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Kumar S, Mehan S, Khan Z, Das Gupta G, Narula AS. Guggulsterone Selectively Modulates STAT-3, mTOR, and PPAR-Gamma Signaling in a Methylmercury-Exposed Experimental Neurotoxicity: Evidence from CSF, Blood Plasma, and Brain Samples. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5161-5193. [PMID: 38170440 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a paralytic disease that damages the brain and spinal cord motor neurons. Several clinical and preclinical studies have found that methylmercury (MeHg+) causes ALS. In ALS, MeHg+-induced neurotoxicity manifests as oligodendrocyte destruction; myelin basic protein (MBP) deficiency leads to axonal death. ALS development has been connected to an increase in signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3), a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and a decrease in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma. Guggulsterone (GST), a plant-derived chemical produced from Commiphorawhighitii resin, has been found to protect against ALS by modulating these signaling pathways. Vitamin D3 (VitD3) deficiency has been related to oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) damage, demyelination, and white matter deterioration, which results in motor neuron death. As a result, the primary goal of this work was to investigate the therapeutic potential of GST by altering STAT-3, mTOR, and PPAR-gamma levels in a MeHg+-exposed experimental model of ALS in adult rats. The GST30 and 60 mg/kg oral treatments significantly improved the behavioral, motor, and cognitive dysfunctions and increased remyelination, as proven by the Luxol Fast Blue stain (LFB), and reduced neuroinflammation as measured by histological examinations. Furthermore, the co-administration of VitD3 exhibits moderate efficacy when administered in combination with GST60. Our results show that GST protects neurons by decreasing STAT-3 and mTOR levels while increasing PPAR-gamma protein levels in ALS rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy (An Autonomous College), NAAC Accredited "A" Grade College, GT Road, Ghal-Kalan, Moga, 142 001, Punjab, India
- IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144603, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy (An Autonomous College), NAAC Accredited "A" Grade College, GT Road, Ghal-Kalan, Moga, 142 001, Punjab, India.
- IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144603, India.
| | - Zuber Khan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy (An Autonomous College), NAAC Accredited "A" Grade College, GT Road, Ghal-Kalan, Moga, 142 001, Punjab, India
- IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144603, India
| | - Ghanshyam Das Gupta
- IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144603, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Acharan S Narula
- Narula Research, LLC, 107 Boulder Bluff, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
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Jolly RD, Perrott MR, Alley MR, Hunter SA, Pas A, Beard H, Hemsley KM, Greaves G. A lower motor neuron disease in takahē ( Porphyrio hochstetteri) is an endoplasmic reticulum storage disease. N Z Vet J 2023:1-8. [PMID: 36938644 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2190549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the pathogenesis of a disease in takahē with intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in lower motor neurons. METHODS Four cases aged between 5 and 12 years, from three different wildlife sanctuaries in New Zealand were examined. Of these, only one had signs of spinal dysfunction in the form of paresis. Stained paraffin sections of tissues were examined by light microscopy and immunostained sections of the ventral horn of the spinal cord by confocal microscopy. Epoxy resin sections of the bird with spinal dysfunction were examined by electron microscopy. RESULTS Two types of inclusion bodies were noted, but only in motor neurons of the ventral spinal cord and brain stem. These were large globoid eosinophilic bodies up to 5 µm in diameter, and yellow/brown granular inclusions mostly at the pole of the cell. The globoid bodies stained with Luxol fast blue but not with periodic acid Schiff (PAS), or Sudan black. The granular inclusions stained with Luxol fast blue, PAS and Sudan black. Both bodies were slightly autofluorescent. On electron microscopy the globoid bodies had an even electron-dense texture and were bound by a membrane. Beneath the membrane were large numbers of small intraluminal vesicles. The smaller granular bodies were more heterogeneous, irregularly rounded and membrane-bound accumulations of granular electron-dense material, often with electron-lucent vacuoles. Others were more vesicular but contained varying amounts of electron-dense material. The large globoid bodies did not immunostain for lysosomal markers lysosomal associated protein 1 (LAMP1) or cathepsin D so they were not lysosomal. The small granular bodies stained for cathepsin D by a chromogenic method. A kindred matrix analysis showed two cases to be as closely related as first cousins, and another case was almost as closely related to one of them, but the fourth bird was unrelated to any other. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that this was an endoplasmic reticulum storage disease due to a specific protein misfolding within endoplasmic reticulum. It was rationalised that the two types of inclusions reflected the same aetiology, but that misfolded protein in the smaller granular bodies had entered the lysosomal system via endoplasmic reticulum autophagy. Although the cause was unclear, it most likely had a genetic aetiology or predisposition and, as such, has clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Jolly
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M R Perrott
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M R Alley
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - S A Hunter
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - A Pas
- New Zealand Centre for Conservation Medicine, Auckland Zoo, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - H Beard
- Childhood Dementia Research Group, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - K M Hemsley
- Childhood Dementia Research Group, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - G Greaves
- Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand
