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Isaac I, Richardson J, Liuti T, Longo M. Safety of intravenous iodinated contrast medium injection in rabbits undergoing conscious computed tomography. Vet Rec Open 2022; 9:e31. [PMID: 35282422 PMCID: PMC8897658 DOI: 10.1002/vro2.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Contrast media in CT is widely used in dogs and cats to provide superior tissue delineation and increase the diagnostic capabilities. These contrast-enhanced imaging techniques are gaining popularity in rabbits; published studies reporting the safety of doing so are lacking. Methods This retrospective observational study aimed to determine the incidence of adverse events following the intravenous administration of iodinated non-ionic contrast medium in 350 rabbits. The medical records of this subset of rabbits admitted between January 2009 and November 2018, that underwent CT examination and received intravenous contrast media, were evaluated. Results From the 350 rabbits, 342 rabbits were still alive 7 days after the scan. A total of eight rabbits died within 7 days of the scan, seven of which within the first 24 h. All deaths were presumed to be sequelae to the diseases they were being investigated for and not thought to be related to the administration of intravenous contrast medium. Conclusions The results indicated that the use of intravenous non-iodinated contrast medium was well tolerated and safe in rabbits undergoing conscious CT examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Isaac
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin InstituteThe University of EdinburghRoslinUK
| | - Jenna Richardson
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin InstituteThe University of EdinburghRoslinUK
| | - Tiziana Liuti
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin InstituteThe University of EdinburghRoslinUK
| | - Maurizio Longo
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin InstituteThe University of EdinburghRoslinUK
- Department of Veterinary MedicineVeterinary Teaching HospitalUniversity of MilanLodiItaly
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Lee M, Ko M, Ahn J, Ahn J, Yu J, Chang J, Oh S, Chang D. Evaluation of the Abdominal Aorta and External Iliac Arteries Using Three-Dimensional Time-of-Flight, Three Dimensional Electrocardiograph-Gated Fast Spin-Echo, and Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography in Clinically Healthy Cats. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:819627. [PMID: 35782562 PMCID: PMC9249124 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.819627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial thromboembolism is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in cats. Definitive diagnosis requires advanced imaging modalities, such as computed tomography angiography (CTA) and contrast-enhanced (CE) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). However, CTA involves exposure to a large amount of ionized radiation, and CE-MRA can cause systemic nephrogenic fibrosis. Non-contrast-enhanced (NE) MRA can help accurately diagnose vascular lesions without such limitations. In this study, we evaluated the ability of NE-MRA using three-dimensional electrocardiograph-gated fast spin-echo (3D ECG-FSE) and 3D time-of-flight (3D TOF) imaging to visualize the aorta and external iliac arteries in clinically healthy cats and compared the results with those obtained using CE-MRA. All 11 cats underwent 3D ECG-FSE, 3D TOF, and CE-MRA sequences. Relative signal intensity (rSI) for quantitative image analysis and image quality scores (IQS) for qualitative image analysis were assessed; the rSI values based on the 3D TOF evaluations were significantly lower than those obtained using 3D ECG-FSE (aorta 3D TOF: 0.57 ± 0.06, aorta 3D ECG-FSE: 0.83 ± 0.06, P < 0.001; external iliac arteries 3D TOF: 0.45 ± 0.06, external iliac arteries 3D ECG-FSE:0.80 ± 0.05, P < 0.001) and similar to those obtained using CE-MRA (aorta: 0.58 ± 0.05, external iliac arteries: 0.57 ± 0.03). Moreover, IQS obtained using 3D TOF were significantly higher than those obtained using 3D ECG-FSE (aorta 3D TOF: 3.95 ± 0.15, aorta 3D ECG-FSE: 2.32 ± 0.60, P < 0.001; external iliac arteries 3D ECG-FSE: 3.98 ± 0.08, external iliac arteries 3D ECG-FSE: 2.23 ± 0.56, P < 0.001) and similar to those obtained using CE-MRA (aorta: 3.61 ± 0.41, external iliac arteries: 3.57 ± 0.41). Thus, 3D TOF is more suitable and produces consistent image quality for visualizing the aorta and external iliac arteries in clinically healthy cats and this will be of great help in the diagnosis of FATE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minju Lee
