus collapse in proximal humerus fracture fixation

BACKGROUND

Varus collapse is a common failure mode of proximal humerus fracture (PHF) fixation. The purpose of this study was to analyze predictors of varus collapse of PHF after open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF).

METHODS

All patients who underwent ORIF of a PHF from January 2008 to July 2018 were identified. Known predictors of fixation failure were assessed, including calcar distance, calcar ratio, and calcar restoration. Additionally, the presence of cross-threaded screws was determined. The primary outcome analyzed was varus collapse of the fracture defined as a change in neck shaft angulation to less than 120°.

RESULTS

There were 112 patients identified who underwent ORIF of a PHF that met inclusion criteria. The population was 75.0% female (84/112), average age was 62.5 ± 10.4 years (range 40.0-87.9), and average body mass index was 28.0 ± 5.5 (17.5-46.4). There were 17 with varus collapse. In 11 of the 17 patients (64.7%), there was screw cross-threading (vs. 31/95 [32.6%] in those that did not collapse); P = .012. In addition, 8 of the 17 (47.1%) did not have restoration of the calcar (vs. 16/95 [16.8%]; P = .005).

CONCLUSION

This study identifies 2 surgeon-controlled variables that can contribute to varus collapse after ORIF of PHFs. Cross-threading of locking screws and failure to restore the medial calcar can be a function of implant design, surgeon technical skill, and/or bone quality.

Comparison of the Effects of Proximal Humeral Internal Locking System (PHILOS) Alone and PHILOS Combined with Fibular Allograft in the Treatment of Neer Three- or Four-part Proximal Humerus Fractures in the Elderly

Objective

To compare and analyze the clinical outcomes of the proximal humeral internal locking system (PHILOS) alone and the PHILOS combined with fibular allograft in the treatment of Neer three‐ and four‐part proximal humerus fractures (PHF) in the elderly.

Methods

From January 2014 to January 2018, a total of 42 elderly patients with Neer three‐ or four‐part PHF admitted to our hospital were randomly divided into observation group and control group, with 21 patients in each group. The observation group was treated with the PHILOS combined with fibular allograft. The control group was treated with the PHILOS alone. Perioperative parameters and fracture classification were recorded in the two groups. Function results were assessed by Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Constant‐Murley score (CMS), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, and the Disability of Arm‐Shoulder‐Hand (DASH) score. Radiological results were evaluated using the neck‐shaft angle (NSA) and humeral head height (HHH), and complications were also recorded in each group.

Results

There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of preoperative status, age, gender, cause of trauma, fracture site, and fracture classification. The average follow‐up time was 12 months. At the last follow‐up, the VAS and DASH observation groups were lower than the control group, and there was significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). The CMS and ASES were higher in the observation group than the control group, and there was significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). The mean difference in the NSA and HHH were lower in the observation group than the control group, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). There was one postoperative complication in the observation group, which was humeral head avascular necrosis (AVN). There were seven postoperative complications in the control group, including three cases of humeral head collapse and three cases of screw cutout and one case of humeral head AVN. The incidence of postoperative complications in the observation group was significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05), there was a significant difference between the two groups.

Conclusions

For Neer three‐ or four‐part PHF in the elderly patients, PHILOS fixation with fibular allograft shows satisfactory short‐term results with respect to humeral head support and maintenance of reduction, and may reduce the incidence of complications associated with fixation using a PHILOS alone.

Does Supplemental Intramedullary Grafting Increase Stability of Plated Proximal Humerus Fractures?

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the biomechanical competence of locked plating augmented with supplemental intramedullary graft in comparison to conventional locked plate fixation in proximal humerus fractures (PHF).

METHODS

Complex four-part PHFs were set in 30 artificial humeri assigned to 3 study groups (n = 10 in each group). Group 1 was characterized by loss of medial support, group 2 by simulated severe cancellous bone damage due to osteoporosis, and group 3 by combination of the 2 features. After locked plating, each specimen underwent nondestructive quasi-static mechanical testing in 25 degrees lateral angulation under axial loading between 150 and 400 N in 50-N increments, accompanied by consecutive anteroposterior x-ray imaging. Subsequently, an additional 3D-printed intramedullary graft was inserted into each specimen and all tests were repeated.