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Owen RN, Semanchik PL, Latham CM, Brennan KM, White-Springer SH. Elevated dietary selenium rescues mitochondrial capacity impairment induced by decreased vitamin E intake in young exercising horses. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6652331. [PMID: 35908793 PMCID: PMC9339289 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of mitochondrial health, which is supported in part by dietary antioxidants such as selenium (Se) and vitamin E (vitE), is pertinent to optimizing athletic performance. Deficiencies in Se and vitE negatively impact muscle health but mitochondrial adaptations to various levels of dietary Se and vitE are poorly understood. Young Quarter Horses (mean ± SD: 17.6 ± 0.9 mo) undergoing submaximal exercise training were used to test the hypothesis that a proprietary antioxidant blend containing elevated Se yeast (EconomasE, Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY) would improve mitochondrial characteristics compared to Se at current requirements, even with reduced vitE intake. Horses were balanced by age, sex, body weight (BW), and farm of origin and randomly assigned to one of three custom-formulated concentrates fed at 1% BW (dry matter, DM basis) for 12 wk: 1) 100 IU vitE/kg DM and 0.1 mg Se/kg DM (CON, n = 6); 2) no added vitE plus EconomasE to provide 0.1 mg Se/kg DM (ESe1, n = 6); or 3) no added vitE plus EconomasE to provide 0.3 mg Se/kg DM (ESe3, n = 6). Samples collected at week 0 and 12 were analyzed for serum Se and middle gluteal glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and mitochondrial enzyme activities by kinetic colorimetry and mitochondrial capacities by high-resolution respirometry. Data were analyzed using mixed linear models in SAS v9.4 with repeated measures (time) and fixed effects of time, diet, and time × diet; horse(diet) served as a random effect. Serum Se tended to increase in all horses by week 12 (P = 0.08) but was unaffected by diet. Muscle GPx activity remained similar among all horses throughout the duration of the study. Mitochondrial volume density (citrate synthase [CS] activity), integrative function (cytochrome c oxidase [CCO] activity per mg protein), and integrative (per mg tissue) oxidative (P) and electron transfer (E) capacities increased from week 0 to 12 in all horses (P ≤ 0.01). Intrinsic (relative to CS) CCO activity decreased in all horses (P = 0.001), while intrinsic P and E capacities decreased only in ESe1 horses from week 0 to 12 (P ≤ 0.002). These results suggest that feeding EconomasE to provide 0.3 mg Se/kg DM may prevent adverse effects of removing 100 IU dietary vitE/kg DM on mitochondria in young horses. More research is needed to determine optimal dietary Se and vitE levels in performance horses to maximize mitochondrial energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi N Owen
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Pier L Semanchik
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Christine M Latham
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | - Sarah H White-Springer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Mayaki AM, Abdul Razak IS, Adzahan NM, Mazlan M, Rasedee A. Clinical assessment and grading of back pain in horses. J Vet Sci 2021; 21:e82. [PMID: 33263229 PMCID: PMC7710460 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical presentation of horses with back pain (BP) vary considerably with most horse's willingness to take part in athletic or riding purpose becoming impossible. However, there are some clinical features that are directly responsible for the loss or failure of performance. Objectives To investigate the clinical features of the thoracolumbar region associated with BP in horses and to use some of the clinical features to classify equine BP. Methods Twenty-four horses comprised of 14 with BP and 10 apparently healthy horses were assessed for clinical abnormality that best differentiate BP from normal horses. The horses were then graded (0–5) using the degree of pain response, muscular hypertonicity, thoracolumbar joint stiffness and overall physical dysfunction of the horse. Results The common clinical features that significantly differentiate horses with BP from non-BP were longissimus dorsi spasm at palpation (78.6%), paravertebral muscle stiffness (64.3%), resist lateral bending (64.3%), and poor hindlimb impulsion (85.7%). There were significantly (p < 0.05) higher scores for pain response to palpation, muscular hypertonicity, thoracolumbar joint stiffness and physical dysfunction among horses with BP in relation to non-BP. A significant relationship exists between all the graded abnormalities. Based on the cumulative score, horses with BP were categorized into mild, mild-moderate, moderate and severe cases. Conclusions BP in horse can be differentiated by severity of pain response to back palpation, back muscle hypertonicity, thoracolumbar joint stiffness, physical dysfunctions and their cumulative grading score is useful in the assessment and categorization of BP in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Musa Mayaki
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B 2346, City Campus Complex, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Intan Shameha Abdul Razak
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Noraniza Mohd Adzahan
- Department of Farm and Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mazlina Mazlan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah Rasedee
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Jarvis N, McKenzie HC. Nutritional Considerations when Dealing with an Underweight Adult or Senior Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:89-110. [PMID: 33820611 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Weight loss occurs when the supply of energy is insufficient to meet the energy needs of an individual. The energy supply may be reduced by inadequate provision of feed, inadequate consumption, reduced digestion and absorption, or disruption in metabolic processing. Increased energy expenditure occurs with exercise and during cold temperatures, pregnancy, and lactation. Underlying clinical disease, particularly chronic inflammation, neoplasia, and protein-losing conditions, can cause weight loss or exacerbate existing weight loss. A methodical approach to weight-loss investigation and treatment is necessary, because of the often multifactorial nature of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Jarvis
- Redwings Horse Sanctuary, Hapton, Norwich, Norfolk NR15 1SP, UK
| | - Harold C McKenzie
