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Arthi B, Chellathai D. Effects of vasicine in neuroinflammatory zebrafish model. Bioinformation 2023; 19:595-604. [PMID: 37886147 PMCID: PMC10599672 DOI: 10.6026/97320630019595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation produces cytotoxic effects and aggravates neurodegeneration. Cognitive impairment was considered an early symptom of many neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, it is of interest to evaluate the in-vivo efficacy of vasicine for treating neuroinflammation-induced cognitive impairments in the zebrafish model. The Neurobehavioral activity was evaluated with a dive tank test, swim motion test, plus maze test, turn angle test, and color preference test in three neuroinflammatory zebrafish models. Gene expression analysis was done for neuroinflammatory markers (IL-10, IL-15, IL-13, NogoA, Fetuin-A, BDNF, NAA, CXCL2, Osteopontin) using polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis technique. Behavioral parameters and biochemical evaluations revealed that vasicine was effective in treatment against neuroinflammatory models of surgery, chemical, xenotransplantation. Attenuation of cognitive dysfunction in all three neuroinflammation zebrafish models by vasicine in this study may recommend vasicine as a potential molecule for treating neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasundaram Arthi
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai-600116, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Darling Chellathai
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai-600116, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Lubeckyj RA, Sun L. Laser capture microdissection-capillary zone electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry (LCM-CZE-MS/MS) for spatially resolved top-down proteomics: a pilot study of zebrafish brain. Mol Omics 2022; 18:112-122. [PMID: 34935839 PMCID: PMC9066772 DOI: 10.1039/d1mo00335f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based spatially resolved top-down proteomics (TDP) of tissues is crucial for understanding the roles played by microenvironmental heterogeneity in the biological functions of organs and for discovering new proteoform biomarkers of diseases. There are few published spatially resolved TDP studies. One of the challenges relates to the limited performance of TDP for the analysis of spatially isolated samples using, for example, laser capture microdissection (LCM) because those samples are usually mass-limited. We present the first pilot study of LCM-capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)-MS/MS for spatially resolved TDP and used zebrafish brain as the sample. The LCM-CZE-MS/MS platform employed a non-ionic detergent and a freeze-thaw method for efficient proteoform extraction from LCM isolated brain sections followed by CZE-MS/MS without any sample cleanup step, ensuring high sensitivity. Over 400 proteoforms were identified in a CZE-MS/MS analysis of one LCM brain section via consuming the protein content of roughly 250 cells. We observed drastic differences in proteoform profiles between two LCM brain sections isolated from the optic tectum (Teo) and telencephalon (Tel) regions. Proteoforms of three proteins (npy, penkb, and pyya) having neuropeptide hormone activity were exclusively identified in the isolated Tel section. Proteoforms of reticulon, myosin, and troponin were almost exclusively identified in the isolated Teo section, and those proteins play essential roles in visual and motor activities. The proteoform profiles accurately reflected the main biological functions of the Teo and Tel regions of the brain. Additionally, hundreds of post-translationally modified proteoforms were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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3
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Behavior and gene expression in the brain of adult self-fertilizing mangrove rivulus fish (Kryptolebias marmoratus) after early life exposure to the neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA). Neurotoxicology 2020; 79:110-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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Jardim de Queiroz L, Cardoso Y, Jacot-des-Combes C, Bahechar IA, Lucena CA, Rapp Py-Daniel L, Sarmento Soares LM, Nylinder S, Oliveira C, Parente TE, Torrente-Vilara G, Covain R, Buckup P, Montoya-Burgos JI. Evolutionary units delimitation and continental multilocus phylogeny of the hyperdiverse catfish genus Hypostomus. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 145:106711. [PMID: 31857199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
