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Momose Y, Sasaki Y, Yonemitsu K, Kuroda M, Ikeda T, Uema M, Furuya Y, Toyofuku H, Igimi S, Asai T. Changes in the Phenotypes of Salmonella spp. in Japanese Broiler Flocks. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2024; 12:25-33. [PMID: 39036747 PMCID: PMC11257683 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.d-24-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infections represent a leading cause of foodborne illnesses; resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (TGCs), which are a first-choice antimicrobial for treating human Salmonella enteritis, has become a serious public health concern worldwide. Because the consumption of undercooked chicken meat products is a major cause of foodborne salmonellosis in Japan, we conducted three surveys at different periods between 2017 and 2022, with the cooperation of four abattoirs (two in Eastern and two in Western Japan). The first survey was conducted at abattoir A, which is located in Eastern Japan. Salmonella was detected in 84.4% of broiler flocks tested (27/32); among them, all the TGC-resistant isolates obtained from one farm (farm FA) were identified as S. Infantis. Salmonella was recovered from 62.5% of breast meat samples (20/32), with one case suggesting cross-contamination. The second survey was conducted at three other abattoirs to examine the prevalence of TGC-resistant Salmonella, in both Western (abattoirs B and C) and Eastern (abattoir D) Japan. Salmonella was detected in 90.6% of broiler flocks examined (29/32). TGC-resistant S. Infantis was isolated from 2 flocks until 2018 and not thereafter. Subsequently, isolates were identified as TGC-susceptible S. Schwarzengrund in both regions. The third survey was performed at abattoir A to elucidate whether there were changes in the phenotypes. Of the 11 broiler flocks introduced from farm FA, 10 were positive for Salmonella (90.9%); all the isolates were S. Schwarzengrund susceptible to TGC. This study shows that TGC-susceptible S. Schwarzengrund has replaced the resistant phenotypes among broiler flocks in both Eastern and Western Japan. Although chicken meat products could be cross-contaminated with Salmonella during the slaughtering process, reducing the prevalence of Salmonella in broiler flocks remains important to decrease Salmonella enteritis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshika Momose
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of
Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Sasaki
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of
Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
- Division of Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary
Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro,
Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kenzo Yonemitsu
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and
Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1, Gakuen, Musashimurayama,
Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious
Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku,Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ikeda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido Institute of
Public Health, Kita-19, Nishi-12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0819, Japan
| | - Masashi Uema
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of
Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yoko Furuya
- Japan Food Safety Verification Organization, 1-7-5,
Sekiguchi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0014, Japan
| | - Hajime Toyofuku
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi
University, 1677-1 Yoshida,Yamaguchi 753–8515, Japan
| | - Shizunobu Igimi
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Tokyo University
of Agriculture, 1-1-1, Sakuragaoka,Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Asai
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu
University, 1-1, Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Retamal P, Gaspar J, Benavides MB, Saenz L, Galarce N, Aravena T, Cornejo J, Lapierre L. Virulence and antimicrobial resistance factors in Salmonella enterica serotypes isolated from pigs and chickens in central Chile. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:971246. [PMID: 36204291 PMCID: PMC9530323 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.971246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a food-borne pathogen with a wide host-range that during decades has been of public health concern in developed and developing countries. In Chile, the poultry and pig industries represent the biggest contribution of meat consumption in the population, and sanitary regulations have been imposed for Salmonella control. The aim of this work was to determine and characterize Salmonella strains isolated from pigs and chicken raised on commercials farms in Chile. For this, isolates belonging to pigs (n = 46) and poultry (n = 57) were genotyped by two multiplex PCR reactions and virulotyped by the PCR detection of virulence-associated genes. In addition, isolates were serotyped and analyzed by the Kirby Bauer assay to determine their antimicrobial resistance phenotypes. From these analyses 52 genotypes, six serotypes and several multidrug resistance phenotypes and different combinations of virulence-associated genes were detected. These results suggest that S. enterica in pigs and poultry in central Chile should be monitored due to potential consequences in public and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Retamal
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joaquim Gaspar
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Magister en Ciencias Animales y Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Belén Benavides
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Magister en Ciencias Animales y Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo Saenz
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Galarce
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Trinidad Aravena
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Cornejo
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Javiera Cornejo
| | - Lisette Lapierre
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Lisette Lapierre
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Sakakida N, Sato M, Kando S, Kashima K, Shimada S, Ishii R. [Prevalence of Foodborne Pathogens in Retail Meat in Saitama, Japan]. SHOKUHIN EISEIGAKU ZASSHI. JOURNAL OF THE FOOD HYGIENIC SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022; 63:151-157. [PMID: 36047091 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.63.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Salmonella, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Escherichia albertii in domestic chicken and pork sold at retail stores in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. Campylobacter was detected in 35.7% (60/168) of chicken samples and 7.3% (14/190) of pork samples. C. jejuni and C. coli were predominant in chicken and pork, respectively. Salmonella was found in 58.1% (100/172) of chicken samples and 19.9% (41/206) of pork samples. Moreover, Salmonella Schwarzengrund was the major serovar observed in chicken isolates, whereas S. Typhimurium monophasic variant was in pork isolates. Furthermore, ETEC was found in 0.6% (1/160) of chicken samples and 2.4% (5/206) of pork samples. Y. enterocolitica was absent from all (83/83) chicken samples but was present in 9.3% (18/193) of pork samples, with a prevalence in pork tongues as high as 21.0% (13/62 samples). However, EHEC and E. albertii were not detected in our study. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that chicken was highly contaminated with Campylobacter sp. and Salmonella, and pork was with Y. enterocolitica serotype O3, Campylobacter sp., Salmonella, and ETEC.