- Section of Medical Imaging, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Minjung Ko
- Section of Medical Imaging, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jisoo Ahn
- Section of Medical Imaging, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Ahn
- Section of Medical Imaging, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jin Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Jinhwa Chang
- Korea Animal Medical Center, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sukhoon Oh
- Bio-Chemical Analysis Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dongwoo Chang
- Section of Medical Imaging, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Dongwoo Chang
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Kan J, Milne M, Tyrrell D, Mansfield C. Lean body weight-adjusted intravenous iodinated contrast dose for abdominal CT in dogs reduces interpatient enhancement variability while providing diagnostic quality organ enhancement. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022; 63:719-728. [PMID: 35687840 PMCID: PMC9796484 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) is increasingly used to screen for abdominal pathology in dogs, and the contrast dose used is commonly calculated as a linear function of total body weight (TBW). Body fat is not metabolically active and contributes little to dispersing or diluting contrast medium (CM) in the blood. This prospective, analytic, cross-section design pilot study aimed to establish the feasibility of intravenous CM dosed according to lean body weight (LBW) for abdominal CECT in dogs compared to TBW. We hypothesized that when dosing intravenous CM according to LBW, studies will remain at diagnostic quality, there will be a reduced interindividual contrast enhancement (CE) variability, and there will be less change to heart rate and blood pressure in dogs compared to when administering CM calculated on TBW. Twelve dogs had two CECT studies with contrast doses according to TBW and LBW at least 8 weeks apart. Interindividual organ and vessel CE variability, diagnostic quality of the studies, and changes in physiological status were compared between protocols. The LBW-based protocol provided less variability in the CE of most organs and vessels (except the aorta). When dosed according to LBW, liver enhancement was positively associated with grams of iodine per kg TBW during the portal venous phase (P = 0.046). There was no significant difference in physiological parameters after CM administration between dosing protocols. Our conclusion is that a CM dose based on LBW for abdominal CECT lowers interindividual CE variability and is effective at maintaining studies of diagnostic quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kan
- Diagnostic Imaging Department of U‐Vet Werribee Animal HospitalVictoriaAustralia
| | - Marjorie Milne
- Diagnostic Imaging Department of U‐Vet Werribee Animal HospitalVictoriaAustralia
| | - Dayle Tyrrell
- Diagnostic Imaging Department of U‐Vet Werribee Animal HospitalVictoriaAustralia
| | - Caroline Mansfield
- Diagnostic Imaging Department of U‐Vet Werribee Animal HospitalVictoriaAustralia
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Alterations of Serum Biochemical and Urinary Parameters in a Canine Population before and after Intravenous Contrast Administration. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8080146. [PMID: 34437469 PMCID: PMC8402808 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8080146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous iodinated contrast (IVIC) medium is routinely administered to dogs. Scattered information exists regarding the serum biochemical or urinary profiles associated with the administration of IVIC in dogs. The aim of the study was to describe, compare, and discuss from the perspective of previous studies the alterations in serum biochemical and urinary parameters before (T0) and within one week (T1) of the IVIC administration during routine computed tomography (CT) scan evaluation of 22 dogs. Mature dogs presenting for CT scan evaluation for preoperative oncology staging/surgical planning were included. T1 evaluation was performed within one week of IVIC administration. Statistically significant differences in serum total protein, albumin, chloride, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations, urine protein to creatinine ratio, and urine specific gravity were found between T1 and T0. At T1, the serum creatinine concentration was within reference ranges in all dogs but one. An increase in the urine protein to creatinine ratio was observed in four samples, one of which was non-proteinuric at T0. Changes in biochemistry and urine parameters between T0 and T1 were not considered clinically significant.