With 149 currently recognized species, Hypostomus is one of the most species-rich catfish genera in the world, widely distributed over most of the Neotropical region. To clarify the evolutionary history of this genus, we reconstructed a comprehensive phylogeny of Hypostomus based on four nuclear and two mitochondrial markers. A total of 206 specimens collected from the main Neotropical rivers were included in the present study. Combining morphology and a Bayesian multispecies coalescent (MSC) approach, we recovered 85 previously recognized species plus 23 putative new species, organized into 118 'clusters'. We presented the Cluster Credibility (CC) index that provides numerical support for every hypothesis of cluster delimitation, facilitating delimitation decisions. We then examined the correspondence between the morphologically identified species and their inter-specific COI barcode pairwise divergence. The mean COI barcode divergence between morphological sisters species was 1.3 ± 1.2%, and only in 11% of the comparisons the divergence was ≥2%. This indicates that the COI barcode threshold of 2% classically used to delimit fish species would seriously underestimate the number of species in Hypostomus, advocating for a taxon-specific COI-based inter-specific divergence threshold to be used only when approximations of species richness are needed. The phylogeny of the 108 Hypostomus species, together with 35 additional outgroup species, confirms the monophyly of the genus. Four well-supported main lineages were retrieved, hereinafter called super-groups: Hypostomus cochliodon, H. hemiurus, H. auroguttatus, and H. plecostomus super-groups. We present a compilation of diagnostic characters for each super-group. Our phylogeny lays the foundation for future studies on biogeography and on macroevolution to better understand the successful radiation of this Neotropical fish genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Jardim de Queiroz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yamila Cardoso
- Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque S/N, B1900FWA, La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - Cécile Jacot-des-Combes
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ilham Anne Bahechar
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Alberto Lucena
- Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucia Rapp Py-Daniel
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Programa de Coleções Científicas e Biológicas, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo 2936, 69060-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Luisa Maria Sarmento Soares
- Museu de Biologia Professor Mello Leitão, Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica, Av. José Ruschi 4, 29650-000 Santa Teresa, ES, Brazil
| | - Stephan Nylinder
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg. Haraldsgatan 1, 413 14 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claudio Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Rua Professor Doutor Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin 250, 18618-689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Estevam Parente
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Ambiental, Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gislene Torrente-Vilara
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Av. Doutor Carvalho de Mendonça 144, 11070-100 Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Raphaël Covain
- Department of Herpertology and Ichthyology, Museum of Natural History of Geneva, Route de Malagnou 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paulo Buckup
- Departamento de Vertebrados, Vista Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juan I Montoya-Burgos
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Lin CY, Zhang PH, Chen YJ, Wu CL, Tsai HJ. Conditional Overexpression of rtn4al in Muscle of Adult Zebrafish Displays Defects Similar to Human Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 21:52-64. [PMID: 30443836 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9857-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The protein level of muscle-specific human NogoA is abnormally upregulated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mice and patients. On the other hand, while the presence of miR-206 in muscle cells delays onset and death in ALS, the relationship between these two phenomena remains unclear. Mammalian NogoA protein, also known as Reticulon 4a (Rtn4a), plays an important role in inhibiting the outgrowth of motor neurons. Our group previously identified zebrafish rtn4al as the target gene of miR-206 and found that knockdown of miR-206 increases rtn4al mRNA and Rtn4al protein in zebrafish embryos. It can be concluded from these results that neurite outgrowth of motor neurons is inhibited by Rtn4a1, which is entirely consistent with overexpression of either human NogoA or zebrafish homolog Rtn4al. Since an animal model able to express NogoA/rtn4al at the mature stage is unavailable, we generated a zebrafish transgenic line, Tg(Zα:TetON-Rtn4al), which conditionally and specifically overexpresses Rtn4al in the muscle tissue. After doxycycline induction, adult zebrafish displayed denervation at neuromuscular junction during the first week, then muscle disintegration and split myofibers during the third week, and, finally, significant weight loss in the sixth week. These results suggest that this zebrafish transgenic line, representing the inducible overexpression of Rtn4a1 in muscle, may provide an alternative animal model with which to study ALS because it exhibits ALS-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yung Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, No. 46, Sec. 3, Zhongzhen Road, Sanzhi Dist., New Taipei City, 252, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiang Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, No. 46, Sec. 3, Zhongzhen Road, Sanzhi Dist., New Taipei City, 252, Taiwan
| | - You-Jei Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lun Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Jen Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, No. 46, Sec. 3, Zhongzhen Road, Sanzhi Dist., New Taipei City, 252, Taiwan.