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Molecular Characteristics and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella enterica Serovar Schwarzengrund from Chicken Meat in Japan. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111336. [PMID: 34827274 PMCID: PMC8615118 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study revealed that Salmonella enterica serovar Schwarzengrund-contaminated areas of broiler chickens have expanded from West Japan to East Japan. The present study investigated the antimicrobial resistance and molecular characteristics of 124 S. Schwarzengrund isolates obtained from chicken meat produced in East and West Japan from 2008 to 2019. Comparing the isolates obtained in 2008 and 2015–2019, an increase in the proportion of those resistant to kanamycin [51.4–89.7% (p < 0.001)] was observed. In contrast, the proportion of isolates resistant to both streptomycin and tetracycline and those that harbored a 1.0-kb class 1 integron, aadA1, and tetA, significantly decreased from 100% in 2008 to 47.1% in 2015–2019 (p < 0.001). A 1.0-kb class 1 integron containing aadA1, harbored by 78 isolates, was different from that reported in globally distributed S. Schwarzengrund strains (1.9 kb, containing the dfrA12-aadA2 gene cassette). Twenty-five isolates from different product districts and years of isolation were typed as sequence type (ST) 241 with multilocus sequence typing. Our results suggest that S. Schwarzengrund, which contaminates chicken meat in Japan, shares a common ancestor regardless of the product district from 2008 to recent years. Moreover, S. Schwarzengrund ST241 may have spread from western to eastern Japan.
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Belachew T, Mulusew E, Tolosa Y, Asefa Z, Negussie H, Sori T. Prevalence and Antimicrobial-Susceptibility Profiles of Salmonella in Smallhold Broiler Supply Chains in Central Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:4047-4055. [PMID: 34616162 PMCID: PMC8487853 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s331249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Salmonellosis is a foodborne zoonoses found worldwide. The main purpose of this study was to isolate and identify Salmonella and assess their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles from smallhold broilers supply chains and slaughterhouses in Bishoftu and Modjo, central Ethiopia. Methods Four smallhold broiler farms under the auspices of Chico Meat were selected randomly. Feed, water, and water- and feed-trough samples were collected from broiler farms, while cecal contents were collected from slaughtered chicken at Chico Meat slaughterhouse. Conventional bacteriological techniques were used to isolate and identify Salmonella from the samples. Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion was employed to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. Results Salmonella was isolated from 131 (24.3%, 95% CI 20.74–28.15) of the 539 samples tested. Salmonella was found in 43 of the 250 samples collected from Bishoftu (22%, 95% CI 17.02%–27.65%) and 76 of the 289 samples collected from Modjo (26.29%, 95% CI 21.32%–31.77%). Salmonella was isolated from 26.46% of the cloacal samples, 21% of the cecal contents, 30.77% of the feed samples, 25% of the water samples, 22.22% of samples from feed troughs, and 20% of samples from water troughs. The highest level of resistance (80.81%) was observed against tetracycline, followed by kanamycin (71.72%), chloramphenicol and amoxicillin (67.68%), sulfamethazole–trimethoprim (61.62%), naldixic acid (63.64%), and streptomycin (59.60%), whereas most of the isolates were susceptible to gentamicin (69.70%). Resistance to more than two drugs was also observed. Conclusion Salmonella was found in high prevalence in broilers, their feed, and their environment. Moreover, a majority of the isolates were resistant to most antimicrobials used in medical and poultry practices. This has significant implications for public health and antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Belachew
- Epidemiology Unit, Asella Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Asella, Oromia State, Ethiopia
| | - Eyuel Mulusew
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia State, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Tolosa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia State, Ethiopia
| | - Zerihun Asefa
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia State, Ethiopia
| | - Haileleul Negussie
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia State, Ethiopia
| | - Teshale Sori
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia State, Ethiopia
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Raji MA, Kazeem HM, Magyigbe KA, Ahmed AO, Lawal DN, Raufu IA. Salmonella Serovars, Antibiotic Resistance, and Virulence Factors Isolated from Intestinal Content of Slaughtered Chickens and Ready-to-Eat Chicken Gizzards in the Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2021; 2021:8872137. [PMID: 33748266 PMCID: PMC7943306 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8872137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is one of the most common and widely distributed food-borne diseases, and the presence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in poultry and poultry products is a global public health problem. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to July 2017 with an aim of determining the isolation rates of Salmonella species from the intestinal contents of slaughtered chickens, the most common serotypes that invade and colonize the tissues of chickens in Ilorin, and the susceptibilities of the isolated species to commonly used antibiotics. Four hundred samples of intestinal contents from apparently healthy slaughtered chickens and one hundred ready-to-eat chicken gizzards in Ilorin, Kwara State, were examined for the presence of Salmonella and their serotypes. Salmonellae were isolated and identified according to the techniques recommended by the World Health Organization: preenrichment, selective plating, biochemical testing, and serotyping. A total number of forty-three (43) Salmonella isolates consisting of 33 from intestinal contents and 10 from ready-to-eat chicken gizzards were isolated and identified. There was an overall Salmonella prevalence rate of 8.6% (43/500), and the isolates were distributed as follows: gizzard, 2% (n = 10) and intestinal contents, 6.6% (n = 33). The predominant serovars were Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 45: d: 1, 7 (16) and S. Haifa (5). All ready-to-eat chicken gizzards were associated with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 45: d: 1, 7 (5). The Salmonella from intestinal contents belong to Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars 45: d: 1, 7 (11) and S. Haifa (5). Salmonella species isolated were 100% resistant to ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, and ceftazidime. This is followed by cloxacillin (81%), tetracycline (75%), and sulfamethoxazole (67%). The Salmonella isolates were, however, 100% sensitive to enrofloxacin, 74% to streptomycin, and 72% to gentamycin antibiotics. The most common serotype was S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar 45: d: 1, 7. All the twenty five Salmonella serovars consisting of twenty-one serotypes (n = 21), two of the Salmonella that could not be cultured after enrichment, and the two that were contaminated with Proteus possessed the virulence genes of invA and stn. The Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 45: d: 1, 7 and S. Haifa possess virulence genes so they are potentially virulent for humans in this area. The national and local health authorities in Nigeria should improve hygiene measures especially at retail slaughter markets to reduce salmonellosis which is one of the most important food-borne diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Raji
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - H. M. Kazeem
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria
| | - K. A. Magyigbe
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria
| | - A. O. Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - D. N. Lawal
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - I. A. Raufu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