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Abstract
Radiographs can be used to easily visualize common types of urinary calculi in all parts of the urinary tract. Positive-contrast excretory urography and cystourethrography are sensitive to diseases within the ureters and urethra, most commonly obstruction. Ultrasound is widely available and noninvasive and can be used to evaluate renal architecture, ureteral dilation, urinary bladder wall disease, and urolithiasis. Computed tomography is increasing in availability and provides a large amount of cross-sectional information quickly and noninvasively. Multiple imaging modalities can be used to estimate or quantify glomerular filtration rate.
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Kim H, Hong S, Kim S, Oh D, Lee S, Choen S, Yoon J, Choi M. Usefulness of a saline chaser to reduce contrast material dose in abdominal CT of normal dogs. J Vet Sci 2019; 20:e38. [PMID: 31364323 PMCID: PMC6669201 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of a saline chaser has been reported to allow reduction of contrast dose and artifacts during computed tomography (CT) examination in humans. This study assesses the extent of contrast dose by using a saline chaser in abdominal CT scans of normal dogs. Five beagles underwent abdominal CT scans. Three protocols were applied: 600 mg I/kg iohexol without saline chaser (protocol 1), 30% lower dose of iohexol (420 mg I/kg) followed by a 10 mL saline chaser (protocol 2), and 40% lower dose of iohexol (360 mg I/kg) followed by a 10 mL saline chaser (protocol 3). Attenuation values were obtained from aorta, portal vein, and liver parenchyma. The maximum enhancement values (MEVs) in protocol 2 were significantly higher than those in protocols 1 and 3 in the aorta; no difference was seen in the portal vein in all protocols. The liver parenchymal MEVs in protocols 1 and 2 were significantly higher than those obtained in protocol 3. In this study, the use of a saline chaser and a reduced dose of contrast material did not affect vessel enhancement. In conclusion, use of a saline chaser for abdominal CT of dogs is recommended because it allows a 30% reduction of contrast dose without decreasing vascular and hepatic parenchymal enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sungkyun Hong
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seungji Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dayoung Oh
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Siheon Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sangkyung Choen
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Junghee Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Mincheol Choi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Effect of needle diameter, type and volume of contrast agent on intervertebral disc degeneration in rats with discography. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2019; 28:1014-1022. [PMID: 30864063 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-019-05927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Discography can increase disc degeneration, but the influence of different discography variables on the degeneration of discs has not been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of discography variables of needle diameter, type of contrast agent and volume of contrast agent on disc degeneration. METHODS Three separate experiments examined needle diameter, and type and volume of contrast agent. Coccygeal discs (Co7-10) adult male rats were used. X-rays were used to detect the disc height degeneration index at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after the procedure. MRI was used to study the changes in the disc structure and the signal intensity of IVD 2 and 4 weeks after the procedure. Disc water content and histology were measured at 4 weeks after the procedure. RESULTS A 21-g needle significantly increased disc degeneration when compared with the 30-g needle as detected by X-ray, MRI, disc water content and histology (P < 0.05). Two microlitres of iodine significantly decreased the disc MRI signal and water content at 4 weeks compared with the same volume of normal saline (P < 0.05). Three microlitres of iodine significantly increased disc degeneration when compared with 2 µl iodine, as detected by X-ray, MRI, disc water content and histology at 4 weeks (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION To reduce disc degeneration after discography, it may be best to choose a smaller needle size, minimize the use of contrast agent and use non-ionic contrast agents with osmotic pressure similar to the intervertebral disc. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
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Goic JB, Koenigshof AM, McGuire LD, Klinger AC, Beal MW. A retrospective evaluation of contrast-induced kidney injury in dogs (2006-2012). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016; 26:713-9. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joana B. Goic
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI
| | - Amy M. Koenigshof
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI
| | - Lindsey D. McGuire
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI
| | - Anthony C. Klinger
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI
| | - Matthew W. Beal
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI
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Cook DA, Gavaghan BJ, Moses PA. Balloon occlusion of the caudal vena cava for vascular contrast studies as an aid to intravascular coil embolisation for the treatment of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in three dogs. Aust Vet J 2016; 93:452-9. [PMID: 26769071 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CASE REPORT Three dogs were treated with fluoroscopically guided coil embolisation of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. A large-diameter vascular occlusion balloon was used to improve the vascular contrast studies required to perform this procedure. This technique improved identification of vascular structures and allowed completion of the procedures without the need for digital subtraction angiography. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Interventional radiological procedures are an emerging area of veterinary medicine and procedural modifications may help expand their use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Cook
- Veterinary Specialist Services, Shop 14, Hometown, Cnr Logan and Lexington Roads, Underwood, Queensland, 4119, Australia.