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6
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Lin CY, He JY, Zeng CW, Loo MR, Chang WY, Zhang PH, Tsai HJ. microRNA-206 modulates an Rtn4a/Cxcr4a/Thbs3a axis in newly forming somites to maintain and stabilize the somite boundary formation of zebrafish embryos. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170009. [PMID: 28701377 PMCID: PMC5541343 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although microRNA-206 (miR-206) is known to regulate proliferation and differentiation of muscle fibroblasts, the role of miR-206 in early-stage somite development is still unknown. During somitogenesis of zebrafish embryos, reticulon4a (rtn4a) is specifically repressed by miR-206. The somite boundary was defective, and actin filaments were crossing over the boundary in either miR-206-knockdown or rtn4a-overexpressed embryos. In these treated embryos, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4a (cxcr4a) was reduced, while thrombospondin 3a (thbs3a) was increased. The defective boundary was phenocopied in either cxcr4a-knockdown or thbs3a-overexpressed embryos. Repression of thbs3a expression by cxcr4a reduced the occurrence of the boundary defect. We demonstrated that cxcr4a is an upstream regulator of thbs3a and that defective boundary cells could not process epithelialization in the absence of intracellular accumulation of the phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK) in boundary cells. Therefore, in the newly forming somites, miR-206-mediated downregulation of rtn4a increases cxcr4a. This activity largely decreases thbs3a expression in the epithelial cells of the somite boundary, which causes epithelialization of boundary cells through mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) and eventually leads to somite boundary formation. Collectively, we suggest that miR-206 mediates a novel pathway, the Rtn4a/Cxcr4a/Thbs3a axis, that allows boundary cells to undergo MET and form somite boundaries in the newly forming somites of zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yung Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, No. 46, Section 3 Zhongzhen Road, Sanzhi Dist., New Taipei City 252, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jun-Yu He
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Wei Zeng
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Moo-Rumg Loo
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yen Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Po-Hsiang Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, No. 46, Section 3 Zhongzhen Road, Sanzhi Dist., New Taipei City 252, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Huai-Jen Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, No. 46, Section 3 Zhongzhen Road, Sanzhi Dist., New Taipei City 252, Taiwan, Republic of China
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7
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Ghosh S, Hui SP. Axonal regeneration in zebrafish spinal cord. REGENERATION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2018; 5:43-60. [PMID: 29721326 PMCID: PMC5911453 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present review we discuss two interrelated events-axonal damage and repair-known to occur after spinal cord injury (SCI) in the zebrafish. Adult zebrafish are capable of regenerating axonal tracts and can restore full functionality after SCI. Unlike fish, axon regeneration in the adult mammalian central nervous system is extremely limited. As a consequence of an injury there is very little repair of disengaged axons and therefore functional deficit persists after SCI in adult mammals. In contrast, peripheral nervous system axons readily regenerate following injury and hence allow functional recovery both in mammals and fish. A better mechanistic understanding of these three scenarios could provide a more comprehensive insight into the success or failure of axonal regeneration after SCI. This review summarizes the present understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of axonal regeneration, in both the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system, and large scale gene expression analysis is used to focus on different events during regeneration. The discovery and identification of genes involved in zebrafish spinal cord regeneration and subsequent functional experimentation will provide more insight into the endogenous mechanism of myelination and remyelination. Furthermore, precise knowledge of the mechanism underlying the extraordinary axonal regeneration process in zebrafish will also allow us to unravel the potential therapeutic strategies to be implemented for enhancing regrowth and remyelination of axons in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukla Ghosh
- Department of BiophysicsMolecular Biology and BioinformaticsUniversity of Calcutta92 A. P. C. RoadKolkata 700009India
| | - Subhra Prakash Hui
- Department of BiophysicsMolecular Biology and BioinformaticsUniversity of Calcutta92 A. P. C. RoadKolkata 700009India
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research InstituteLowy Packer Building, 405 Liverpool StDarlinghurstNSW 2010Australia.
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8
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An interplay between plasticity and parental phenotype determines impacts of ocean acidification on a reef fish. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 2:334-342. [PMID: 29255298 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0428-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The impacts of ocean acidification will depend on the ability of marine organisms to tolerate, acclimate and eventually adapt to changes in ocean chemistry. Here, we use a unique transgenerational experiment to determine the molecular response of a coral reef fish to short-term, developmental and transgenerational exposure to elevated CO2, and to test how these responses are influenced by variations in tolerance to elevated CO2 exhibited by the parents. Within-generation responses in gene expression to end-of-century predicted CO2 levels indicate that a self-amplifying cycle in GABAergic neurotransmission is triggered, explaining previously reported neurological and behavioural impairments. Furthermore, epigenetic regulator genes exhibited a within-generation specific response, but with some divergence due to parental phenotype. Importantly, we find that altered gene expression for the majority of within-generation responses returns to baseline levels following parental exposure to elevated CO2 conditions. Our results show that both parental variation in tolerance and cross-generation exposure to elevated CO2 are crucial factors in determining the response of reef fish to changing ocean chemistry.