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Shimojima Y, Nishino Y, Fukui R, Kuroda S, Suzuki J, Sadamasu K. [Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Retail Meats in Tokyo, Japan and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility]. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2021; 61:211-217. [PMID: 33390528 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.61.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To identify the risk of Salmonella in meat, we investigated the prevalence of Salmonella, serovars and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Salmonella was found in 353 out of 849 (41.6%) chicken, 9 out of 657 (1.4%) pork, 1 out of 517 (0.2%) Beef, 6 out of 8 (75.0%) chicken offal, 43 out of 142 (30.3%) pork offal and 4 out of 198 (2.0) beef offal samples collected from retail meats in Tokyo, Japan between 2009 and 2017. Salmonella Infantis was the most common serovar, followed by S. Schwarzengrund in the isolates from domestic chicken meats. The prevalence rate of S. Infantis decreased while that of S. Schwarzengrund increased by the year. Apart from this, the most prevalent serovars were S. Heidelberg in the imported chicken meat isolates, S. Typhimurium and Salmonella O4:i:- in pork, and S. Derby in beef isolates. Antimicrobial testing revealed high resistance to tetracycline (TC) in all meat sample isolates; however, all the isolates were sensitive to carbapenem and fluoroquinolone. Fourteen cefotaxime (CTX) resistant strains, seven extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing strains and twenty-three AmpC producing strains were isolated from chicken meat samples. These findings indicate that the serovar and antimicrobial susceptibility varied among meat samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rie Fukui
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health
| | | | - Jun Suzuki
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health
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Kijima M, Shirakawa T, Uchiyama M, Kawanishi M, Ozawa M, Koike R. Trends in the serovar and antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica from cattle and pigs between 2002 and 2016 in Japan. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1869-1875. [PMID: 31461201 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Given the significance of Salmonella enterica in both human and animal health, and a recent global dissemination of Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-, changes in the prevalent serovars and antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Salmonella from cattle and pigs were investigated in Japan. METHODS AND RESULTS The serovars and antimicrobial susceptibilities of 1605 Salmonella enterica isolated from cattle (n = 894) and swine (n = 711) between 2002 and 2016 were examined. The most common serovar among all samples was Salmonella Typhimurium. However, its monophasic variant with antigenic structure S. 4,[5],12:i:-, which was first detected in cattle in 2006 and swine in 2010, has been rapidly increasing in incidence and resistance. Resistance rates to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin were generally low (<10% in the cattle isolates and <5% in the swine isolates); however, isolates resistant to more than five antimicrobials, which often include these antimicrobials, were recently detected in Salmonella Dublin, S. 4,[5],12:i:-, S. Typhimurium, Salmonella Newport, Salmonella Choleraesuis and Salmonella 6,7:c:-. Among them, two S. 4,[5],12:i:- isolates possessed extended-spectrum β-lactamase-encoding genes; blaSHV-12 or blaCTX-M-55 , respectively, while all the five S. Typhimurium isolates possessed AmpC-type β-lactamase gene of blaCMY-2 . CONCLUSIONS S. 4,[5],12:i:- has been rapidly increasing and exhibiting a remarkable change in antimicrobial resistance in Japan. Considering certain serovars are characterized by multidrug resistance including medically important antimicrobials, continuous monitoring and appropriate measures are required to protect public health and veterinary husbandry. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study presents a trend in the serovars and antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Salmonella from cattle and pigs in Japan, and showed that there were certain types of Salmonella serovars depending on the animal origin which needs more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kijima
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1, Tokura, Kokubunji, 185-8511, Japan
| | - T Shirakawa
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1, Tokura, Kokubunji, 185-8511, Japan
| | - M Uchiyama
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1, Tokura, Kokubunji, 185-8511, Japan
| | - M Kawanishi
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1, Tokura, Kokubunji, 185-8511, Japan
| | - M Ozawa
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1, Tokura, Kokubunji, 185-8511, Japan
| | - R Koike
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1, Tokura, Kokubunji, 185-8511, Japan
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Gutema FD, Agga GE, Abdi RD, De Zutter L, Duchateau L, Gabriël S. Prevalence and Serotype Diversity of Salmonella in Apparently Healthy Cattle: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Published Studies, 2000-2017. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:102. [PMID: 31037239 PMCID: PMC6476277 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a leading cause of foodborne illnesses in humans with cattle being one of the reservoirs for Salmonella. We estimated a pooled prevalence of Salmonella in apparently healthy cattle and examined serotype diversity through systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published between 2000 and 2017. Peer reviewed publications reporting the prevalence of Salmonella in cattle were searched through five electronic databases (PubMed, Google scholar, Agricola, Scopus, CAB direct) and through manual search. We obtained 71 publications with 75 datasets consisting a total of 52,766 animals examined and 5,010 Salmonella positive cattle from 29 countries in six continents (except from Antarctica). Pooled prevalence of Salmonella in cattle was 9% (95% confidence interval: 7-11%). Significantly high heterogeneity (I 2 = 98.7%, P < 0.01) was observed among all studies as well as within continents. Prevalence varied from 2% (Europe) to 16% (North America). Overall, 143 different serotypes were reported with the most diverse serotypes being reported from Africa (76 different serotypes) followed by North America (49 serotypes). The 10 most frequently reported serotypes (Montevideo, Typhimurium, Kentucky, Meleagridis, Anatum, Cerro, Mbandaka, Muenster, Newport, and Senftenberg) accounted for 65% of the isolates for which specific serotype information was reported. Salmonella Montevideo and S. Dublin are the most frequently reported serotypes in North America and Europe, respectively, while S. Typhimurium was the most frequent in Africa, Asia and Australasia. Our results indicated variability both in the prevalence and serotype diversity of Salmonella in cattle across continents. Although all Salmonella serotypes are potentially pathogenic to humans, five (Montevideo, Typhimurium, Anatum, Mbandaka, and Newport) of the top 10 serotypes identified in this study are among the serotypes most commonly associated with clinical illnesses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanta D. Gutema
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Getahun E. Agga
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bowling Green, KY, United States
| | - Reta D. Abdi
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Greenvale, NY, United States