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 215 Duckpond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Sanz MG, Schnider DR, Mealey KA. Relative Deficiency in Albumin Methionine Content is Associated With Decreased Antioxidant Capacity of Equine Plasma. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 96:103277. [PMID: 33349399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Relative to other species, horses seem particularly susceptible to oxidative stress. Plasma albumin plays an important role in preventing oxidative damage, in part due to its methionine (MET) content. Equine albumin is highly unusual in that it contains no MET residues. Whether or not this causes deficient antioxidant capacity in equine plasma relative to that of other species has not yet been explored. The objective of this study was to compare the redox status of equine (no MET) to that of bovine (moderate amount of MET) plasma. Plasma was collected from healthy, nonpregnant Quarter Horse mares (n = 10) and adult, healthy, nonpregnant, dried Holstein cows (n = 15). Measures of total antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress were assessed for each plasma sample using multiple commercially available assays: total antioxidant capacity, thiol detection, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and advanced oxidation protein products. Plasma from horses had significantly (P < .05) lower thiol content and thiobarbituric and reactive substances and higher advanced oxidation protein products than plasma from cattle. A difference in total antioxidant capacity was not observed; however, our study was underpowered to establish a meaningful comparison. Based on these findings, the lack of MET in equine albumin appears to translate to a lower antioxidant capacity of equine plasma. Our findings are consistent with previous reports in other species that identify MET as having an important role in the antioxidant capacity of albumin. Our results also highlight the complex system of antioxidant defenses in plasma that counteract the harmful effects of oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena G Sanz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
| | - Darren R Schnider
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Katrina A Mealey
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
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Aleman M, Berryhill E, Woolard K, Easton-Jones CA, Kozikowski-Nicholas T, Dyson S, Kilcoyne I. Sidewinder gait in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2122-2131. [PMID: 32820825 PMCID: PMC7517494 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sidewinder gait in horses is poorly understood and characterized by walking with the trunk and pelvic limbs drifting to 1 side. Hypothesis/objectives To report causes, clinical and diagnostic features. Animals Horses examined at 2 institutions. Materials and Methods Retrospective study (2000‐2019). Cases with sidewinder gait, neurological and orthopedic examination, and diagnostic work up or postmortem evaluation were included. Descriptive statistics were performed. Results Twenty‐four horses (mean age 18.9 years) of various breeds and both sexes were included. Onset was acute (N = 10), subacute (N = 6), and insidious (N = 8). Electromyography and muscle biopsy supported neurologic disease and further aided in localizing site of lesion (N = 9/9). Neurologic causes included dynamic thoracolumbar spinal cord compression (N = 5), equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (N = 4, confirmed and presumed [2 each]), thoracic myelopathy of unknown etiology (N = 4), gliosis (N = 2), and thrombosis of thoracic spinal cord segments (N = 1). Non‐neurologic causes included osteoarthritis of the coxofemoral joint (N = 4), multiple displaced pelvic fractures (N = 2), bilateral rupture of the ligamentum capitis ossis femoris (N = 1), and severe myonecrosis of multiple pelvic limb muscles (N = 1). Case fatality was 79%. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Sidewinder gait is usually observed in older horses and can have neurologic or musculoskeletal etiologies. Electromyography can be used as a diagnostic aid to determine neurologic versus non‐neurologic disease and further localize those of neurologic origin. The condition often has a poor prognosis for function and life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Aleman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Emily Berryhill
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kevin Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Charlotte A Easton-Jones
- The William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Tania Kozikowski-Nicholas
- The William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sue Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom.,The Cottage, Church Road, Market Weston, Diss IP22 2NX, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Kilcoyne
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Pitel MO, McKenzie EC, Johns JL, Stuart RL. Influence of specific management practices on blood selenium, vitamin E, and beta-carotene concentrations in horses and risk of nutritional deficiency. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2132-2141. [PMID: 32686861 PMCID: PMC7517834 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Selenium or alpha‐tocopherol deficiency can cause neuromuscular disease. Beta‐carotene has limited documentation in horses. Objective To evaluate the effect of owner practices on plasma beta‐carotene concentration and risk of selenium and alpha‐tocopherol deficiencies. Animals Three‐hundred and forty‐nine adult (≥1 year), university and privately owned horses and mules. Methods Cross‐sectional study. Whole blood selenium, plasma alpha‐tocopherol, and plasma beta‐carotene concentrations were measured once. Estimates of daily selenium and vitamin E intake, pasture access, and exercise load were determined by owner questionnaire. Data were analyzed using t tests, Mann‐Whitney tests, parametric or nonparametric analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal‐Wallis test, Spearman's correlation and contingency tables (P < .05). Results Nearly 88% of the horses received supplemental selenium; 71.3% received ≥1 mg/d. Low blood selenium concentration (<80 ng/mL) was identified in 3.3% of horses, and 13.6% had marginal concentrations (80‐159 ng/mL). Non‐supplemented horses were much more likely to have low blood selenium (odds ratio [OR], 20.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.26‐42.7; P < .001). Supplemental vitamin E was provided to 87.3% of horses; 57.7% received ≥500 IU/d. Deficient (<1.5 μg/mL) and marginal (1.5‐2.0 μg/mL) plasma (alpha‐tocopherol) occurred in 15.4% and 19.9% of horses, respectively. Pasture access (>6 h/d) and daily provision of ≥500 IU of vitamin E was associated (P < .001) with higher plasma alpha‐tocopherol concentrations. Plasma beta‐carotene concentration was higher in horses with pasture access (0.26 ± 0.43 versus 0.12 ± 0.13 μg/mL, P = .003). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Suboptimal blood selenium and plasma alpha‐tocopherol concentrations occurred in 16.7% and 35.5% of horses, respectively, despite most owners providing supplementation. Inadequate pasture access was associated with alpha‐tocopherol deficiency, and reliance on selenium‐containing salt blocks was associated with selenium deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya O Pitel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Erica C McKenzie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jennifer L Johns