RESULTS

Grafting resulted in significantly higher axial stiffness compared with no graft in groups 1 and 3 (P < 0.01) but not in group 2 (P = 0.12). Nongrafted specimens represented significantly higher stiffness in group 2 compared with groups 1 and 3 (P < 0.01), whereas no significant differences were detected among the 3 groups in the grafted state (P > 0.99). Varus deformation decreased significantly in each group after graft insertion (P ≤ 0.04). Nongrafted specimens in group 2 showed significantly lower varus deformation compared with groups 1 and 3 (P ≤ 0.04). No significant differences were registered among the 3 groups after grafting (P ≥ 0.65).

CONCLUSIONS

From a biomechanical perspective, locked plating augmented with intramedullary graft has the potential to increase significantly the stability against varus collapse in unstable PHFs when compared with conventional locked plate fixation.

The Augment of the Stability in Locking Compression Plate with Intramedullary Fibular Allograft for Proximal Humerus Fractures in Elderly People

Objective

The objective of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes and complications between the locking compression plate (LCP) and LCP with fibular allograft in the treatment of patients with displaced proximal humerus fracture (PHF) in elderly people.

Material and Methods

Between January 2010 and December 2013, a total of 97 elderly patients with displaced PHF were treated by LCP or LCP with fibular allograft, and finally 89 patients were included in our study. All the patients were divided into Group I (patients treated by LCP) and Group II (patients treated by LCP with fibular allograft). Function results were assessed by the disability of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) score and Constant-Murley score (CMS), and complications were also recorded in each group.

Results

The average follow-up was 35.2 months (range, 24-48 months) in Group I and 33.5 months (range, 24-48 months) in Group II. DASH in patients of Group I was significantly higher than that in patients in Group II and patients of Group I had CMS scores significantly lower than patients in Group II (P<0.05). The rates of varus malunion, screw perforation, and loss of reduction>5mm were significantly higher in Group I than in Group II (P<0.05).

Conclusions

The present results showed that that patients treated by LCP with fibular allograft had a better functional outcome and a lower complication rate compared to patients treated by LCP alone. Suitable void filler in the proximal humerus for supporting the head fragment, medial cortical bone, and greater tuberosity might play a key role in reducing the incidence of the complications in elderly patients, especially with osteoporosis.

Calcar screws and adequate reduction reduced the risk of fixation failure in proximal humeral fractures treated with a locking plate: 190 patients followed for a mean of 3 years

Background

Fixation of proximal humeral fractures (PHF) with locking plates has gained popularity over conservative treatment, but surgery may be complicated with infection, non-union, avascular necrosis (AVN) of the humeral head and fixation failure. Failure to achieve structural support of the medial column has been suggested to be an important risk factor for fixation failure. The aims of this study were to examine the effect of calcar screws and fracture reduction on the risk of fixation failure and to assess long-term shoulder pain and function.

Methods

This was a single-centre retrospective study of 190 adult PHF patients treated with a locking plate between 2011 and 2014. Reoperations due to fixation failure were the primary outcome. Risk factors for fixation failure were assessed using the Cox regression analysis. Postoperative shoulder pain and function were assessed by the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS).

Results

Thirty-one of 190 (16%) patients underwent a reoperation: 14 (7%) due to fixation failure, 10 (5%) due to deep infection and 2 (1%) due to AVN. The absence of calcar screws and fixation with residual varus malalignment (head-shaft angle < 120°) both increased the risk of fixation failure with an adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) of 8.6 (1.9–39.3; p = 0.005) and 4.9 (1.3–17.9; p = 0.02), respectively. The median (interquartile range) OSS was 40 (27–46).

Conclusion

The use of calcar screws, as well as the absence of postoperative varus malalignment, significantly reduced the risk of fixation failure. We, therefore, recommend the use of calcar screws and to avoid residual varus malalignment to improve the medial support of proximal humeral fractures treated with a locking plate.

