Novel microwell-based spectrophotometric assay for determination of atorvastatin calcium in its pharmaceutical formulations

Development and validation of an eco-friendly HPLC-UV method for determination of atorvastatin and vitamin D3 in pure form and pharmaceutical formulation

Statin-associated muscle symptoms are considered as obvious adverse effects of prolonged statin therapy such as myopathy, myalgia, and rhabdomyolysis. These side effects are associated with vitamin D₃ deficiency and can be adjusted by amendment of serum vitamin D₃ level. Green chemistry aims to decrease the harmful effects of analytical procedures. Here we have developed a green and eco-friendly HPLC method for the determination of atorvastatin calcium and vitamin D₃. The two drugs were separated in less than 10 min on Symmetry column C₁₈ (100 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 µm) using a mixture consisting of 0.1% ortho-phosphoric acid (OPA) (pH = 2.16) and ethanol as the mobile phase in gradient manner. We have used Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) tools and the Analytical GREEnness Metric Approach (AGREE) for assessment of the greenness of our proposed method. The method proved linearity over concentration ranges of (5-40) and (1-8) µg/ml with low limit of detection of 0.475 and 0.041 µg/ml for atorvastatin calcium and vitamin D₃ respectively. The method was successfully validated in accordance with ICH instructions and utilized for determination of the drugs of interest either in pure form or in their pharmaceuticals.

Novel Deconvoluted Synchronous Spectrofluorimetric Method For Simultaneous Determination Of Bisoprolol and Atorvastatin As Single or Co-administrated Drugs in Bulk and Plasma; Green Assessment

Atorvastatin and bisoprolol are two medications often prescribed together for the management of cardiovascular disease and to reduce mortality. Through a simple and direct technique based on deconvolution and synchronous of the spectrofluorometric spectra, the innovative method enables simultaneous quantification of bisoprolol and atorvastatin as single or co-formulated dosage forms in bulk and plasma. The method depends on measuring the amplitudes of bisoprolol and atorvastatin at 298 nm and 363 nm directly after deconvolution where the other drug doesn't show interference. The linearity of the method was 0.02-0.5 µg/mL and 0.3-25 µg/mL for bisoprolol and atorvastatin, respectively. LOD and LOQ were 0.004, 0.085 µg/mL and 0.013, 0.259 µg/mL for bisoprolol and atorvastatin respectively. Furthermore, green assessment of the method using Eco-Scale and GAPI scale. The method was precise, economical, simple, smart, time-saving and eco-friendly, which allowed its application in quality control unit and in lab assessment.

Analytical Methods for the Determination of Rosuvastatin in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Biological Fluids: A Critical Review

Rosuvastatin calcium (ROS), ( Figure 1 ) belongs to the "statins" group, which is the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor. This drug is indicated for dyslipidemias treatment and can help to decrease the level of "bad cholesterol" and can consequently reduce the development of atherosclerosis and the risk of heart diseases. ROS was developed by Astra-Zeneca and it was approved in 2003 by the FDA in the United States. In 2015, under the trade name Crestor®, it was the fourth largest selling drug in the United States with sales above $5 billion. This study presents a literature review of analytical methods for the quantification of ROS in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids. The major analytical methods described in this study for ROS were spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to ultraviolet (UV) detection, and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

A Fast and Validated Reversed-Phase HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Simvastatin, Atorvastatin, Telmisartan and Irbesartan in Bulk Drugs and Tablet Formulations

The aim of this study was to develop and validate a fast and simple reversed-phase HPLC method for simultaneous determination of four cardiovascular agents-atorvastatin, simvastatin, telmisartan and irbesartan in bulk drugs and tablet oral dosage forms. The chromatographic separation was accomplished by using Symmetry C18 column (75 mm × 4.6 mm; 3.5 μ) with a mobile phase consisting of ammonium acetate buffer (10 mM; pH 4.0) and acetonitrile in a ratio 40:60 v/v. Flow rate was maintained at 1 mL/min up to 3.5 min, and then suddenly changed to 2 mL/min till the end of the run (7.5 min). The data was acquired using ultraviolet detector monitored at 220 nm. The method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy and specificity. The developed method has shown excellent linearity (R² > 0.999) over the concentration range of 1-16 µg/mL. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were in the range of 0.189-0.190 and 0.603-0.630 µg/mL, respectively. Inter-day and intra-day accuracy and precision data were recorded in the acceptable limits. The new method has successfully been applied for quantification of all four drugs in their tablet dosage forms with percent recovery within 100 ± 2%.

Analytical study for the charge-transfer complexes of rosuvastatin calcium with π-acceptors

Studies were carried out to investigate the charge-transfer (CT) reaction of ROS-Ca, as a n-electron donor with various π-acceptors: tetracyanoethylene, p-chloranilic acid, 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-1,4-benzoquinone, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone, 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-quinodimethane, and 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone. Different colored CT complexes were obtained. The reaction mechanism and site of interaction were determined by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometric techniques and computational molecular modeling. The formation of the colored complexes was utilized in the development of simple, rapid and accurate spectrophotometric methods for the determination of ROS-Ca. Under the optimum reaction conditions, linear relationships with good correlation coefficients (0.9984–0.9995) were found between the absorbances and the concentrations of ROS-Ca in the range of 2–200 μg mL⁻¹. The limits of detection ranged from 0.41 to 12.24 μg mL⁻¹. No interference could be observed from the additives commonly present in the tablets or from the drugs that are co-formulated with ROS-Ca in its combined formulations. The methods were successfully applied to the analysis of tablets with good accuracy and precision; the recovery percentages ranged from 99.54–100.46 ± 1.58–1.82%. The results were compared favorably with the reported method. The proposed methods are practical and valuable for routine application in quality control laboratories for determination of ROS-Ca in its bulk form and tablets.

Use of response surface methodology for development of new microwell-based spectrophotometric method for determination of atrovastatin calcium in tablets

BACKGROUND

Response surface methodology by Box-Behnken design employing the multivariate approach enables substantial improvement in the method development using fewer experiments, without wastage of large volumes of organic solvents, which leads to high analysis cost. This methodology has not been employed for development of a method for analysis of atorvastatin calcium (ATR-Ca).

RESULTS

The present research study describes the use of in optimization and validation of a new microwell-based UV-Visible spectrophotometric method of for determination of ATR-Ca in its tablets. By the use of quadratic regression analysis, equations were developed to describe the behavior of the response as simultaneous functions of the selected independent variables. Accordingly, the optimum conditions were determined which included concentration of 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ), time of reaction and temperature. The absorbance of the colored-CT complex was measured at 460 nm by microwell-plate absorbance reader. The method was validated, in accordance with ICH guidelines for accuracy, precision, selectivity and linearity (r² = 0.9993) over the concentration range of 20-200 μg/ml. The assay was successfully applied to the analysis of ATR-Ca in its pharmaceutical dosage forms with good accuracy and precision.

CONCLUSION

The assay described herein has great practical value in the routine analysis of ATR-Ca in quality control laboratories, as it has high throughput property, consumes minimum volume of organic solvent thus it offers the reduction in the exposures of the analysts to the toxic effects of organic solvents, environmentally friendly "Green" approach) and reduction in the analysis cost by 50-fold.