- Department of Biomedical Science, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Mayaki AM, Abdul Razak IS, Noraniza MA, Mazlina M, Rasedee A. Biofluid Markers of Equine Neurological Disorders Reviewed From Human Perspectives. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 86:102907. [PMID: 32067661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders (NDs) are often fatal to horses. Thus, symptoms of equine NDs commonly indicate euthanasia. Current diagnostic approaches for equine NDs is based on clinical signs, differential diagnoses, analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), assessment of histopathological lesions, and imaging. However, advances in biofluid biomarkers in the diagnosis of human neurological diseases can potentially be applied to equine NDs. In this review, we described the established human blood and CSF neurobiomarkers that could potentially be used to diagnose equine NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Musa Mayaki
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Intan Shameha Abdul Razak
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Adzahan Noraniza
- Department of Farm and Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mazlan Mazlina
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah Rasedee
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Bookbinder L, Finno CJ, Firshman AM, Katzman SA, Burns E, Peterson J, Dahlgren A, Ming‐Whitfield B, Glessner S, Borer‐Matsui A, Valberg SJ. Impact of alpha-tocopherol deficiency and supplementation on sacrocaudalis and gluteal muscle fiber histopathology and morphology in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2770-2779. [PMID: 31660648 PMCID: PMC6872615 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subset of horses deficient in alpha-tocopherol (α-TP) develop muscle atrophy and vitamin E-responsive myopathy (VEM) characterized by mitochondrial alterations in the sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis muscle (SC). OBJECTIVES To quantify muscle histopathologic abnormalities in subclinical α-TP deficient horses before and after α-TP supplementation and compare with retrospective (r)VEM cases. ANIMALS Prospective study; 16 healthy α-TP-deficient Quarter Horses. Retrospective study; 10 retrospective vitamin E-responsive myopathy (rVEM) cases . METHODS Blood, SC, and gluteus medius (GM) biopsy specimens were obtained before (day 0) and 56 days after 5000 IU/450 kg horse/day PO water dispersible liquid α-TP (n = 8) or control (n = 8). Muscle fiber morphology and mitochondrial alterations were compared in samples from days 0 and 56 and in rVEM cases. RESULTS Mitochondrial alterations more common than our reference range (<2.5% affected fibers) were present in 3/8 control and 4/8 treatment horses on day 0 in SC but not in GM (mean, 2.2; range, 0%-10% of fibers). Supplementation with α-TP for 56 days did not change the percentage of fibers with mitochondrial alterations or anguloid atrophy, or fiber size in GM or SC. Clinical rVEM horses had significantly more mitochondrial alterations (rVEM SC, 13% ± 7%; GM, 3% ± 2%) and anguloid atrophy compared to subclinical day 0 horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Clinically normal α-TP-deficient horses can have mitochondrial alterations in the SC that are less severe than in atrophied VEM cases and do not resolve after 56 days of α-TP supplementation. Preventing α-TP deficiency may be of long-term importance for mitochondrial viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Bookbinder
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan
| | - Carrie J. Finno
- Department of Population Health and ReproductionUniversity of California DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Anna M. Firshman
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt PaulMinnesota
| | - Scott A. Katzman
- Department of Surgical and Radiological SciencesUniversity of California DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Erin Burns
- Department of Population Health and ReproductionUniversity of California DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Janel Peterson
- Department of Population Health and ReproductionUniversity of California DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Anna Dahlgren
- Department of Population Health and ReproductionUniversity of California DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Brittni Ming‐Whitfield
- Department of Population Health and ReproductionUniversity of California DavisDavisCalifornia
| | - Shelby Glessner
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan
| | - Amanda Borer‐Matsui
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan
| | - Stephanie J. Valberg
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan
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Trimble AC, Delph KM, Perry ER, Valberg SJ. Sarcocystis myositis and vitamin E deficiency in a Gypsy Vanner stallion suspected of having equine motor neuron disease. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Trimble
- Kansas State University Veterinary Health Center Manhattan Kansas USA
| | - K. M. Delph
- Kansas State University Veterinary Health Center Manhattan Kansas USA
| | - E. R. Perry
- Kansas State University Veterinary Health Center Manhattan Kansas USA
| | - S. J. Valberg
- Michigan State University Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health Lansing Michigan USA
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Analysis of neurofilament concentration in healthy adult horses and utility in the diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis and equine motor neuron disease. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:1-6. [PMID: 31103855 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurofilaments (NFs) are structural proteins of neurons that are released in significant quantities in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood as a result of neuronal degeneration or axonal damage. Therefore, NFs have potential as biomarkers for neurologic disorders. Neural degeneration increases with age and has the potential to confound the utility of NFs as biomarkers in the diagnosis of neurologic disorders. We investigated this relationship in horses with and without neurological diagnosis. While controlling for horse type (draft, pleasure, and racing), we evaluated the relationship between serum heavy-chain phosphorylated neurofilaments (pNF-H) and age, sex, and serum vitamin E concentrations. Serum pNF-H concentrations increased by 0.002 ng/ml for each year increase in age. There were significant differences in the serum pNF-H concentration among the type of activity performed by the horse. The highest serum pNF-H concentration was found in horses performing heavy work activity (racehorse) and with lower serum pNF-H concentration found among light (pleasure riding) and moderate (draft) activity. There was no significant association between the pNF-H concentration and sex or vitamin E concentration. Serum pNF-H concentration was elevated among horses afflicted with EMND and EPM when compared with control horses without evidence of neurologic disorders. Accordingly, serum pNF-H concentration can serve as a useful biomarker to complement the existing diagnostic work-up of horses suspected of having EPM or EMND.