Defining optimal calcar screw positioning in proximal humerus fracture fixation

BACKGROUND

Anatomic reduction and placement of an inferior calcar screw are strategies to prevent fixation failure in proximal humerus factures. Optimal position of the calcar screw remains unknown.

METHODS

There were 168 shoulders (68.5% female; average age, 63.6 ± 11.5 years) that underwent open reduction and internal fixation of a displaced proximal humerus fracture involving the surgical or anatomic neck. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on preoperative clinical, preoperative radiographic, and postoperative radiographic variables to determine association with fixation failure. A receiver operating characteristic curve was performed to determine a maximum distance from the inferior screw to the calcar ("calcar distance") as well as a maximum ratio of this distance and the head diameter ("calcar ratio").

RESULTS

There were 26 of 168 (15.5%) patients with radiographic failures (19 related to fixation failure). Univariate analysis and multivariate analyses found quality of reduction (P < .001), calcar distance (P < .001), and calcar ratio (P < .001) to be significantly associated with radiographic success. In all patients, receiver operating characteristic analysis found quantifiable thresholds of 12 mm or within the bottom 25% of the humeral head as measures to prevent fixation failure.

CONCLUSIONS

Quality of reduction, calcar distance, and calcar ratio independently correlated with fixation failure. This study provides optimal distances and ratios for calcar screw placement that can be used clinically.

Current concepts in locking plate fixation of proximal humerus fractures

Despite numerous available treatment strategies, the management of complex proximal humeral fractures remains demanding. Impaired bone quality and considerable comorbidities pose special challenges in the growing aging population. Complications after operative treatment are frequent, in particular loss of reduction with varus malalignment and subsequent screw cutout. Locking plate fixation has become a standard in stabilizing these fractures, but surgical revision rates of up to 25% stagnate at high levels. Therefore, it seems of utmost importance to select the right treatment for the right patient. This article provides an overview of available classification systems, indications for operative treatment, important pathoanatomic principles, and latest surgical strategies in locking plate fixation. The importance of correct reduction of the medial cortices, the use of calcar screws, augmentation with bone cement, double-plate fixation, and auxiliary intramedullary bone graft stabilization are discussed in detail.

Early-stage radiological critical analysis of unsuccessful cases following a four-part fracture osteosynthesis of the proximal humerus: focus on the "P" sign

Radiological evaluation of complex intra-articular fractures of the proximal humerus is still challenging. Here, we describe the post-operative "P" sign as a reproducible radiographical mark of a varus reduction, performed by assembling a head-shaft angulation of less than 130 degrees. Our retrospective study was conducted in a group of subjects who previously suffered from proximal humerus four-part fractures. We evaluated the post-operative evolution of specific radiographical parameters that are of crucial prognostic significance: Cervix-diaphysis angle (HHSA), quality level of the orthopaedic reduction (insufficient, sufficient and good) based on a radiological generalized subjective overview, presence of calcar screws through the Philos plate. The final cohort included a group of 39 patients of 70.76 ± 8.3 years of age and an average follow-up of 7.2 months. The post-operative mean HHSA was 131.5 ± 9.4. Interestingly, a positive correlation was detected between presence of the radiographical "P" sign in the post-operative period and the number of surgical complications coming up in the post-operative period (OR:  3.68 - I.C. 95%: 0.7984255-19.2532430), although not statistically significant. In our study, the high number of complications corresponds to literature database. Presence of the "P" sign could be a useful tool for assessing the quality of reduction during intra and post-operative radiological evaluation. We  underline the importance of the "P" sign as a "quality of reduction" factor and strongly recommend its intra-operative monitoring as an additional tool together with a standard subjective evaluation of the reduction.