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9
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Bodrikov V, Welte C, Wiechers M, Weschenfelder M, Kaur G, Shypitsyna A, Pinzon-Olejua A, Bastmeyer M, Stuermer CAO. Substrate properties of zebrafish Rtn4b/Nogo and axon regeneration in the zebrafish optic nerve. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:2991-3009. [PMID: 28560734 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study explored why lesioned retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons regenerate successfully in the zebrafish optic nerve despite the presence of Rtn4b, the homologue of the rat neurite growth inhibitor RTN4-A/Nogo-A. Rat Nogo-A and zebrafish Rtn4b possess characteristic motifs (M1-4) in the Nogo-A-specific region, which contains delta20, the most inhibitory region of rat Nogo-A. To determine whether zebrafish M1-4 is inhibitory as rat M1-4 and Nogo-A delta20, proteins were recombinantly expressed and used as substrates for zebrafish single cell RGCs, mouse hippocampal neurons and goldfish, zebrafish and chick retinal explants. When offered as homogenous substrates, neurites of hippocampal neurons and of zebrafish single cell RGCs were inhibited by zebrafish M1-4, rat M1-4, and Nogo-A delta20. Neurite length increased when zebrafish single cell RGCs were treated with receptor-type-specific antagonists and, respectively, with morpholinos (MO) against S1PR2 and S1PR5a-which represent candidate zebrafish Nogo-A receptors. In a stripe assay, however, where M1-4 lanes alternate with polylysine-(Plys)-only lanes, RGC axons from goldfish, zebrafish, and chick retinal explants avoided rat M1-4 but freely crossed zebrafish M1-4 lanes-suggesting that zebrafish M1-4 is growth permissive and less inhibitory than rat M1-4. Moreover, immunostainings and dot blots of optic nerve and myelin showed that expression of Rtn4b is very low in tissue and myelin at 3-5 days after lesion when axons regenerate. Thus, Rtn4b seems to represent no major obstacle for axon regeneration in vivo because it is less inhibitory for RGC axons from retina explants, and because of its low abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cornelia Welte
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Markus Weschenfelder
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Neurobiology Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gurjot Kaur
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Neurobiology Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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10
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Learning to swim, again: Axon regeneration in fish. Exp Neurol 2017; 287:318-330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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Developmental Wiring of Specific Neurons Is Regulated by RET-1/Nogo-A in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2016; 205:295-302. [PMID: 27821431 PMCID: PMC5223509 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.185322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nogo-A is a membrane-bound protein that functions to inhibit neuronal migration, adhesion, and neurite outgrowth during development. In the mature nervous system, Nogo-A stabilizes neuronal wiring to inhibit neuronal plasticity and regeneration after injury. Here, we show that RET-1, the sole Nogo-A homolog in Caenorhabditis elegans, is required to control developmental wiring of a specific subset of neurons. In ret-1 deletion mutant animals, specific ventral nerve cord axons are misguided where they fail to respect the ventral midline boundary. We found that ret-1 is expressed in multiple neurons during development, and, through mosaic analysis, showed that ret-1 controls axon guidance in a cell-autonomous manner. Finally, as in mammals, ret-1 regulates ephrin expression, and dysregulation of the ephrin ligand VAB-2 is partially responsible for the ret-1 mutant axonal defects. Together, our data present a previously unidentified function for RET-1 in the nervous system of C. elegans.