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Investigating the Risk of Equine Motor Neuron Disease in a Brazilian Stable and Successful Intervention. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 77:132-138. [PMID: 31133307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We carried out an investigation to identify the factors that predispose to the risk of equine motor neuron disease (EMND) and evaluated the long-term impact of an intervention. Data on several biomarkers, including antioxidants (α-tocopherols, β-carotenes, glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx)), and superoxide dismutase (SOD1), neurofilaments, and other putative risk factors hypothesized to associate with the likelihood of EMND were collected. The data were analyzed for their significance of association with the condition. The EMND outbreak started in 1991 and continued until 1998. A total of 69 EMND cases and 64 control horses met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled in the study. Most cases (74%) occurred in 1996 and 1997. Horses afflicted with EMND had significantly lower plasma levels of vitamin E than control horses (0.381 vs. 1.148 μg/mL). There were no significant differences in the levels of vitamin A, β-carotenes, GSHPx, or the activities of SOD1 between EMND cases and control horses. Horses afflicted with EMND had significantly higher serum levels of phosphorylated neurofilament heavy than controls (2.85 vs. 0.27 ng/mL). The probability of EMND diagnosis increased above 50% when the serum levels of phosphorylated neurofilament heavy increased beyond 2.54 ng/mL. Mixed and Brazilian breeds had a significantly higher risk of EMND in comparison to Standardbred horse among the study population. In 1997, there was a change in the diet where better quality green hay was used. The incidence of EMND dropped to 0 in 1 year after intervention and remained at that level for the past 20 years.
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Posbergh CJ, Pollott GE, Southard TL, Divers TJ, Brooks SA. A Nonsynonymous Change in Adhesion G Protein–Coupled Receptor L3 Associated With Risk for Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy in the Caspian Horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Daud S, Ahmed N, Naudhani S, Younus M, Manzoor S, Firyal S, Yaqub T, Hashmi AS, Riaz-ul-Amin, Wasim M, Umar S. In-Silico Analysis of Gene ALS2 Genetic Variants Identified in the Affected Horses and Humans With Motor Neuron Disease. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Diseases of the Nervous System. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7322266 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Finno CJ, Kaese HJ, Miller AD, Gianino G, Divers T, Valberg SJ. Pigment retinopathy in warmblood horses with equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy and equine motor neuron disease. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:304-309. [PMID: 27491953 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A pigment retinopathy has been reported in adult horses with equine motor neuron disease (EMND) arising from chronic α-tocopherol (α-TP) deficiency. A pigment retinopathy has not been identified in horses with neuroaxonal dystrophy/equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (NAD/EDM) that affects genetically susceptible young horses with α-TP deficiency. The objective of this report is to describe, for the first time, a pigment retinopathy in a family of α-TP-deficient Warmbloods (WB) with clinically apparent NAD/EDM or EMND. ANIMALS AND PROCEDURES Twenty-five WB horses from one farm underwent complete neurologic and ophthalmic examinations and serum α-TP concentrations were assessed. Two of the most severely ataxic horses were euthanized and postmortem examinations performed. RESULTS Alpha-TP deficiency was widespread on this farm (22 of 25 horses). Eleven of 25 horses were clinically normal (age range 2-12 years), one had signs of EMND (6 years of age), 10 had signs of ataxia consistent with NAD/EDM (1-10 years), and two of these were postmortem confirmed concurrent NAD/EDM and EMND. A pigment retinopathy characterized by varying amounts of granular dark pigment in the tapetal retina was observed in four clinically apparent NAD/EDM horses (two postmortem confirmed concurrent NAD/EDM and EMND) and one horse with clinical signs of EMND. CONCLUSIONS A pigment retinopathy can be present in young α-TP-deficient Warmblood horses with clinical signs of EMND as well as those with signs of NAD/EDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie J Finno
- Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Andrew D Miller
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences Medicine, Cornell University College of Veterinary, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Giuliana Gianino
- Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Thomas Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Stephanie J Valberg
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48895, USA
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Husulak ML, Lohmann KL, Gabadage K, Wojnarowicz C, Marqués FJ. Equine motor neuron disease in 2 horses from Saskatchewan. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2016; 57:771-776. [PMID: 27429468 PMCID: PMC4904817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two horses from Saskatchewan were presented with signs of sweating, muscle fasciculations, weight loss, and generalized weakness. The horses were diagnosed with equine motor neuron disease (EMND), by histological assessment of a spinal accessory nerve or sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis muscle biopsy. This is the first report of EMND in western Canada.