| | - B J Gavaghan
- Veterinary Cardiology and Imaging P/L, Dayboro, QLD, Australia
| | - P A Moses
- Veterinary Specialist Services, Shop 14, Hometown, Cnr Logan and Lexington Roads, Underwood, Queensland, 4119, Australia
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Elliott RC, Kirberger RM, Joubert KE. Computed Tomography Determined Changes in Position of the Hepatobiliary and Gastrointestinal Systems after CO2Insufflation to Determine Optimal Positioning for Abdominal Laparoscopy. Vet Surg 2015; 44 Suppl 1:100-11. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross C. Elliott
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Small Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Onderstepoort South Africa
| | - Robert M. Kirberger
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Onderstepoort South Africa
| | - Kenneth E. Joubert
- Department of Paraclinical Science, Section of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Onderstepoort South Africa
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Elliott RC, Kirberger RM. Computed Tomography Determined Changes in Position of the Urogenital System After CO2 Insufflation to Determine Optimal Positioning for Abdominal Laparoscopy. Vet Surg 2015; 44 Suppl 1:91-9. [PMID: 26114970 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes, using computed tomography (CT), in position of the urogenital system before and after CO2 abdominal insufflation for the most commonly used body positions to determine the optimal laparoscopic approach. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. ANIMALS Healthy intact female Beagles (n = 6) of similar age, weight, and body condition score. METHODS Dogs had urinalysis, peripheral blood smear, and abdominal ultrasonography. Pre-insufflation (PrI) CT scans were performed in ventrodorsal routine (VDR), ventrodorsal Trendelenburg (VDT), left lateral (LL) and right lateral (RL) recumbency, and repeated post insufflation (PoI). Pre-determined measurements were made on PrI and PoI scans and differences compared. RESULTS The position of the uterus and ovaries was mainly determined by gravitational effects and the attachment of the suspensory ligament. VDT provided best exposure of the uterine body. The kidneys remained in the non-dependent part of the abdomen when the dog was positioned in the opposite lateral position. The bladder remained in the ventral part of the abdomen in all positions. CONCLUSIONS The best approach to the kidney and associated ovary and uterine horn would be the opposite lateral position to the side being approached. For ovariohysterectomy, this would require the dog to be rotated into each lateral position for the left and right uterine horn and ovary. VDT was best to access the bladder and uterine body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross C Elliott
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Small Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Robert M Kirberger
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Rodriguez KT, O'Brien MA, Hartman SK, Mulherin AC, McReynolds CJ, McMichael M, Rapoport G, O'Brien RT. Microdose computed tomographic cardiac angiography in normal cats. J Vet Cardiol 2014; 16:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Yin Q, Yap FY, Yin L, Ma L, Zhou Q, Dobrucki LW, Fan TM, Gaba RC, Cheng J. Poly(iohexol) nanoparticles as contrast agents for in vivo X-ray computed tomography imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13620-3. [PMID: 23987119 PMCID: PMC4232444 DOI: 10.1021/ja405196f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible poly(iohexol) nanoparticles, prepared through cross-linking of iohexol and hexamethylene diisocyanate followed by coprecipitation of the resulting cross-linked polymer with mPEG-polylactide, were utilized as contrast agents for in vivo X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging. Compared to conventional small-molecule contrast agents, poly(iohexol) nanoparticles exhibited substantially protracted retention within the tumor bed and a 36-fold increase in CT contrast 4 h post injection, which makes it possible to acquire CT images with improved diagnosis accuracy over a broad time frame without multiple administrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Felix Y. Yap
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Lichen Yin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lawrence W. Dobrucki
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Timothy M. Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Ron C. Gaba
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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