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12
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Möbius W, Nave KA, Werner HB. Electron microscopy of myelin: Structure preservation by high-pressure freezing. Brain Res 2016; 1641:92-100. [PMID: 26920467 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Electron microscopic visualization of nervous tissue morphology is crucial when aiming to understand the biogenesis and structure of myelin in healthy and pathological conditions. However, accurate interpretation of electron micrographs requires excellent tissue preservation. In this short review we discuss the recent utilization of tissue fixation by high-pressure freezing and freeze-substitution, which now supplements aldehyde fixation in the preparation of samples for electron microscopy of myelin. Cryofixation has proven well suited to yield both, improved contrast and excellent preservation of structural detail of the axon/myelin-unit in healthy and mutant mice and can also be applied to other model organisms, including aquatic species. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Myelin Evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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13
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Park EJ, Grabińska KA, Guan Z, Sessa WC. NgBR is essential for endothelial cell glycosylation and vascular development. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:167-77. [PMID: 26755743 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
NgBR is a transmembrane protein identified as a Nogo-B-interacting protein and recently has been shown to be a subunit required for cis-prenyltransferase (cisPTase) activity. To investigate the integrated role of NgBR in vascular development, we have characterized endothelial-specific NgBR knockout embryos. Here, we show that endothelial-specific NgBR knockout results in embryonic lethality due to vascular development defects in yolk sac and embryo proper. Loss of NgBR in endothelial cells reduces proliferation and promotes apoptosis of the cells largely through defects in the glycosylation of key endothelial proteins including VEGFR2, VE-cadherin, and CD31, and defective glycosylation can be rescued by treatment with the end product of cisPTase activity, dolichol phosphate. Moreover, NgBR functions in endothelial cells during embryogenesis are Nogo-B independent. These data uniquely show the importance of NgBR and protein glycosylation during vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eon Joo Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kariona A Grabińska
- Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William C Sessa
- Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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14
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Seiler S, Di Santo S, Widmer HR. Non-canonical actions of Nogo-A and its receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 100:28-39. [PMID: 26348872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.08.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nogo-A is a myelin associated protein and one of the most potent neurite growth inhibitors in the central nervous system. Interference with Nogo-A signaling has thus been investigated as therapeutic target to promote functional recovery in CNS injuries. Still, the finding that Nogo-A presents a fairly ubiquitous expression in many types of neurons in different brain regions, in the eye and even in the inner ear suggests for further functions besides the neurite growth repression. Indeed, a growing number of studies identified a variety of functions including regulation of neuronal stem cells, modulation of microglial activity, inhibition of angiogenesis and interference with memory formation. Aim of the present commentary is to draw attention on these less well-known and sometimes controversial roles of Nogo-A. Furthermore, we are addressing the role of Nogo-A in neuropathological conditions such as ischemic stroke, schizophrenia and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Seiler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Di Santo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans Rudolf Widmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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Welte C, Engel S, Stuermer CAO. Upregulation of the zebrafish Nogo-A homologue, Rtn4b, in retinal ganglion cells is functionally involved in axon regeneration. Neural Dev 2015; 10:6. [PMID: 25888884 PMCID: PMC4374419 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-015-0034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In contrast to mammals, zebrafish successfully regenerate retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons after optic nerve section (ONS). This difference is explained on the one hand by neurite growth inhibitors in mammals (including Nogo-A), as opposed to growth-promoting glial cells in the fish visual pathway, and on the other hand by the neuron-intrinsic properties allowing the upregulation of growth-associated proteins in fish RGCs but not in mammals. Results Here, we report that Rtn4b, the zebrafish homologue of mammalian Nogo-A/RTN4-A, is upregulated in axotomized zebrafish RGCs and is primarily associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Rtn4b functions as a neuron-intrinsic determinant for axon regeneration, as was shown by downregulating Rtn4b through retrogradely transported morpholinos (MOs), applied to the optic nerve at the time of ONS. MO1 and MO2 reduced the number of axons from retina explants in a concentration-dependent manner. With MO1, the reduction was 55% (70 μM MO1) and 74% (140 μM MO1), respectively, with MO2: 59% (70 μM MO2) and 73% (140 μM MO2), respectively (compared to the control MO-treated side). Moreover, regenerating axons 7d after ONS and MO1 or MO2 application were labeled by Alexa488, applied distal to the first lesion. The number of Alexa488 labeled RGCs, containing the Rtn4b MO1 or MO2, was reduced by 54% and 62%, respectively, over control MO. Conclusions Thus, Rtn4b is an important neuron-intrinsic component and required for the success of axon regeneration in the zebrafish visual system. The spontaneous lesion-induced upregulation of Rtn4b in fish correlates with an increase in ER, soma size, biosynthetic activity, and thus growth and predicts that mammalian neurons require the same upregulation in order to successfully regenerate RGC axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Welte
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Sarah Engel
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Claudia A O Stuermer
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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