Early results for treatment of two- and three-part fractures of the proximal humerus using Contours PHP (proximal humeral plate)

Background and aim of the work: The management of displaced 2- and 3-part fractures of the proximal humerus is controversial, both in younger and in elderly patients. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the functional results of the Contours Proximal Humerus Plate (Orthofix^R, Bussolengo,Verona, Italy), for the treatment of displaced 2- and 3-part fractures of the proximal humerus. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 55 patients with proximal humerus fractures, who underwent osteosynthesis with Contours Proximal Humerus Plate from December 2011 to March 2015. We had 21 patients with 2-part fractures and with an average age of 67.1 years and 34 patients with 3-part fractures, with average age of 63.6 years. Results: The average union time was 3 months. The mean Constant score was 67 for 2-part fracture group and 64.9 for 3-part fracture group. The difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.18). The overall complication rate was 14.5 %. Six patients underwent additional surgery (10.9%). Conclusions: The most frequent major complication was secondary loss of reduction following varus collapse of the fracture (2 cases). In these patients, there was loss of medial hinge integrity due to impaction and osteoporosis. The placement of the main locking screw in the calcar area to provide inferomedial support is the rational of the Contours Proximal Humerus Plate. Osteosynthesis with Contours Proximal Humerus Plate is a safe system for treating displaced 2- and 3-part fractures of the proximal humerus, with good functional results and complication rates comparable to those reported in the literature. (www.actabiomedica.it)

Biomechanical testing to evaluate the cut-through resistance of intramedullary nails for the proximal humerus

Intramedullary nailing for stabilization of proximal humeral fractures is well-established. Complications as part of a cut-through, such as backing out of locking screws, loss of reduction, and perforation of the screws into the glenoid, are equally well-known. The test bench presented in this study enables testing of the cut-through behavior of multiple intramedullary implants on a simulated osteoporotic three-part fracture configuration with three different loading circumstances (A, B and C). In situation A, the glenohumeral dynamic force with progressive loadings entered at an angle of 15° to the humeral shaft. In situation B the force entered at an angle of 35° and in situation C the angle measured 55°. Three different types of nails were tested: the Targon PH with the optimal proximal screw length (T) and with all four proximal screws shortened (Tshort), the Synthes MultiLoc PHN with (S5) and without (S4) the additional calcar screw and, lastly, the PolyAxNail PH, a polyaxial intramedullary nail, in a neutral screw configuration (PAN) and a version with diametrically opposed crossed first and fourth locking screws (PAN10). Significant differences in the three cases were found with the evaluation of the failure load, which represents the cut-through resistance. Case A: Tshort (245.4 ± 18.7 N) - S4 (346.8 ± 18.0 N) (adjusted p = 0.002); Tshort (245.4 ± 18.7 N) - S5 (368.5 ± 12.0 N) (adjusted p = < 0.001); Tshort (245.4 ± 18.7 N) - T (323.5 ± 38.2 N) (p = 0.004); Case B: no significant differences between the study groups (adjusted significance). Case C: PAN (412.5 ± 16.0 N) - S5 (471.5 ± 21.5 N) (adjusted p = 0.007); T (414.0 ± 33.5 N) - S5 (471.5 ± 21.5 N) (adjusted p = 0.008). The optimal screw length has a strong influence on the failure load. Choosing proximal screws that are too short, produces a negative impact on the cut-through resistance. The additional calcar screw of the MultiLoc PHN and the polyaxiality of the PolyAxNail showed a positive effect with regard to the failure load reached.

Accurate application of a precontoured-locking plate for proximal humeral fractures in Asians: a cadaveric study

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to identify the optimal position for a precontoured-locking plating (PHILOS(®)) of the proximal humerus in Asians in terms of conformity and to determine the prevalence of screw exits in the position of the highest conformity.

METHODS

Twenty adult humeri and 14 cadaveric shoulders were included in this study. After placing the precontoured plate in the well-fitted position on the humerus, we measured the distance between the upper margin of the plate and the tip of greater tuberosity (GT) (distance A) and the distance between the anterior margin of the plate and lateral border of the bicipital groove (BG) (distance B). The prevalence of K-wire exits was assessed. In the 14 cadaver shoulders, the mutual relation between the most inferior locking sleeve of the optimally positioned plate and the axillary nerve was evaluated to assess the potential for axillary nerve injury.