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Waghamare RN, Paturkar AM, Vaidya VM, Zende RJ, Dubal ZN, Dwivedi A, Gaikwad RV. Phenotypic and genotypic drug resistance profile of Salmonella serovars isolated from poultry farm and processing units located in and around Mumbai city, India. Vet World 2018; 11:1682-1688. [PMID: 30774258 PMCID: PMC6362326 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1682-1688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The extensive use of antimicrobials in poultry has led to an increase in bacterial multidrug resistance, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella is a global problem. This study was performed to detect antibiotic-resistant Salmonella serovars in poultry farming and processing environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 956 various samples, comprising 432 farm origin, 324 poultry processing stage wise and environmental, and 154 product processing stages and environmental samples, were collected from poultry farms and processing units located in and around Mumbai city. Of a total of 71 recovered isolates, 42 randomly selected Salmonella isolates were subjected for antibiotic susceptibility testing by disk diffusion method and serotyping. A total of 31 serotypically confirmed isolates were characterized for the presence of tetA, tetB, bla TEM, and CTX-M gene. RESULTS Higher resistance was recorded against Doxycycline (100%), followed by Oxytetracycline (97.62%), Neomycin (88.10%), Erythromycin (83.33%), Tetracycline (78.57%), and Ceftizoxime (35.71%). Resistance from 0.00 to 26.19 percent was found to antimicrobials, namely Norfloxacin (26.19%), Ampicillin (21.43%), Azithromycin (21.43%), Ciprofloxacin (19.05%), Colistin (4.76%), Streptomycin (16.67%), Cefotaxime (14.19%), Enrofloxacin (14.29%), Amoxyclav (14.29%), Gentamicin (7.14%), Chloramphenicol (4.76%), Amikacin (4.76%), and Ceftazidime (0.0%). Results demonstrate that the Salmonella Virchow dominated and all serotypes were found to carry Tetracycline resistance gene tetA, 5 isolates were found to be positive for blaTEM , whereas none of the isolates were carrying tetB and CTX-M gene. CONCLUSION This study revealed that there is a significant rise of Tetracycline resistance with the presence of tetA gene in Salmonella spp. which indicates selective pressure for adopting resistance against tetracycline group of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. N. Waghamare
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - A. M. Paturkar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - V. M. Vaidya
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - R. J. Zende
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Z. N. Dubal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A. Dwivedi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R. V. Gaikwad
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Mollenkopf DF, De Wolf B, Feicht SM, Cenera JK, King CA, van Balen JC, Wittum TE. Salmonellaspp. and Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-ResistantEscherichia coliFrequently Contaminate Broiler Chicken Transport Cages of an Organic Production Company. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:583-588. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dixie F. Mollenkopf
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Brittany De Wolf
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sydnee M. Feicht
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Johana K. Cenera
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christy A. King
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Joany C. van Balen
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Thomas E. Wittum
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
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12
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Shang K, Wei B, Kang M. Distribution and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in broiler farms with or without enrofloxacin use. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:257. [PMID: 30165845 PMCID: PMC6117923 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella is a major zoonotic food-borne pathogen that persists on poultry farms, and animals undergo reinfection with endemic strains. The present study aimed to investigate the characteristics and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella within and between broiler farms that used enrofloxacin and those that did not. RESULTS Cloacal and environmental (litter, feed, and water) samples from two selected flocks in each of 12 farms owned by the same company were collected three times over a 30-day period of two production cycles during 2015-2016. The rate of Salmonella isolation was 7.8% (123/1584). Nine Salmonella serotypes (116 isolates) and seven untypable isolates were identified, and Salmonella Montevideo was the most prevalent serotype. Azithromycin-resistant (17.9%) and colistin-resistant (3.3%) isolates were detected, and multidrug-resistant isolates (43.1%) were also observed. No isolate was resistant to enrofloxacin or ciprofloxacin; however, intermediate resistance to enrofloxacin was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in farms that used enrofloxacin than in those that did not. The rate of multi-drug resistance among litter isolates (25/44, 56.8%) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that among cloacal swab (24/67, 35.8%) and feed (4/12, 33.3%) isolates. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of strains of the same serotype was conducted to determine their epidemiological relationship. The PFGE types were classified into 31 groups with a 100% correlation cutoff in dendrograms for Salmonella Montevideo isolates, which showed 100% genomic identity based on age, sample type, flock, and production cycle within and between farms. CONCLUSION The present study highlights the occurrence of horizontal transmission and cyclic contamination with antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in broiler farms owned by the same company. Litter may be a good indicator of indoor environmental contamination with antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella on farms. Additionally, enrofloxacin use may be one of the factors promoting resistance towards it in Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596 South Korea
| | - Bai Wei
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596 South Korea
| | - Min Kang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596 South Korea
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13
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Duc HM, Son HM, Honjoh KI, Miyamoto T. Isolation and application of bacteriophages to reduce Salmonella contamination in raw chicken meat. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Abdi RD, Mengstie F, Beyi AF, Beyene T, Waktole H, Mammo B, Ayana D, Abunna F. Determination of the sources and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolated from the poultry industry in Southern Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:352. [PMID: 28521744 PMCID: PMC5437651 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethiopia set an ambitious masterplan to increase chicken meat and egg production from 2015 to 2020. Poultry breeding, multiplication and distribution centers in the country have received executive order to import, amplify and distribute commercial chickens to end users. The biosecurity and the pathogen fauna of the centers have not been evaluated as to whether the centers could implement the mission effectively without any risk. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the biosecurity practices and the pathogen prevalence, risk factors and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) using Salmonella as case study. METHODS Routine farm workers of the centers were interviewed about the different management (biosecurity) practices using a checklist. Samples (n = 270) from different sources consisting of chicken's cloacal swab (n = 244), personnel hand swab (n = 9) and bedding (n = 17) were collected from three chicken multiplication centers. Standard bacteriological methods were used for the isolation of Salmonella. Disk diffusion method was used for drug sensitivity testing. RESULTS Antimicrobials were often over prescribed without confirming the cause of ill health and without susceptibility testing. The general biosecurity and flock management practices were substandard. Salmonella was isolated from 45 (16.7%) of the 270 samples. Its prevalence was significantly (p<0.05) associated with location of the multiplication center, 27% at Bonga and 10.6% at Hawassa. Sample type was also significantly (p<0.05) affected in that it was higher in the bedding (35.3%) and personnel hand swabs (33.3%) than in the chicken cloaca (14.8%), which demonstrates the poor biosecurity and personnel hygienic practices in the centers. All of the 45 isolates (100%) exhibited resistance to kanamycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, nalidixic acid (97.8%), ampicillin (97.8%), cefoxitin (97.8%), streptomycin (97.8%) tetracycline (97.8%), chloramphenicol (91.3%), ciprofloxacin (31.1%), and gentamicin (0%). Alarmingly, 42 isolates (93.4%) exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) to ≥ 8 drugs and all 45 isolates had resistance to ≥ 3 drugs. The high rate of Salmonella isolation from (i) bedding, (ii) personnel hand swabs (iii) chickens, (iv) presence of more MDR isolates, (v) coupled with poor biosecurity practices in the centers could pose a risk for spreading of pathogens and drug resistant genes to the smallholder chicken producers and the public. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the poultry breeding, multiplication and distribution centers in Ethiopia, as they stand currently, seem to be a source of pathogens and AMR isolates at least for Salmonella. Therefore, strict biosecurity, personnel safety, prudent drug use, regular monitoring and traceability of Salmonella serotypes or genotypes and AMR are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reta Duguma Abdi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia.
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA.
| | - Fisseha Mengstie
- Southern Agricultural Research Institute, Bonga Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 101, Bonga, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Feyisa Beyi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Takele Beyene
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Hika Waktole
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Bedasso Mammo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Dinka Ayana
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Fufa Abunna
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Fagbamila IO, Barco L, Mancin M, Kwaga J, Ngulukun SS, Zavagnin P, Lettini AA, Lorenzetto M, Abdu PA, Kabir J, Umoh J, Ricci A, Muhammad M. Salmonella serovars and their distribution in Nigerian commercial chicken layer farms. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173097. [PMID: 28278292 PMCID: PMC5344354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial poultry farms (n° 523), located in all the six regions of Nigeria were sampled with a view to generate baseline information about the distribution of Salmonella serovars in this country. Five different matrices (litter, dust, faeces, feed and water) were collected from each visited farm. Salmonella was isolated from at least one of the five matrices in 228 farms, with a farm prevalence of 43.6% (CI95[39.7-48.3%]). Altogether, 370 of 2615 samples collected (14.1%, CI95[12.8; 15.5%]) contained Salmonella. Considering the number of positive farms and the number of positive samples, it was evident that for the majority of the sampled farms, few samples were positive for Salmonella. With regard to the matrices, there was no difference in Salmonella prevalence among the five matrices considered. Of the 370 isolates serotyped, eighty-two different serotypes were identified and Salmonella Kentucky was identified as having the highest isolation rate in all the matrices sampled (16.2%), followed by S. Poona and S. Elisabethville. S. Kentucky was distributed across the country, whereas the other less frequent serovars had a more circumscribed diffusion. This is one of few comprehensive studies on the occurrence and distribution of Salmonella in commercial chicken layer farms from all the six regions of Nigeria. The relatively high prevalence rate documented in this study may be attributed to the generally poor infrastructure and low biosecurity measures in controlling stray animals, rodents and humans. Data collected could be valuable for instituting effective intervention strategies for Salmonella control in Nigeria and also in other developing countries with a similar poultry industry structure, with the final aim of reducing Salmonella spread in animals and ultimately in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Barco
- Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Marzia Mancin
- Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Jacob Kwaga
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Sati Samuel Ngulukun
- Bacterial Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Paola Zavagnin
- Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonia Anna Lettini
- Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Monica Lorenzetto
- Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Paul Ayuba Abdu
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Junaidu Kabir
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Jarlath Umoh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Antonia Ricci
- Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Maryam Muhammad
- Bacterial Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
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Noda T, Murakami K, Etoh Y, Okamoto F, Yatsuyanagi J, Sera N, Furuta M, Onozuka D, Oda T, Asai T, Fujimoto S. Increase in resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in Salmonella isolated from retail chicken products in Japan. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116927. [PMID: 25642944 PMCID: PMC4314076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Salmonella are one of the most important public health problems in developed countries. ESBL-producing Salmonella strains have been isolated from humans in Asian countries neighboring Japan, along with strains harboring the plasmid-mediated extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistance gene, ampC (pAmpC). However, only a few studies have investigated the prevalence of ESC-resistant Salmonella in chicken products in Japan, which are the main vehicle of Salmonella transmission. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of ESBL-producing, pAmpC-harboring, or carbapenem-resistant Salmonella in chicken products in Japan. In total, 355 out of 779 (45.6%) chicken product samples collected from 1996–2010 contained Salmonella, resulting in 378 distinct isolates. Of these isolates, 373 were tested for resistance to ESCs, cephamycins, or carbapenems. Isolates that showed resistance to one or more of these antimicrobials were then examined by PCR and DNA sequence analysis for the presence of the blaCMY, blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and blaSHV resistance genes. Thirty-five resistant isolates were detected, including 26 isolates that contained pAmpC (blaCMY-2), and nine ESBL-producing isolates harboring blaCTX-M (n = 4, consisting of two blaCTX-M-2 and two blaCTX-M-15 genes), blaTEM (n = 4, consisting of one blaTEM-20 and three blaTEM-52 genes), and blaSHV (n = 1, blaSHV-12). All pAmpC-harboring and ESBL-producing Salmonella isolates were obtained from samples collected after 2005, and the percentage of resistant isolates increased significantly from 0% in 2004 to 27.9% in 2010 (P for trend = 0.006). This increase was caused in part by an increase in the number of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis strains harboring an approximately 280-kb plasmid containing blaCMY-2 in proximity to ISEcp1. The dissemination of ESC-resistant Salmonella containing plasmid-mediated blaCMY-2 in chicken products indicates the need for the development of continuous monitoring strategies in the interests of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamie Noda
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Division of Pathology and Bacteriology, Department of Health Science, Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 39 Mukaizano, Dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-0135, Japan
| | - Koichi Murakami
- Division of Pathology and Bacteriology, Department of Health Science, Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 39 Mukaizano, Dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-0135, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoshiki Etoh