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Finno CJ, Miller AD, Sisó S, Divers T, Gianino G, Barro MV, Valberg SJ. Concurrent Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy and Equine Motor Neuron Disease in Three Young Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1344-50. [PMID: 27298214 PMCID: PMC5089576 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C J Finno
- Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - A D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - S Sisó
- Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - T Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - G Gianino
- Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - M V Barro
- Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - S J Valberg
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
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Díez de Castro E, Zafra R, Acevedo LM, Pérez J, Acosta I, Rivero JLL, Aguilera-Tejero E. Eosinophilic Enteritis in Horses with Motor Neuron Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:873-9. [PMID: 27015868 PMCID: PMC4913563 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine motor neuron disease (EMND) is a neuromuscular disorder that affects adult horses. Although EMND has been linked to vitamin E deficiency, its etiopathogenesis is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To describe clinical features, laboratory results, and postmortem findings in a series of young horses with motor neuron disease (MND). ANIMALS A herd of 15 young Andalusian horses with weakness, weight loss, muscle atrophy, and muscle fasciculations related to restricted intake of green forage. METHODS A case series is presented in which horses were subjected to a clinical examination and plasma vitamin E measurement. Five severely affected horses were euthanized for detailed postmortem examination. Muscle specimens were taken from the M. sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis and the M. gluteus medius for histopathologic and morphometric evaluation. RESULTS MND was diagnosed in 5 horses based on clinical signs, low serum levels of vitamin E (0.11 ± 0.05 mg/dL; normal range,: 0.3-1.5 mg/dL), changes in muscle histopathology (neurogenic atrophy), and spinal cord lesions (neuronal chromatolysis in ventral horns). An unexpected postmortem finding was the presence of intestinal inflammation (catarrhal enteritis, edema, and eosinophilic infiltrate) associated with the presence of giant ciliated protozoa in all of the horses. CONCLUSIONS Although a mechanistic link could not be established, it is hypothesized that intestinal inflammation may have been involved in the decreased absorption of vitamin E, thus favoring the development of MND.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Díez de Castro
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - R Zafra
- Department of Comparative Anatomy and Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - L M Acevedo
- Laboratory of Muscular Biopathology, Department of Comparative Anatomy and Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - J Pérez
- Department of Comparative Anatomy and Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - I Acosta
- Department of Animal Health, Parasitology Section, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - J L L Rivero
- Laboratory of Muscular Biopathology, Department of Comparative Anatomy and Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - E Aguilera-Tejero
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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Bourke CA. Molybdenum Deficiency Produces Motor Nervous Effects That Are Consistent with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2016; 7:28. [PMID: 27014182 PMCID: PMC4782119 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Bourke
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Orange Agricultural Institute , Orange, NSW , Australia
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Rocha PRD, Bertuglia A, Biasibetti E, Bullone M, Rosamilia A, Masoero L, Capucchio MT. Subependymal Reaction Secondary to Choroid Plexus Papilloma in a Horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Marędziak M, Marycz K, Smieszek A, Lewandowski D, Toker NY. The influence of static magnetic fields on canine and equine mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2014; 50:562-71. [PMID: 24477562 PMCID: PMC4062816 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9730-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the proliferation rate and morphological changes of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells of canine and equine origin (Eq- and CaAdMSC). Investigated cells were exposed to a static magnetic field (MF) with the intensity of 0.5 T. Proliferation activity of cells was determined with the Alamar Blue assay. Obtained results, normalized in respect to the control culture, showed that EqAdMSC exposed to MF maintained a high proliferation status, whereas proliferation activity of CaAdMSC cultured in the presence of MF was decreased. Estimations of population doubling time (PDT) also revealed that EqAdMSCs exposed to static MF achieved a twofold increase in the total number of cells in a shorter amount of time than the control culture. The PDT value obtained for investigated CaAdMSCs indicated that MF exposure resulted in the prolongation of population doubling time. Morphology of cells and cellular composition was investigated using a light inverted microscope and a fluorescent microscope. A scanning electron microscope was used for microvesicles (MVs) imaging. Obtained results showed that both cell types maintained fibroblastic morphology and did not reveal signs of apoptosis or necrosis. However, the MF had an influence on the MVs secretion. While EqAdMSCs propagated in the presence of MF were characterized by the abundant MVs presence, CaAdMSCs revealed poor secretory activity. The approach presented provides complex analysis, which enables one to determine changes in equine and canine cytophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Marędziak
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wroclaw, Kozuchowska 5b, 51-631, Wroclaw, Poland,
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Evaluation of sample handling effects on serum vitamin e and cholesterol concentrations in alpacas. Vet Med Int 2014; 2014:537213. [PMID: 24558633 PMCID: PMC3914389 DOI: 10.1155/2014/537213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical cases of vitamin E deficiencies have been diagnosed in camelids and may indicate that these species are more sensitive to inadequate vitamin E in hay-based diets compared to other ruminant and equine species. In bovine, cholesterol has been reported to affect vitamin E concentrations. In order to evaluate vitamin E deficiencies in camelids, the effects of collection and storage of the blood samples prior to processing were necessary. Reports vary as to factors affecting vitamin E and cholesterol in blood samples, and diagnostic laboratories vary in instructions regarding sample handling. Blood was collected from healthy alpacas and processed under conditions including exposure to fluorescent light, serum and red blood cell contact, tube stopper contact, temperature, and hemolysis. Serum vitamin E and cholesterol concentrations were then measured. Statistical analyses found that the vitamin E concentrations decreased with prolonged contact with the tube stopper and with increasing hemolysis. Vitamin E concentration variations were seen with other factors but were not significant. Time prior to serum separation and individual animal variation was found to alter cholesterol concentrations within the sample, yet this finding was clinically unremarkable. No correlation was seen between vitamin E and cholesterol concentration, possibly due to lack of variation of cholesterol.