RESULTS

The precontoured plate was well-fitted and remained in a relatively constant position in all specimens. Distance A was an average of 3.6 mm (range 1.4-5.5 mm), and distance B was an average of 2.5 mm (range 0-4.6 mm). The K wire closest to the BG pierced it in four cases (20 %), and most inferior K wires exited at an average distance of 3.8 mm (range 1.6-9.0 mm) from the inferior articular margin of the humeral head. Regarding involvement of the BG, articular width was the only significant variable in the logistic regression model, with an odds' ratio of 0.610. The axillary nerve was located at an average vertical distance of 59.7 mm (range 51.8-66.9 mm) from the tip of the GT in a vertically neutral position. The results did not differ between the left and right sides (t = 0.326, p = 0.755). Although the axillary nerve was slightly inferior to the most inferior locking holes of the proximal humerus, it was located in the path of their locking sleeves on the deltoid muscle.

CONCLUSION

The optimal position for the highest conformity led to ideal fixation of the proximal humerus and inferomedial support screw in Asians. However, the precontoured plate sometimes had screw exits that involved the BG, and articular width had a large impact on involvement of the BG. If locking sleeves for the most inferior holes were introduced on the deltoid muscle in a neutral position, there was high potential for injury to the axillary nerve in Koreans.

The bicipital groove as a landmark for reconstruction of complex proximal humeral fractures with hybrid double plate osteosynthesis

Background

Complex proximal humerus fractures with metaphyseal comminution remain challenging regarding reduction and stability. In most fracture patterns the hard bone of the bicipital groove remains intact. In this case series, we describe a novel technique of hybrid double plate osteosynthesis of complex proximal humerus fractures with metaphyseal comminution.

Methods

In randomly chosen shoulder specimens and synthetic bones, pilot studies for evaluation of the feasibility of the technique were performed. Between 4/2010 and 1/2012 10 patients underwent hybrid double plate osteosynthesis. Seven patients (4 male, 3 female, mean age was 50 years (range 27–73)) were available for retrospective analysis. Based on plain radiographs (anterior-posterior and axial view), the fractures were classified according to the Orthopaedic Trauma Association classification (OTA) and by descriptive means (head-split variant (HS), diaphyseal extension or comminution (DE)).

Results

Follow-up radiographs demonstrated complete fracture healing in six patients and one incomplete avascular necrosis. None of the patients sustained loss of reduction. Three patients where reoperated. The medium, not adapted, Constant score was 80 Points (58–94). Patients subjective satisfaction was graded mean 3 (range: 0–6) in the visual analog scoring system (VAS).

Conclusion

The technique of hybrid double plate osteosynthesis using the bicipital groove as anatomic landmark may re-establish shoulder function after complex proximal humerus fractures in two dimensions. Firstly the anatomy is restored due to a proper reduction based on intraoperative landmarks. Secondly additional support by the second plate may provide a higher stability in complex fractures with metaphyseal comminution.

Application of Additional Medial Plate in Treatment of Proximal Humeral Fractures With Unstable Medial Column: A Finite Element Study and Clinical Practice

The purpose of this study was to use finite element analysis to compare the biomechanical characteristics after lateral locking plate (LLP) or LLP with a medial anatomical locking plate (LLP-MLP) fixation of proximal humeral fractures with an unstable medial column.First, a 3-dimensional, finite element analysis model was developed. Next, LLP and LLP-MLP implants were instrumented into the proximal humeral fracture models. Compressive and rotational loads were then applied to the humerus model to determine the biomechanical characteristics. Both normal and osteoporotic proximal humerus fractures were simulated using 2 internal fixation methods each under 7 loading conditions. To assess the biomechanical characteristics, the construct stiffness, fracture micromotion, and stress distribution on the implants were recorded and compared.The LLP-MLP method provided both lateral and medial support that reduced the stress on the LLP and the amount of displacement in the fracture region. In contrast, the LLP method resulted in more instability in the medial column and larger magnitudes of stress. In osteoporotic bone, the LLP was more inclined to fail than LLP-MLP.The LLP-MLP method provides a strong support for the medial column and increases the stability of the region surrounding the fracture.