- Division of Pathology and Bacteriology, Department of Health Science, Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 39 Mukaizano, Dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-0135, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Okamoto
- Division of Pathology and Bacteriology, Department of Health Science, Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 39 Mukaizano, Dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-0135, Japan
| | - Jun Yatsuyanagi
- Akita Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 6-6 Sensyukubota, Akita 010-0874, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Sera
- Division of Pathology and Bacteriology, Department of Health Science, Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 39 Mukaizano, Dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-0135, Japan
| | - Munenori Furuta
- Nakamura Gakuen University Junior College, 5-7-1 Befu, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Onozuka
- Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro Oda
- Nakamura Gakuen University Junior College, 5-7-1 Befu, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0198, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Asai
- Animal Infectious Disease Control, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Shuji Fujimoto
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Tadesse G, Tessema TS. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of Salmonella in food animals in Ethiopia. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:270. [PMID: 25398272 PMCID: PMC4234885 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The globalization of the food supply and the increased movements of people, animals and goods have increased the threat of Salmonella infections in several countries. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella in food animals in Ethiopia by using meta-analytical methods. RESULTS The prevalence of Salmonella in slaughtered cattle, sheep, goats and pigs were 7.07%, 8.41%, 9.01% and 43.81% respectively. The occurrence of Salmonella was significantly higher in pigs than in slaughtered true ruminants (p <0.001) but not significantly different between cattle, sheep and goats (p >0. 05). S. Mishmarhaemek, S. Infantis and S. Hadar were the predominant isolates in cattle, small ruminants and pigs respectively. S. Typhimurium was isolated from all host species. CONCLUSIONS All food animals are considerable reservoirs of Salmonella and pose a significant risk to public health. Safety measures in slaughter houses and butcheries and education of the public could reduce the risk of transmission of Salmonella from animals to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getachew Tadesse
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Debra Zeit, Ethiopia.
| | - Tesfaye S Tessema
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Asgharpour F, Rajabnia R, Ferdosi Shahandashti E, Marashi MA, Khalilian M, Moulana Z. Investigation of Class I Integron in Salmonella infantis and Its Association With Drug Resistance. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7:e10019. [PMID: 25147710 PMCID: PMC4138636 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.10019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Infection with non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) is one of the most important health problems all over the world. Antimicrobial drug resistance is increasing among Salmonella infantis species. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of presence of class 1 integrons in S. infantis species as well as its association with drug resistance. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 50 S. infantis isolated strains, collected from chicken samples between 2009-2011. These strains were identified by standard biochemical tests and serology. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles and minimum inhibitory concentration determination for 14 antibacterial agents were performed using micro dilution and disk diffusion methods. The detection of class 1 integron was performed by the PCR method. The demographic and microbiological data for the integron positive and negative isolates were compared by SPSS software. Results: Eighteen out of 50 (36%) of isolated S. infantis species had intl gene. The isolated bacteria were sensitive to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin (100%). Also isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid, tetracycline and streptomycin. All isolate with class 1 integron were multidrug resistant. Conclusions: The result of this study showed that due to increased level of drug resistance in S. infantis and the presence of class 1 integron in these strains, resistance can be transferred to other food borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Asgharpour
- Department of Microbiology,paramedical Sciences,Babol University of Medical Sciences,Babol, IR Iran
| | - Ramazan Rajabnia
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran
| | - Elaheh Ferdosi Shahandashti
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran
| | - Mahmood Amin Marashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, IR Iran
| | - Mahya Khalilian
- Department of Pathobiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Zahra Moulana
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Zahra Moulana, Infection Diseases Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran. Tel: +98-1113268528; +98-9113130045, Fax: +98-1113234367, E-mail:
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Kagambèga A, Lienemann T, Aulu L, Traoré AS, Barro N, Siitonen A, Haukka K. Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella enterica from the feces of cattle, poultry, swine and hedgehogs in Burkina Faso and their comparison to human Salmonella isolates. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:253. [PMID: 24215206 PMCID: PMC3828578 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Production and wild animals are major sources of human salmonellosis and animals raised for food also play an important role in transmission of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella strains to humans. Furthermore, in sub-Saharan Africa non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes are common bloodstream isolates in febrile patients. Yet, little is known about the environmental reservoirs and predominant modes of transmission of these pathogens. The purpose of this study was to discover potential sources and distribution vehicles of Salmonella by isolating strains from apparently healthy slaughtered food animals and wild hedgehogs and by determining the genetic relatedness between the strains and human isolates. For this purpose, 729 feces samples from apparently healthy slaughtered cattle (n = 304), poultry (n = 350), swine (n = 50) and hedgehogs (n = 25) were examined for the presence of Salmonella enterica in Burkina Faso. The isolates were characterized by serotyping, antimicrobial-susceptibility testing, phage typing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with XbaI and BlnI restriction enzymes. RESULTS Of the 729 feces samples, 383 (53%) contained Salmonella, representing a total of 81 different serotypes. Salmonella was present in 52% of the cattle, 55% of the poultry, 16% of the swine and 96% of the hedgehog feces samples. Antimicrobial resistance was detected in 14% of the isolates. S. Typhimurium isolates from poultry and humans (obtained from a previous study) were multiresistant to the same antimicrobials (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides and trimethoprim), had the same phage type DT 56 and were closely related in PFGE. S. Muenster isolates from hedgehogs had similar PFGE patterns as the domestic animals. CONCLUSIONS Based on our results it seems that production and wild animals can share the same Salmonella serotypes and potentially transmit some of them to humans. As the humans and animals often live in close vicinity in Africa and the hygiene control of the meat retail chain is defective, high Salmonella carriage rates of the animals can pose a major public health risk in Burkina Faso. This underlines the necessity for a joint and coordinated surveillance and monitoring programs for salmonellosis in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assèta Kagambèga
- Bacteriology Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.