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Bedford HE, Valberg SJ, Firshman AM, Lucio M, Boyce MK, Trumble TN. Histopathologic findings in the sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis muscle of horses with vitamin E-responsive muscle atrophy and weakness. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:1127-37. [PMID: 23547678 DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.8.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize clinical findings, outcomes, muscle characteristics, and serum or muscle concentrations of α-tocopherol for horses with vitamin E-responsive signs of muscle atrophy and weakness consistent with signs of equine motor neuron disease (EMND). DESIGN Retrospective case-control study. ANIMALS 8 affected (case) adult horses with acute (n = 3) or chronic (5) gross muscle atrophy that improved with vitamin E treatment and 14 clinically normal (control) adult horses with adequate (within reference range; 8) or low (6) muscle concentrations of α-tocopherol. PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed, serum and muscle concentrations of α-tocopherol were measured, and frozen biopsy specimens of sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis muscle and gluteal muscle were histologically evaluated for pathological changes. Fiber type composition and fiber diameters were assessed in gluteal muscle specimens. RESULTS A myopathy that was histologically characterized by redistribution of mitochondrial enzyme stain (moth-eaten appearance) and anguloid atrophy of myofibers was evident in sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis muscle fibers of the 8 affected horses that had low serum (6/8) or skeletal muscle (5/5) concentrations of α-tocopherol; these histopathologic changes were not found in muscle specimens of control horses with low or adequate muscle concentrations of α-tocopherol. All affected horses regained strength and muscle mass within 3 months after initiation of vitamin E treatment and dietary changes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A vitamin E-deficient myopathy characterized histologically by a moth-eaten appearance in the mitochondria and anguloid myofiber atrophy in frozen sections of sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis muscle biopsy specimens was found in horses with clinical signs of EMND that were highly responsive to vitamin E treatment. This myopathy may be a specific syndrome or possibly precede the development of neurogenic muscle fiber atrophy typical of EMND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly E Bedford
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Gröndahl G, Hanche-Olsen S, Bröjer J, Ihler CF, Jäderlund KH, Egenvall A. Acquired equine polyneuropathy in Norway and Sweden: a clinical and epidemiological study. Equine Vet J 2013:36-44. [PMID: 23447876 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Acquired equine polyneuropathy (AEP, also known as 'Scandinavian knuckling syndrome'), is a serious disease of unknown aetiology, which emerged clustering in horse farms in Sweden, Norway and Finland in the 1990s. Clinical and epidemiological data regarding the syndrome are scarce. OBJECTIVES To describe the clinical and epidemiological findings and outcome in outbreaks of AEP and compare risk factors in affected and unaffected horses on affected farms in Norway and Sweden during 2007-2009. METHODS Neurological examinations were performed and data collected regarding demography, usage, turning-out, feeding, prophylactic strategies and long-term outcome. RESULTS Thirteen affected farms with 157 horses of various breeds, of which 42 were AEP cases, were studied. Typical digital extensor dysfunction and knuckling of pelvic limbs were noted in 34 definitive cases. Eight additional plausible cases had a severe, acute course of neurological disease. There were no signs of brain orcranial nerve dysfunction. Cases occurred from December to April, with new cases emerging within 100 days of the index case. Affected and unaffected horses were fed wrapped forage. Prevalence for AEP was 27% and case fatality 29%. The median duration of AEP in survivors was 4.4 months (1-17 months). Survivors returned to full work within 19 months (median 6.6 months). Acquired equine polyneuropathy was less prevalent in horses aged > 12 years and young horses had a higher chance of survival than older horses. Management factors did not differ between affected and unaffected horses. CONCLUSIONS Acquired equine polyneuropathy is a potentially fatal neurological disease characterised by pelvic limb knuckling. Surviving horses returned to normal function after a long period of rest. Cases were clustered in farms during the winter/spring season. Wrapped forage was used in all farms. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE The results provide valuable insights into the dinical examination, handling and prognosis of cases of AEP, an emerging neurological disease of unknown aetiology in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gröndahl
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies SVA, National Veterinary Institute, Sweden.