Effect of Calcar Screw Use in Surgical Neck Fractures of the Proximal Humerus With Unstable Medial Support: A Biomechanical Study

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the effect of calcar screw use in proximal humeral fractures with unstable medial support treated with locked plates.

METHODS

Standard osteotomies were performed in 36 cadaveric humeri to create a surgical neck fracture proximal humeral model. For static testing, 12 pairs of humeri were divided into 4 groups: normal alignment and varus deformity groups with and without 5-mm medial deficiencies. Calcar screw function was measured in each group by axial, shear, and torsion stiffness tests. Another 6 pairs of humeri with 5-mm medial deficiencies were subjected to cyclic loading tests in the normal alignment model with and without calcar screw application.

RESULTS

Calcar screws improved rotational stability in the normal alignment (P = 0.007) and varus (P = 0.002) groups. Calcar screws improved static and cyclic axial (P = 0.004) and shear (P = 0.017) stability in the normal alignment group with medial deficiency. In specimens with normal alignment and intact medial cortex, calcar screws provided no advantage in axial (P = 0.535) or shear (P = 0.537) stiffness. Calcar screws did not provide sufficient axial (P = 0.782) or shear (P = 0.772) stability to avoid reduction loss in humeri with varus malreduction.

CONCLUSIONS

In humeri with normal alignment, calcar screws can provide additional stability even when a medial deficiency exists. The use of calcar screws in humeri with varus deformity showed no biomechanical superiority.

Biomechanical effects of calcar screws and bone block augmentation on medial support in locked plating of proximal humeral fractures

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to investigate the biomechanical effects of medial fracture gap augmentation in locked plating of an unstable 2-part proximal humeral fracture with calcar screws and insertion of a corticocancellous bone block. Furthermore the mechanical behavior of dynamic locking screws in the non-parallel arrangement of a proximal humeral plate was of interest.

METHODS

Thirty-two fresh frozen humeri were randomized in four equal groups. An unstable 2-part fracture was fixed by locked plating in all specimens. The basic screw setup was supplemented by additional calcar screws in one group. Humeral head screws were replaced by dynamic locking screws in a second group. The third group featured an additional corticocancellous femoral head allograft. Assessment of stiffness was followed by cyclic loading and load to failure tests. Resulting stiffness, fracture gap deflection and ultimate load were compared utilizing Bonferroni corrected t-test for independent samples.

FINDINGS

The mechanical effect of additional calcar screws was non-significant as compared to the basic screw configuration whereas bone block insertion significantly increased construct stiffness and failure load. The use of dynamic locking screws did not significantly reduce construct stiffness when compared to conventional locking screws.

INTERPRETATION

Additional calcar screws alone did not improve the initial biomechanical properties of an unstable 2-part proximal humeral fracture model. However bone block augmentation appeared to be a reliable alternative of additional bony support by raising stiffness and failure load. Dynamic locking screws did not show their expected dynamic component when used in a non-parallel arrangement.

Is loss of fixation following locked plating of proximal humeral fractures related to the number of screws and their positions in the humeral head?

The aim of the study was to examine the correlation between the chosen position of screws and the complications observed in patients who underwent locked plating of proximal humeral fractures. We evaluated radiographs of 367 patients treated by locked-plating for proximal humeral fractures. Radiographs were taken at one day, 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after surgery, and were analyzed for secondary fracture displacement, loss of fixation, cutting out of screws and necrosis of the humeral head. Secondary loss of fixation occurred in 58 cases (15.8%) and among those cutting out of screws was observed in 25 cases (6.8%). In cases of secondary loss of fixation a mean of 6.7 screws were used to fix the fracture (vs 6.6, P=0.425). There was neither significant correlation between position of screws and the occurrence of postoperative loss of fixation in Spearman correlation nor relationship from backward logistic regression analysis. Loss of fixation following locked plating of proximal humeral fractures does not relate to the number of screws and their positions in the humeral head. In consequence, anatomic fracture reduction and restoration of the humeral head-shaft angle are still important factors and should not be disregarded.

Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis with a locking compression plate is superior to open reduction and internal fixation in the management of the proximal humerus fractures

BACKGROUND

The use of minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) via anterolateral deltoid splitting has good outcomes in the management of proximal humerus fractures. While using this approach has several advantages, including minimal soft tissue disruption, preservation of natural biology and minimal blood loss, there is an increased risk for axillary nerve damage. This study compared the advantages and clinical and radiological outcomes of MIPO or open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) in patients with proximal humerus fractures.

METHODS

A matched-pair analysis was performed, and patient groups were matched according to age (±3 years), sex and fracture type. Forty-three pairs of patients (average age: MIPO, 63 and ORIF, 61) with a minimum follow-up of 12 months were enrolled in the study group. The patients were investigated radiographically and clinically using the Constant score.

RESULTS

The MIPO technique required less surgery time and caused less blood loss compared to ORIF (p < 0.01). In addition, MIPO required a smaller incision, resulted in less scarring, and was cosmetically more appealing and acceptable to female patients than ORIF. Following MIPO, patients had better functional results at 3 and 6 months, with better outcomes, less pain, higher satisfaction in activities of daily living, and a higher range of motion when compared to ORIF (p < 0.05). Fracture configuration, according to the AO/ASIF(Association for the Study of Internal Fixation) fracture classification, did not significantly influence the functional results. The complication rate was comparable between both groups.

CONCLUSION

The use of MIPO with a locking compression plate in the management of proximal humerus fractures is a safe and superior option compared to ORIF.

Dynamic-locking-screw (DLS)-leads to less secondary screw perforations in proximal humerus fractures

Background

Loss of reduction and screw perforation causes high failure rates in the treatment of proximal humerus fractures. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the early postoperative complications using modern Dynamic Locking Screws (DLS 3.7) for plating of proximal humerus fractures.

Methods

Between 03/2009 and 12/2010, 64 patients with acute proximal humerus fractures were treated by angular stable plate fixation using DLSs in a limited multi-centre study. Follow-up examinations were performed three, six, twelve and twenty-four weeks postoperatively and any complications were carefully collected.

Results

56 of 64 patients were examined at the six-month follow-up. Complications were observed in 12 patients (22%). In five cases (9%), a perforation of the DLS 3.7 occurred.

Conclusions

Despite the use of modern DLS 3.7, the early complications after plating of proximal humerus fractures remain high. The potential advantage of the DLS 3.7 regarding secondary screw perforation has to be confirmed by future randomized controlled trials.

Open reduction internal fixation of proximal humerus fractures

The treatment of proximal humerus fractures continues to evolve. While the many of these injuries can be managed nonoperatively, a certain percentage require operative treatment. Open reduction internal fixation can offer excellent outcomes when performed in the appropriate patient and utilizing proper techniques. This article reviews the most up-to-date literature regarding all phases of proximal humerus fracture osteosynthesis, including diagnosis, imaging, anatomic considerations, surgical indications, fixation, and surgical outcomes.

Biological fixation of comminuted subtrochanteric fractures with proximal femur locking compression plate

INTRODUCTION

Subtrochanteric fractures are difficult fractures associated with high incidence of complications and various implants, both intramedullary and extramedullary, are available for their fixation. Traditional extramedullary implants are associated with higher rate of implant failure and varus collapse while the biomechanically better intramedullary nails are technically demanding and are associated with higher re-operation rates. This study was done to evaluate the outcome following biological (indirect) fixation of unstable comminuted subtrochanteric fractures with proximal femur-locking compression plate (PF-LCP).

METHODS

Thirty-five consecutive patients with comminuted subtrochanteric fractures were operated upon with PF-LCP by using an indirect reduction technique. Seinsheimer types 3-5 fractures were included in the study. Operating time, blood loss and any technical difficulty with the implant were recorded. Patients were followed clinically and radiologically for union at fracture site and implant-related complications. The Harris Hip Score was used to document hip function at final follow-up.