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Hara-Kudo Y, Konuma H, Kamata Y, Miyahara M, Takatori K, Onoue Y, Sugita-Konishi Y, Ohnishi T. Prevalence of the main food-borne pathogens in retail food under the national food surveillance system in Japan. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.745097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Salmonella prevalence in meat at retail markets in Pakse, Champasak Province, Laos, and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2013; 1:157-161. [PMID: 27873626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella is one of the most common causes of human gastroenteritis worldwide and most human outbreaks are associated with the consumption of contaminated food. However, there are no reports on Salmonella contamination in market meat in Laos. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella in meat samples in Pakse, Champasak Province, Laos, as well as the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates. The prevalence of Salmonella was 82% in beef, 93% in pork and 80% in buffalo meat. In total, 80 isolates and 11 serovars were found, including serovars Stanley (n=15), Anatum (n=14), Derby (n=11), Rissen (n=9) and Amsterdam (n=7). The drug susceptibility of 60 strains against 10 antimicrobial agents was tested. The 60 isolates examined were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (100% susceptible), norfloxacin (100%), cefotaxime (95%), nalidixic acid (90%) and chloramphenicol (88%), but were resistant to streptomycin (67% resistant), tetracycline (67%) and ampicillin (63%). Of the isolates, 73% were multidrug-resistant. These findings indicate a high Salmonella prevalence in market meat in Pakse. Therefore, programmes to control Salmonella contamination are needed.
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Revolledo L, Ferreira A. Current perspectives in avian salmonellosis: Vaccines and immune mechanisms of protection. J APPL POULTRY RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2011-00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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23
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Thai TH, Hirai T, Lan NT, Yamaguchi R. Antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella serovars isolated from retail pork and chicken meat in North Vietnam. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 156:147-51. [PMID: 22497836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The spread of antibiotic resistance via meat poses a serious public health concerns. During 2007-2009, a total of 586 retail meat samples (318 pork and 268 chicken meats) were collected from three provinces (Bac Ninh, Ha Noi and Ha Tay) of North Vietnam to determine the prevalence of Salmonella. Isolates were characterized by serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Approximately 39.6% (n=126) of pork and 42.9% (n=115) of chicken samples were Salmonella-positive, and 14 Salmonella serovars were identified. Anatum (15.8%) was the most common serovar, followed by Infantis (13.3%), Emek (10.4%), Derby and Rissen (9.5%), Typhimurium (9.1%), Reading (7.5%) and London (6.2%). The isolation frequency of serovars Enteritidis, Albany, Hadar, Weltevreden, Newport and Blockey ranged from 1.2%-5.8%. Resistance to at least one antibiotic agent was detected in 78.4% of isolates (n=189) and the most frequent resistance were to tetracycline (58.5%), sulphonamides (58.1%), streptomycin (47.3%), ampicillin (39.8%), chloramphenicol (37.3%), trimethoprim (34.0%) and nalidixic acid (27.8%). No Salmonella isolates were resistant to ceftazidime. Chicken isolates had higher resistance to antibiotic agents than pork isolates (P<0.05). It showed that 159 Salmonella isolates belong to the 14 serovars were multidrug resistant (MDR) and 50 MDR patterns were found. This study indicated that Salmonella serovars isolated from retail meat samples were resistant to multiple antibiotics and this resistance was widespread among different serovars. The widespread resistance may have arisen from misuse or overuse of antibiotics during animal husbandry in North Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong Ha Thai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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24
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Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella in Japanese broiler flocks. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 140:2074-81. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268812000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThis study determined the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from broiler flocks in Japan. Caecal dropping samples were collected from 288 broiler flocks between November 2007 and February 2010. Salmonella was prevalent in 248 (86·1%) broiler flocks. The top three serovars were S. Infantis, S. Manhattan and S. Schwarzengrund. S. Infantis was found in all regions tested in this study. However, S. Manhattan and S. Schwarzengrund were frequently found only in the western part of Japan. High antimicrobial resistance rates were observed against oxytetracycline (90·2%), dihydrostreptomycin (86·7%) and ampicillin (36·5%), and 258 (90·5%) of 285 isolates were resistant to two or more antimicrobial agents. Interestingly, 26·3% of isolates were resistant to ceftiofur, especially 38·1% of S. Infantis isolates, although its use in broilers has not been approved in Japan. This study showed that Salmonella is highly prevalent (86·1%) in Japanese broiler flocks, that 90·5% of Salmonella isolates were multidrug-resistant, and that S. Infantis frequently exhibited resistance to cephalosporin antimicrobial agents.