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Mohammed HO, Divers TJ, Kwak J, Omar AH, White ME, de Lahunta A. Association of oxidative stress with motor neuron disease in horses. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1957-62. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.12.1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Brenner SR. Blue-green algae or cyanobacteria in the intestinal micro-flora may produce neurotoxins such as Beta-N-Methylamino-L-Alanine (BMAA) which may be related to development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson-Dementia-Complex in humans and Equine Motor Neuron Disease in horses. Med Hypotheses 2012; 80:103. [PMID: 23146671 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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El-Assaad I, Di Bari JA, Yasuda K, Divers TJ, Summers BA, de Lahunta A, Mohammed H. Differential expression of TAR DNA-binding protein (TDP-43) in the central nervous system of horses afflicted with equine motor neuron disease (EMND): a preliminary study of a potential pathologic marker. Vet Res Commun 2012; 36:221-6. [PMID: 22918699 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-012-9533-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Equine motor neuron disease (EMND) is a neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology affecting horses worldwide. Trans-Active Response DNA Binding Protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) has been reported in the central nervous system (CNS) of several neurodegenerative conditions in humans including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and assumed to play role in the disease. We examined whether horses afflicted with EMND express the TDP-43 in CNS. Ten horses with EMND and 6 controls of different ages and breed we enrolled. Detection of presence of TDP-43 protein in the CNS was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining using rabbit anti-human TARDBP (TDP-43) polyclonal antibody. Formalin fixed neuronal tissues from medulla, cervical, and lumbar spinal cord were harvested from EMND and from control horses. Sections were assigned randomly to TDP-43 treated or rabbit anti-IgG as control. Nuclear staining of TDP-43 was detected in one of the neural tissues of 75 % of EMND-positive and 0 of 0 % of control horses in the central nervous system (medulla, and/or cervical spinal cord and/or lumbar spinal cord). TDP-43 antibody was detected in the nucleus of EMND horses and no cytoplasmic staining was noted. As in ALS, there was no pattern of age clustering associated with the detection of TDP-43. This is the first report on the staining of TDP-43 in neuronal tissues of horses and suggests that TDP-43 may play a role in the pathogenesis of EMND. Further studies are needed to elucidate the etiologic role of this protein in the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal El-Assaad
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, S1 070 Schurman Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Secombe CJ, Lester GD. The role of diet in the prevention and management of several equine diseases. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Finno CJ, Higgins RJ, Aleman M, Ofri R, Hollingsworth SR, Bannasch DL, Reilly CM, Madigan JE. Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy in Lusitano horses. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 25:1439-46. [PMID: 22092640 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00817.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (EDM) is a neurodegenerative disorder that has been previously associated with low vitamin E concentrations. OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical, electrophysiologic, and pathologic features of EDM in a group of related Lusitano horses. ANIMALS Fifteen Lusitano horses. PROCEDURES Neurologic examinations were conducted, and serum vitamin E concentrations were measured. Three neurologically abnormal horses were further evaluated by ophthalmologic examination, electroretinography, electroencephalography, muscle and nerve biopsies, and post-mortem examination. RESULTS Six horses appeared neurologically normal, 6 were neurologically abnormal, and 3 had equivocal gait abnormalities. Abnormal horses demonstrated ataxia and paresis. An inconsistent menace response was noted in 4 neurologically abnormal horses and in 1 horse with equivocal findings. All horses had low serum vitamin E concentrations (<1.5 ppm). Ophthalmologic examinations, electroretinograms, electroencephalograms, and muscle and peripheral nerve biopsies were unremarkable in 3 neurologically abnormal horses. At necropsy, major neuropathological findings in these horses were bilaterally symmetric, severe, neuro axonal degeneration in the gracilis, cuneatus medialis, cuneatus lateralis, and thoracicus nuclei and bilaterally symmetric axonal loss and demyelination mainly in the dorsolateral and ventromedial tracts of the spinal cord. A diagnosis of EDM was made based on these findings. Pedigree analysis identified 2 sires among the affected horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes ataxia and, in severe cases, paresis, in young Lusitano horses. The disease appears to have a genetic basis, and although vitamin E deficiency is a common finding, low serum vitamin E concentrations also may occur in apparently unaffected related individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Finno
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Finno CJ, Eaton JS, Aleman M, Hollingsworth SR. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis due to Neospora hughesi and equine motor neuron disease in a mule. Vet Ophthalmol 2010; 13:259-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Compromised nutrition leading to weight loss is a common and significant problem in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patient population. The benefit of aggressive and early nutritional therapy can profoundly influence the disease course, quality of life, and survival. This article reviews the role of nutrition, both as sustenance and treatment for patients who have ALS. Self-medication with dietary supplements has become increasingly popular within this patient population. Despite their popularity, the efficacy of these compounds has been largely unsupported by formal clinical trials. Available data will be highlighted to provide a basis upon which to advise patients requesting guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Rosenfeld
- Division of Neurology, University of California San Francisco-Fresno, Fresno, CA, USA.
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