RESULTS

Thirty-two patients with average age of 44.7 years were available for final evaluation. The mean operating time was 79.5min and total blood loss averaged 233.13ml. Union was achieved in all cases with an average time of 15.62 weeks. Complications included two cases of delayed union and two cases of infection. Two cases had a shortening of 1cm and one case had malunion with external rotation. No instances of implant failure or nonunion were recorded.

CONCLUSION

Biological fixation of comminuted subtrochanteric fractures with PF-LCP provides stable fixation with high union rate and fewer complications.

Calcar comminution as prognostic factor of clinical outcome after locking plate fixation of proximal humeral fractures

OBJECTIVE

In the treatment of proximal humeral fractures, the decision between open fixation and arthroplasty is often difficult. Applicable radiographic prognostic factors would be useful. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of calcar comminution on the clinical and radiologic outcome after locking plate fixation of these fractures.

METHODS

In patients with proximal humeral fractures that were treated by locking plate fixation, fracture morphology and the presence of comminution of the calcar were documented on preoperative radiographs. Follow-up for at least 2 years with radiologic assessment and functional outcome measurements including Constant score, subjective shoulder value (SSV), disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand score (DASH), visual analogue scale (VAS) and short form (SF)-36 was performed.

RESULTS

Follow-up examination (50.8±20.6 months) was possible in 74 patients (46 female, 28 male, age 63.0±15.9 years). Mean absolute Constant score (CS abs), CS adapted to age and gender (CS adap), DASH, SSV and VAS were 72.4±14.5, 85.2±17.3%, 15.7±17.3, 80.3±19.6% and 2.1±2.2. Nonunion was present in 1.3%, cut-out in 5.4% and implant failure in 1.3%. Avascular necrosis (AVN) was seen in 12.2%, in three cases >24 months after the initial trauma. In the presence of calcar comminution, the clinical outcome (CS abs, CS adap, SSV and several parameters of SF-36) was significantly impaired, the odds ratio for these patients to have an absolute CS<65 was 4.4 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4-13.7).

CONCLUSIONS

The treatment of proximal humeral fractures with locking plate fixation achieves good clinical mid-term results. Calcar comminution is a relevant and easy-to-detect prognostic factor for the functional and subjective outcome in these fractures.

Biomechanical evaluation of two intramedullary nailing techniques with different locking options in a three-part fracture proximal humerus model

BACKGROUND

Osteosynthesis of unstable proximal humerus fractures still remains challenging. The aim of this study was to investigate two intramedullary nailing techniques with different locking options in a three-part fracture model and prove whether two new fixation concepts, introducing additional locking screw-in-screws inserted through the head of the proximal screws, and a calcar screw, provide better stability.

METHODS

A biomechanical testing model for three-part proximal humerus fractures including cyclic axial loading with increasing peak load and simultaneous pulling forces at the rotator cuff was used to test 12 pairs of human cadaver humeri, assigned to four groups and instrumented with either Targon PH (T1) or MultiLoc PHN in 3 different configurations (standard M1; two additional screw-in-screw M2; one additional calcar screw and two screw-in-screw M3).

FINDINGS

Initial range of motion in internal-external rotation and mediolateral translation was smallest in M3 (1.82°; 0.11mm), biggest in T1 (3.63°; 0.51mm) and significantly different between these two groups (p=0.02 and p=0.04, respectively). M3 showed minimum head migration along the nail and varus tilting after 5000 cycles (0.31mm; 0.20°) and 10000 cycles (1.59mm; 0.34°). M2 and M3 performed better than M1 and T1 regarding varus collapse. The highest number of cycles to failure was observed for M3 (20733) and the lowest for T1 (10083) with significant difference between these two groups (p=0.04).

INTERPRETATION

The configuration with two screw-in-screw and a calcar screw was superior in most aspects. The screw-in-screws were found to contribute against varus collapse. Both new fixation concepts could provide better stability in proximal humerus fractures.