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Dionisi AM, Lucarelli C, Benedetti I, Owczarek S, Luzzi I. Molecular characterisation of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Infantis from humans, animals and the environment in Italy. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011; 38:384-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Fujita T, Komatsu M, Okada J, Katoh K. [Surveillance of nalidixic acid-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Salmonella spp. isolated from human feces]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 85:355-9. [PMID: 21861438 DOI: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi.85.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nalidixic acid (NA)-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Salmonella sp. isolates from human specimens are associated with clinical failure or delayed response in subjects treated with fluoroquinolone or third-generation cephalosporins. We studied drug susceptibility in 604 Salmonella enterica isolates from human feces in 2007. Of these, 39 (6.5%) were resistat to NA. Of these, 46% were resistant to two or more drugs and 2% susceptible to NA were resistant to multiple drugs (p < 0.001). Three ESBL-producing Salmonella sp. isolated were of the CTX-M family gene type. One strain of plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase belonged to the CMY-2 family gene type. Our results thus showed that NA-resistant isolates were resistant to antimicrobial agents and confirmed the presence of a small number of isolates producing ESBL and AmpC beta-lactamase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Fujita
- Central Laboratory Technical section 3, FALCO Biosystems Ltd
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27
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Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from slaughtered cattle in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 44:595-600. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9941-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates from cattle in hokkaido, Japan: evidence of clonal replacement and characterization of the disseminated clone. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:1739-50. [PMID: 21239560 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01910-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular epidemiology of 545 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates collected between 1977 and 2009 from cattle in Hokkaido, Japan, was investigated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Nine main clusters were identified from 116 PFGE patterns. Cluster I comprised 248 isolates, 243 of which possessed a sequence specific to definitive phage type 104 (DT104) or U302. The cluster I isolates were dominant in 1993 to 2003, but their numbers declined beginning in 2004. Beginning in 2002, an increase was observed in the number of cluster VII isolates, consisting of 21 PFGE patterns comprising 165 isolates. A total of 116 isolates representative of the 116 PFGE profiles were analyzed by multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA). Other than two drug-sensitive isolates, 19 isolates within cluster VII were classified in the same cluster by MLVA. Among the cluster VII isolates, an antibiotic resistance type showing resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, tetracycline, kanamycin, cefazolin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and a resistance type showing resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, tetracycline, and kanamycin were found in 23 and 125 isolates, respectively. In the 19 isolates representative of cluster VII, the bla(TEM-1) gene was found on a Salmonella serotype Typhimurium virulence plasmid, which was transferred to Escherichia coli by electroporation along with resistance to two to four other antimicrobials. Genomic analysis by subtractive hybridization and plasmid analysis suggested that the bla(TEM-1)-carrying virulence plasmid has a mosaic structure composed of elements of different origin. These results indicate an emerging multidrug-resistant S. Typhimurium clone carrying a virulence-resistance plasmid among cattle in Hokkaido, Japan.
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Lee K, Iwata T, Nakadai A, Kato T, Hayama S, Taniguchi T, Hayashidani H. Prevalence of Salmonella, Yersinia and Campylobacter spp. in feral raccoons (Procyon lotor) and masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) in Japan. Zoonoses Public Health 2011; 58:424-31. [PMID: 21824337 PMCID: PMC7165867 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2010.01384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To estimate the public and animal health risk that alien species pose, the prevalence of Salmonella, Yersinia, and Campylobacter spp. in feral raccoons (Procyon lotor, n = 459) and masked palm civets (Paguma larvata, n = 153), which are abundant alien species in Japan, was investigated in urban and suburban areas of Japan. Salmonella enterica was detected from 29 samples [26 raccoons, 5.7%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 7.8–3.5%; three masked palm civets, 2.0%, 95% CI 4.2–0%]. Many of the isolates belonged to serovars that are commonly isolated from human gastroenteritis patients (e.g. S. Infantis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Thompson). The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that 26.9 % of the isolates from raccoons were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, whereas none of the isolates from masked palm civets were resistant. Yersinia sp. was detected from 193 samples (177 raccoons, 38.6%, 95% CI 43.0–34.1%; 16 masked palm civets, 10.5%, 95% CI 15.3–5.6%). All virulent Yersinia strains belonged to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, which was isolated from seven (1.5%, 95% CI 2.6–0.4%) raccoons and six (3.9%, 95% CI 7.0–0.8%) masked palm civets. According to the detection of virulence factors, all the Y. pseudotuberculosis isolates belonged to the Far Eastern systemic pathogenicity type. Campylobacter spp. was detected from 17 samples (six raccoons, 1.3%, 95% CI 2.3–0.3%; 11 masked palm civets, 7.2%, 95% CI 11.3–3.1%). Among these, three isolates from raccoons were identified as C. jejuni. These results showed that these pathogens can be transmitted by human activities, other wild animals, and the environment to feral raccoons and masked palm civets, and vice versa. As these animals have omnivorous behaviour and a wide range of habitats, they can play an important role in the transmission of the enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lee
- Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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SUGAWARA M, KOMORI J, KAWAKAMI M, IZUMIYA H, WATANABE H, AKIBA M. Molecular and Phenotypic Characteristics of CMY-2 .BETA.-Lactamase-Producing Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Isolated from Cattle in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:345-9. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hidemasa IZUMIYA
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Haruo WATANABE
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Masato AKIBA
- Safety Research Team, National Institute of Animal Health
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Dahshan H, Shahada F, Chuma T, Moriki H, Okamoto K. Genetic analysis of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovars Stanley and Typhimurium from cattle. Vet Microbiol 2010; 145:76-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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